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1. HyperCLOVA X Technical Report

Author

Yoo, Kang Min, Han, Jaegeun, In, Sookyo, Jeon, Heewon, Jeong, Jisu, Kang, Jaewook, Kim, Hyunwook, Kim, Kyung-Min, Kim, Munhyong, Kim, Sungju, Kwak, Donghyun, Kwak, Hanock, Kwon, Se Jung, Lee, Bado, Lee, Dongsoo, Lee, Gichang, Lee, Jooho, Park, Baeseong, Shin, Seongjin, Yu, Joonsang, Baek, Seolki, Byeon, Sumin, Cho, Eungsup, Choe, Dooseok, Han, Jeesung, Jin, Youngkyun, Jun, Hyein, Jung, Jaeseung, Kim, Chanwoong, Kim, Jinhong, Kim, Jinuk, Lee, Dokyeong, Park, Dongwook, Sohn, Jeong Min, Han, Sujung, Heo, Jiae, Hong, Sungju, Jeon, Mina, Jung, Hyunhoon, Jung, Jungeun, Jung, Wangkyo, Kim, Chungjoon, Kim, Hyeri, Kim, Jonghyun, Kim, Min Young, Lee, Soeun, Park, Joonhee, Shin, Jieun, Yang, Sojin, Yoon, Jungsoon, Lee, Hwaran, Bae, Sanghwan, Cha, Jeehwan, Gylleus, Karl, Ham, Donghoon, Hong, Mihak, Hong, Youngki, Hong, Yunki, Jang, Dahyun, Jeon, Hyojun, Jeon, Yujin, Jeong, Yeji, Ji, Myunggeun, Jin, Yeguk, Jo, Chansong, Joo, Shinyoung, Jung, Seunghwan, Kim, Adrian Jungmyung, Kim, Byoung Hoon, Kim, Hyomin, Kim, Jungwhan, Kim, Minkyoung, Kim, Minseung, Kim, Sungdong, Kim, Yonghee, Kim, Youngjun, Kim, Youngkwan, Ko, Donghyeon, Lee, Dughyun, Lee, Ha Young, Lee, Jaehong, Lee, Jieun, Lee, Jonghyun, Lee, Jongjin, Lee, Min Young, Lee, Yehbin, Min, Taehong, Min, Yuri, Moon, Kiyoon, Oh, Hyangnam, Park, Jaesun, Park, Kyuyon, Park, Younghun, Seo, Hanbae, Seo, Seunghyun, Sim, Mihyun, Son, Gyubin, Yeo, Matt, Yeom, Kyung Hoon, Yoo, Wonjoon, You, Myungin, Ahn, Doheon, Ahn, Homin, Ahn, Joohee, Ahn, Seongmin, An, Chanwoo, An, Hyeryun, An, Junho, An, Sang-Min, Byun, Boram, Byun, Eunbin, Cha, Jongho, Chang, Minji, Chang, Seunggyu, Cho, Haesong, Cho, Youngdo, Choi, Dalnim, Choi, Daseul, Choi, Hyoseok, Choi, Minseong, Choi, Sangho, Choi, Seongjae, Choi, Wooyong, Chun, Sewhan, Go, Dong Young, Ham, Chiheon, Han, Danbi, Han, Jaemin, Hong, Moonyoung, Hong, Sung Bum, Hwang, Dong-Hyun, Hwang, Seongchan, Im, Jinbae, Jang, Hyuk Jin, Jang, Jaehyung, Jang, Jaeni, Jang, Sihyeon, Jang, Sungwon, Jeon, Joonha, Jeong, Daun, Jeong, Joonhyun, Jeong, Kyeongseok, Jeong, Mini, Jin, Sol, Jo, Hanbyeol, Jo, Hanju, Jo, Minjung, Jung, Chaeyoon, Jung, Hyungsik, Jung, Jaeuk, Jung, Ju Hwan, Jung, Kwangsun, Jung, Seungjae, Ka, Soonwon, Kang, Donghan, Kang, Soyoung, Kil, Taeho, Kim, Areum, Kim, Beomyoung, Kim, Byeongwook, Kim, Daehee, Kim, Dong-Gyun, Kim, Donggook, Kim, Donghyun, Kim, Euna, Kim, Eunchul, Kim, Geewook, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Hanbyul, Kim, Heesu, Kim, Isaac, Kim, Jeonghoon, Kim, Jihye, Kim, Joonghoon, Kim, Minjae, Kim, Minsub, Kim, Pil Hwan, Kim, Sammy, Kim, Seokhun, Kim, Seonghyeon, Kim, Soojin, Kim, Soong, Kim, Soyoon, Kim, Sunyoung, Kim, Taeho, Kim, Wonho, Kim, Yoonsik, Kim, You