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1. HyperCLOVA X Technical Report

Author

Yoo, Kang Min, Han, Jaegeun, In, Sookyo, Jeon, Heewon, Jeong, Jisu, Kang, Jaewook, Kim, Hyunwook, Kim, Kyung-Min, Kim, Munhyong, Kim, Sungju, Kwak, Donghyun, Kwak, Hanock, Kwon, Se Jung, Lee, Bado, Lee, Dongsoo, Lee, Gichang, Lee, Jooho, Park, Baeseong, Shin, Seongjin, Yu, Joonsang, Baek, Seolki, Byeon, Sumin, Cho, Eungsup, Choe, Dooseok, Han, Jeesung, Jin, Youngkyun, Jun, Hyein, Jung, Jaeseung, Kim, Chanwoong, Kim, Jinhong, Kim, Jinuk, Lee, Dokyeong, Park, Dongwook, Sohn, Jeong Min, Han, Sujung, Heo, Jiae, Hong, Sungju, Jeon, Mina, Jung, Hyunhoon, Jung, Jungeun, Jung, Wangkyo, Kim, Chungjoon, Kim, Hyeri, Kim, Jonghyun, Kim, Min Young, Lee, Soeun, Park, Joonhee, Shin, Jieun, Yang, Sojin, Yoon, Jungsoon, Lee, Hwaran, Bae, Sanghwan, Cha, Jeehwan, Gylleus, Karl, Ham, Donghoon, Hong, Mihak, Hong, Youngki, Hong, Yunki, Jang, Dahyun, Jeon, Hyojun, Jeon, Yujin, Jeong, Yeji, Ji, Myunggeun, Jin, Yeguk, Jo, Chansong, Joo, Shinyoung, Jung, Seunghwan, Kim, Adrian Jungmyung, Kim, Byoung Hoon, Kim, Hyomin, Kim, Jungwhan, Kim, Minkyoung, Kim, Minseung, Kim, Sungdong, Kim, Yonghee, Kim, Youngjun, Kim, Youngkwan, Ko, Donghyeon, Lee, Dughyun, Lee, Ha Young, Lee, Jaehong, Lee, Jieun, Lee, Jonghyun, Lee, Jongjin, Lee, Min Young, Lee, Yehbin, Min, Taehong, Min, Yuri, Moon, Kiyoon, Oh, Hyangnam, Park, Jaesun, Park, Kyuyon, Park, Younghun, Seo, Hanbae, Seo, Seunghyun, Sim, Mihyun, Son, Gyubin, Yeo, Matt, Yeom, Kyung Hoon, Yoo, Wonjoon, You, Myungin, Ahn, Doheon, Ahn, Homin, Ahn, Joohee, Ahn, Seongmin, An, Chanwoo, An, Hyeryun, An, Junho, An, Sang-Min, Byun, Boram, Byun, Eunbin, Cha, Jongho, Chang, Minji, Chang, Seunggyu, Cho, Haesong, Cho, Youngdo, Choi, Dalnim, Choi, Daseul, Choi, Hyoseok, Choi, Minseong, Choi, Sangho, Choi, Seongjae, Choi, Wooyong, Chun, Sewhan, Go, Dong Young, Ham, Chiheon, Han, Danbi, Han, Jaemin, Hong, Moonyoung, Hong, Sung Bum, Hwang, Dong-Hyun, Hwang, Seongchan, Im, Jinbae, Jang, Hyuk Jin, Jang, Jaehyung, Jang, Jaeni, Jang, Sihyeon, Jang, Sungwon, Jeon, Joonha, Jeong, Daun, Jeong, Joonhyun, Jeong, Kyeongseok, Jeong, Mini, Jin, Sol, Jo, Hanbyeol, Jo, Hanju, Jo, Minjung, Jung, Chaeyoon, Jung, Hyungsik, Jung, Jaeuk, Jung, Ju Hwan, Jung, Kwangsun, Jung, Seungjae, Ka, Soonwon, Kang, Donghan, Kang, Soyoung, Kil, Taeho, Kim, Areum, Kim, Beomyoung, Kim, Byeongwook, Kim, Daehee, Kim, Dong-Gyun, Kim, Donggook, Kim, Donghyun, Kim, Euna, Kim, Eunchul, Kim, Geewook, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Hanbyul, Kim, Heesu, Kim, Isaac, Kim, Jeonghoon, Kim, Jihye, Kim, Joonghoon, Kim, Minjae, Kim, Minsub, Kim, Pil Hwan, Kim, Sammy, Kim, Seokhun, Kim, Seonghyeon, Kim, Soojin, Kim, Soong, Kim, Soyoon, Kim, Sunyoung, Kim, Taeho, Kim, Wonho, Kim, Yoonsik, Kim, You