Jin, Kim, Yuri, Kwon, Beomseok, Kwon, Ohsung, Kwon, Yoo-Hwan, Lee, Anna, Lee, Byungwook, Lee, Changho, Lee, Daun, Lee, Dongjae, Lee, Ha-Ram, Lee, Hodong, Lee, Hwiyeong, Lee, Hyunmi, Lee, Injae, Lee, Jaeung, Lee, Jeongsang, Lee, Jisoo, Lee, Jongsoo, Lee, Joongjae, Lee, Juhan, Lee, Jung Hyun, Lee, Junghoon, Lee, Junwoo, Lee, Se Yun, Lee, Sujin, Lee, Sungjae, Lee, Sungwoo, Lee, Wonjae, Lee, Zoo Hyun, Lim, Jong Kun, Lim, Kun, Lim, Taemin, Na, Nuri, Nam, Jeongyeon, Nam, Kyeong-Min, Noh, Yeonseog, Oh, Biro, Oh, Jung-Sik, Oh, Solgil, Oh, Yeontaek, Park, Boyoun, Park, Cheonbok, Park, Dongju, Park, Hyeonjin, Park, Hyun Tae, Park, Hyunjung, Park, Jihye, Park, Jooseok, Park, Junghwan, Park, Jungsoo, Park, Miru, Park, Sang Hee, Park, Seunghyun, Park, Soyoung, Park, Taerim, Park, Wonkyeong, Ryu, Hyunjoon, Ryu, Jeonghun, Ryu, Nahyeon, Seo, Soonshin, Seo, Suk Min, Shim, Yoonjeong, Shin, Kyuyong, Shin, Wonkwang, Sim, Hyun, Sim, Woongseob, Soh, Hyejin, Son, Bokyong, Son, Hyunjun, Son, Seulah, Song, Chi-Yun, Song, Chiyoung, Song, Ka Yeon, Song, Minchul, Song, Seungmin, Wang, Jisung, Yeo, Yonggoo, Yi, Myeong Yeon, Yim, Moon Bin, Yoo, Taehwan, Yoo, Youngjoon, Yoon, Sungmin, Yoon, Young Jin, Yu, Hangyeol, Yu, Ui Seon, Zuo, Xingdong, Bae, Jeongin, Bae, Joungeun, Cho, Hyunsoo, Cho, Seonghyun, Cho, Yongjin, Choi, Taekyoon, Choi, Yera, Chung, Jiwan, Han, Zhenghui, Heo, Byeongho, Hong, Euisuk, Hwang, Taebaek, Im, Seonyeol, Jegal, Sumin, Jeon, Sumin, Jeong, Yelim, Jeong, Yonghyun, Jiang, Can, Jiang, Juyong, Jin, Jiho, Jo, Ara, Jo, Younghyun, Jung, Hoyoun, Jung, Juyoung, Kang, Seunghyeong, Kim, Dae Hee, Kim, Ginam, Kim, Hangyeol, Kim, Heeseung, Kim, Hyojin, Kim, Hyojun, Kim, Hyun-Ah, Kim, Jeehye, Kim, Jin-Hwa, Kim, Jiseon, Kim, Jonghak, Kim, Jung Yoon, Kim, Rak Yeong, Kim, Seongjin, Kim, Seoyoon, Kim, Sewon, Kim, Sooyoung, Kim, Sukyoung, Kim, Taeyong, Ko, Naeun, Koo, Bonseung, Kwak, Heeyoung, Kwon, Haena, Kwon, Youngjin, Lee, Boram, Lee, Bruce W., Lee, Dagyeong, Lee, Erin, Lee, Euijin, Lee, Ha Gyeong, Lee, Hyojin, Lee, Hyunjeong, Lee, Jeeyoon, Lee, Jeonghyun, Lee, Jongheok, Lee, Joonhyung, Lee, Junhyuk, Lee, Mingu, Lee, Nayeon, Lee, Sangkyu, Lee, Se Young, Lee, Seulgi, Lee, Seung Jin, Lee, Suhyeon, Lee, Yeonjae, Lee, Yesol, Lee, Youngbeom, Lee, Yujin, Li, Shaodong, Liu, Tianyu, Moon, Seong-Eun, Moon, Taehong, Nihlenramstroem, Max-Lasse, Oh, Wonseok, Oh, Yuri, Park, Hongbeen, Park, Hyekyung, Park, Jaeho, Park, Nohil, Park, Sangjin, Ryu, Jiwon, Ryu, Miru, Ryu, Simo, Seo, Ahreum, Seo, Hee, Seo, Kangdeok, Shin, Jamin, Shin, Seungyoun, Sin, Heetae, Wang, Jiangping, Wang, Lei, Xiang, Ning, Xiao, Longxiang, Xu, Jing, Yi, Seonyeong, Yoo, Haanju, Yoo, Haneul, Yoo, Hwanhee, Yu, Liang, Yu, Youngjae, Yuan, Weijie, Zeng, Bo, Zhou, Qian, Cho, Kyunghyun, Ha, Jung-Woo, Park, Joonsuk, Hwang, Jihyun, Kwon, Hyoung Jo, Kwon, Soonyong, Lee, Jungyeon, Lee, Seungho, Lim, Seonghyeon, Noh, Hyunkyung, Choi, Seungho, Lee, Sang-Woo, Lim, Jung Hwa, and Sung, Nako