Jin, Kim, Yuri, Kwon, Beomseok, Kwon, Ohsung, Kwon, Yoo-Hwan, Lee, Anna, Lee, Byungwook, Lee, Changho, Lee, Daun, Lee, Dongjae, Lee, Ha-Ram, Lee, Hodong, Lee, Hwiyeong, Lee, Hyunmi, Lee, Injae, Lee, Jaeung, Lee, Jeongsang, Lee, Jisoo, Lee, Jongsoo, Lee, Joongjae, Lee, Juhan, Lee, Jung Hyun, Lee, Junghoon, Lee, Junwoo, Lee, Se Yun, Lee, Sujin, Lee, Sungjae, Lee, Sungwoo, Lee, Wonjae, Lee, Zoo Hyun, Lim, Jong Kun, Lim, Kun, Lim, Taemin, Na, Nuri, Nam, Jeongyeon, Nam, Kyeong-Min, Noh, Yeonseog, Oh, Biro, Oh, Jung-Sik, Oh, Solgil, Oh, Yeontaek, Park, Boyoun, Park, Cheonbok, Park, Dongju, Park, Hyeonjin, Park, Hyun Tae, Park, Hyunjung, Park, Jihye, Park, Jooseok, Park, Junghwan, Park, Jungsoo, Park, Miru, Park, Sang Hee, Park, Seunghyun, Park, Soyoung, Park, Taerim, Park, Wonkyeong, Ryu, Hyunjoon, Ryu, Jeonghun, Ryu, Nahyeon, Seo, Soonshin, Seo, Suk Min, Shim, Yoonjeong, Shin, Kyuyong, Shin, Wonkwang, Sim, Hyun, Sim, Woongseob, Soh, Hyejin, Son, Bokyong, Son, Hyunjun, Son, Seulah, Song, Chi-Yun, Song, Chiyoung, Song, Ka Yeon, Song, Minchul, Song, Seungmin, Wang, Jisung, Yeo, Yonggoo, Yi, Myeong Yeon, Yim, Moon Bin, Yoo, Taehwan, Yoo, Youngjoon, Yoon, Sungmin, Yoon, Young Jin, Yu, Hangyeol, Yu, Ui Seon, Zuo, Xingdong, Bae, Jeongin, Bae, Joungeun, Cho, Hyunsoo, Cho, Seonghyun, Cho, Yongjin, Choi, Taekyoon, Choi, Yera, Chung, Jiwan, Han, Zhenghui, Heo, Byeongho, Hong, Euisuk, Hwang, Taebaek, Im, Seonyeol, Jegal, Sumin, Jeon, Sumin, Jeong, Yelim, Jeong, Yonghyun, Jiang, Can, Jiang, Juyong, Jin, Jiho, Jo, Ara, Jo, Younghyun, Jung, Hoyoun, Jung, Juyoung, Kang, Seunghyeong, Kim, Dae Hee, Kim, Ginam, Kim, Hangyeol, Kim, Heeseung, Kim, Hyojin, Kim, Hyojun, Kim, Hyun-Ah, Kim, Jeehye, Kim, Jin-Hwa, Kim, Jiseon, Kim, Jonghak, Kim, Jung Yoon, Kim, Rak Yeong, Kim, Seongjin, Kim, Seoyoon, Kim, Sewon, Kim, Sooyoung, Kim, Sukyoung, Kim, Taeyong, Ko, Naeun, Koo, Bonseung, Kwak, Heeyoung, Kwon, Haena, Kwon, Youngjin, Lee, Boram, Lee, Bruce W., Lee, Dagyeong, Lee, Erin, Lee, Euijin, Lee, Ha Gyeong, Lee, Hyojin, Lee, Hyunjeong, Lee, Jeeyoon, Lee, Jeonghyun, Lee, Jongheok, Lee, Joonhyung, Lee, Junhyuk, Lee, Mingu, Lee, Nayeon, Lee, Sangkyu, Lee, Se Young, Lee, Seulgi, Lee, Seung Jin, Lee, Suhyeon, Lee, Yeonjae, Lee, Yesol, Lee, Youngbeom, Lee, Yujin, Li, Shaodong, Liu, Tianyu, Moon, Seong-Eun, Moon, Taehong, Nihlenramstroem, Max-Lasse, Oh, Wonseok, Oh, Yuri, Park, Hongbeen, Park, Hyekyung, Park, Jaeho, Park, Nohil, Park, Sangjin, Ryu, Jiwon, Ryu, Miru, Ryu, Simo, Seo, Ahreum, Seo, Hee, Seo, Kangdeok, Shin, Jamin, Shin, Seungyoun, Sin, Heetae, Wang, Jiangping, Wang, Lei, Xiang, Ning, Xiao, Longxiang, Xu, Jing, Yi, Seonyeong, Yoo, Haanju, Yoo, Haneul, Yoo, Hwanhee, Yu, Liang, Yu, Youngjae, Yuan, Weijie, Zeng, Bo, Zhou, Qian, Cho, Kyunghyun, Ha, Jung-Woo, Park, Joonsuk, Hwang, Jihyun, Kwon, Hyoung Jo, Kwon, Soonyong, Lee, Jungyeon, Lee, Seungho, Lim, Seonghyeon, Noh, Hyunkyung, Choi, Seungho, Lee, Sang-Woo, Lim, Jung Hwa, and Sung, Nako