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

We introduce HyperCLOVA X, a family of large language models (LLMs) tailored to the Korean language and culture, along with competitive capabilities in English, math, and coding. HyperCLOVA X was trained on a balanced mix of Korean, English, and code data, followed by instruction-tuning with high-quality human-annotated datasets while abiding by strict safety guidelines reflecting our commitment to responsible AI. The model is evaluated across various benchmarks, including comprehensive reasoning, knowledge, commonsense, factuality, coding, math, chatting, instruction-following, and harmlessness, in both Korean and English. HyperCLOVA X exhibits strong reasoning capabilities in Korean backed by a deep understanding of the language and cultural nuances. Further analysis of the inherent bilingual nature and its extension to multilingualism highlights the model's cross-lingual proficiency and strong generalization ability to untargeted languages, including machine translation between several language pairs and cross-lingual inference tasks. We believe that HyperCLOVA X can provide helpful guidance for regions or countries in developing their sovereign LLMs., Comment: 44 pages; updated authors list and fixed author names

Published
2024

2. Proposal and Assessment of a De-Identification Strategy to Enhance Anonymity of the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model (OMOP-CDM) in a Public Cloud-Computing Environment: Anonymization of Medical Data Using Privacy Models

Author

Jeon, Seungho, Seo, Jeongeun, Kim, Sukyoung, Lee, Jeongmoon, Kim, Jong-Ho, Sohn, Jang Wook, Moon, Jongsub, and Joo, Hyung Joon