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

We introduce HyperCLOVA X, a family of large language models (LLMs) tailored to the Korean language and culture, along with competitive capabilities in English, math, and coding. HyperCLOVA X was trained on a balanced mix of Korean, English, and code data, followed by instruction-tuning with high-quality human-annotated datasets while abiding by strict safety guidelines reflecting our commitment to responsible AI. The model is evaluated across various benchmarks, including comprehensive reasoning, knowledge, commonsense, factuality, coding, math, chatting, instruction-following, and harmlessness, in both Korean and English. HyperCLOVA X exhibits strong reasoning capabilities in Korean backed by a deep understanding of the language and cultural nuances. Further analysis of the inherent bilingual nature and its extension to multilingualism highlights the model's cross-lingual proficiency and strong generalization ability to untargeted languages, including machine translation between several language pairs and cross-lingual inference tasks. We believe that HyperCLOVA X can provide helpful guidance for regions or countries in developing their sovereign LLMs., Comment: 44 pages; updated authors list and fixed author names

Published
2024

2. Photosynthetic Fluorescence from Earth-Like Planets around Sun-Like and Cool Stars

Author

Komatsu, Yu, Hori, Yasunori, Kuzuhara, Masayuki, Kosugi, Makiko, Takizawa, Kenji, Narita, Norio, Omiya, Masashi, Kim, Eunchul, Kusakabe, Nobuhiko, Meadows, Victoria, and Tamura, Motohide

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Remote sensing of the Earth has demonstrated that photosynthesis is traceable as the vegetation red edge (VRE), which is the steep rise in the reflection spectrum of vegetation, and as solar-induced fluorescence. This study examined the detectability of biological fluorescence from two types of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls), on Earth-like planets with oxygen-rich/poor and anoxic atmospheres around the Sun and M dwarfs. Atmospheric absorption, such as H2O, CH4, O2, and O3, and the VRE obscure the fluorescence emissions from Chls and BChls. We found that BChl-based fluorescence for wavelengths of 1000-1100 nm, assuming the spectrum of BChl b-bearing purple bacteria, could provide a suitable biosignature but only in the absence of the water cloud coverage or other strong absorbers near 1000 nm. The Chl fluorescence is weaker for several reasons, e.g., spectral blending with the VRE. The apparent reflectance excess is greatly increased in both Chl and BChl cases around TRAPPIST-1 due to fluorescence and stellar absorption lines. This could be a promising feature for detecting the fluorescence around ultracool red dwarfs by follow-up ground-based observations with high spectral resolution; however, it requires a long time around Sun-like stars, even for a LUVOIR-like space mission. Moreover, the simultaneous detection of fluorescence and VRE is key to identifying traces of photosynthesis because absorption, reflectance, and fluorescence are physically connected. For further validation of fluorescence detection, the nonlinear response of biological fluorescence as a function of light intensity could be considered.

Published
2023
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3. Network analysis with quantum dynamics clarifies why photosystem II exploits both chlorophyll a and b

Author

Kim, Eunchul, Lee, Daekyung, Sakamoto, Souichi, Jo, Ju-Yeon, Vargas, Mauricio, Ishizaki, Akihito, Minagawa, Jun, and Kim, Heetae

Subjects
Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Physics - Biological Physics, Physics - Chemical Physics
Abstract

In green plants, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b are the predominant pigments bound to light-harvesting proteins. While the individual characteristics of these chlorophylls are well understood, the advantages of their coexistence remain unclear. In this study, we establish a method to simulate excitation energy transfer within the entire photosystem II supercomplex by employing network analysis integrated with quantum dynamic calculations. We then investigate the effects of the coexistence of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b by comparing various chlorophyll compositions. Our results reveal that the natural chlorophyll composition allows the excited energy to preferentially flow through specific domains that act as safety valves, preventing downstream overflow. Our findings suggest that the light-harvesting proteins in a photosystem II supercomplex achieve evolutionary advantages with the natural chlorophyll-a/b ratio, capturing light energy efficiently and safely across various light intensities. Using our framework, one can better understand how green plants harvest light energy and adapt to changing environmental conditions., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures

Published
2021

32. Ten antenna proteins are associated with the core in the supramolecular organization of the photosystem I supercomplex in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Author

Kubota-Kawai, Hisako, primary, Burton-Smith, Raymond N., additional, Tokutsu, Ryutaro, additional, Song, Chihong, additional, Akimoto, Seiji, additional, Yokono, Makio, additional, Ueno, Yoshifumi, additional, Kim, Eunchul, additional, Watanabe, Akimasa, additional, Murata, Kazuyoshi, additional, and Minagawa, Jun, additional

Published
2019
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33. Investigation on the Thermodynamic Dissociation Kinetics of Photosystem II Supercomplexes To Determine the Binding Strengths of Light-Harvesting Complexes

Author

Kim, Eunchul, Tokutsu, Ryutaro, and Minagawa, Jun

Abstract

The photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex splits water utilizing light energy and is composed of a core dimer complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). In green algae, the major LHCs which are LHCII trimers have thus far been categorized into strongly, moderately, or loosely binding LHCII trimers based on their predicted binding to core complexes. However, the binding energies have been indirectly predicted based on the presence or absence of LHCII trimers in the PSII supercomplex under electron microscopy and have not been determined experimentally. In this study, we investigated the binding of LHCII trimers by analyzing thermodynamic dissociation kinetics using isolated PSII supercomplexes. We identified two activation energies for dissociation of LHCII trimers: 54 ± 19 and 134 ± 8 kJ/mol. This result indicated the types of intermolecular interactions between LHCII trimers and core complexes.

Published
2024
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48. Refractive errors in high myopic eyes after phacovitrectomy for macular hole.

Author

Jee D, Park YR, Jung KI, Kim E, and La TY

Abstract

Aim: To examine the refractive prediction error in high myopic eyes after phacovitrectomy., Methods: This retrospective comparative case series included 91 eyes (18 high myopic eyes and 73 non-high myopic eyes) of 91 patients who underwent successful phacovitrectomy (phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and pars plana vitrectomy). The high myopic eyes were defined as the eye with more than 26.0 mm of axial length. The postoperative prediction error of mean error and mean absolute error were evaluated at 4mo postoperatively. Axial length and keratometry measurement were performed preoperatively and 4mo postoperatively using the IOL Master., Results: The refractive outcome after phacovitrectomy showed significantly greater myopic shift in the high myopic eyes [-1.08±0.87 diopters (D)] than that in the non-high myopic eyes (-0.43±0.63 D, P=0.004). Axial length and keratometric value in the high myopic eyes were significantly increased (P=0.043, 0.037 respectively), whereas those in the non-high myopic group were not significantly increased (P=0.135, 0.347 respectively). The change of the axial length in the myopic eye (0.46±0.28 mm) was greater than that in the non-high myopic eye (0.11 ± 0.34 mm; P<0.001)., Conclusion: High myopic eyes showed more myopic shift than non-high myopic eyes after phacovitrectomy. The cause of myopic shift in high myopic eyes seems to be attributed to actual elongation of the axial length in high myopia.

Published
2015
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