Subjects
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

BackgroundDe-identifying personal information is critical when using personal health data for secondary research. The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model (CDM), defined by the nonprofit organization Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics, has been gaining attention for its use in the analysis of patient-level clinical data obtained from various medical institutions. When analyzing such data in a public environment such as a cloud-computing system, an appropriate de-identification strategy is required to protect patient privacy. ObjectiveThis study proposes and evaluates a de-identification strategy that is comprised of several rules along with privacy models such as k-anonymity, l-diversity, and t-closeness. The proposed strategy was evaluated using the actual CDM database. MethodsThe CDM database used in this study was constructed by the Anam Hospital of Korea University. Analysis and evaluation were performed using the ARX anonymizing framework in combination with the k-anonymity, l-diversity, and t-closeness privacy models. ResultsThe CDM database, which was constructed according to the rules established by Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics, exhibited a low risk of re-identification: The highest re-identifiable record rate (11.3%) in the dataset was exhibited by the DRUG_EXPOSURE table, with a re-identification success rate of 0.03%. However, because all tables include at least one “highest risk” value of 100%, suitable anonymizing techniques are required; moreover, the CDM database preserves the “source values” (raw data), a combination of which could increase the risk of re-identification. Therefore, this study proposes an enhanced strategy to de-identify the source values to significantly reduce not only the highest risk in the k-anonymity, l-diversity, and t-closeness privacy models but also the overall possibility of re-identification. ConclusionsOur proposed de-identification strategy effectively enhanced the privacy of the CDM database, thereby encouraging clinical research involving multiple centers.

Published
2020
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7. Chemical Bonding of Nanorod Hydroxyapatite to the Surface of Calciumfluoroaluminosilicate Particles for Improving the Histocompatibility of Glass Ionomer Cement.

Author

Kang, Sohee, Park, So Jung, Kim, Sukyoung, and Kang, Inn-Kyu

Subjects
FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy, FILLER materials, POLYACRYLIC acid, HISTOCOMPATIBILITY, SCANNING electron microscopy, IONOMERS
Abstract

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is composed of anionic polyacrylic acid and a silica-based inorganic powder. GIC is used as a filling material in the decayed cavity of the tooth; therefore, compatibility with the tooth tissue is essential. In the present study, we aimed to improve the histocompatibility of GIC by introducing nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), a component of teeth, into a silica-based inorganic powder. CFAS-nHA was prepared by chemically bonding nanorod hydroxyapatite (nHA) to the surface of calciumfluoroaluminosilicate (CFAS). The synthesis of CFAS-nHA was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared CFAS-nHA was mixed with polyacrylic acid and cured to prepare GIC containing nHA (GIC-nHA). Cytocompatibility tests of GIC-nHA and GIC were performed using osteoblasts. Osteoblast activity and bone formation ability were superior after GIC-nHA treatment than after control GIC treatment. This enhanced histocompatibility is believed to be due to the improvement of the biological activity of osteoblasts induced by the HA introduced into the GIC. Therefore, to enhance its compatibility with dental tissues, GIC could be manufactured by chemically bonding nHA to the surface of GI inorganic powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. In-situ and wavelength-dependent photocatalytic strain evolution of a single Au nanoparticle on a TiO2 film.

Author

Park, Sung Hyun, Kim, Sukyoung, Park, Jae Whan, Kim, Seunghee, Cha, Wonsuk, and Lee, Joonseok

Subjects
GOLD nanoparticles, STRUCTURE-activity relationships, X-ray imaging, PHOTOCATALYSTS, REACTIVE oxygen species, HYDROGEN evolution reactions, PHOTOCATALYSIS
Abstract

Photocatalysis is a promising technique due to its capacity to efficiently harvest solar energy and its potential to address the global energy crisis. However, the structure–activity relationships of photocatalyst during wavelength-dependent photocatalytic reactions remains largely unexplored because it is difficult to measure under operating conditions. Here we show the photocatalytic strain evolution of a single Au nanoparticle (AuNP) supported on a TiO2 film by combining three-dimensional (3D) Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging with an external light source. The wavelength-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has significant effects on the structural deformation of the AuNP, leading to its strain evolution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to rationalize the induced strain caused by the adsorption of ROS on the AuNP surface. These observations provide insights of how the photocatalytic activity impacts on the structural deformation of AuNP, contributing to the general understanding of the atomic-level catalytic adsorption process. The wavelength-dependent structural deformations of nanoparticles during photocatalysis are poorly understood. Here, the authors present the photocatalytic strain evolution of a single Au nanoparticle using 3D Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Enhancing User Experience with Embodied Cognition

Author

Kim, SuKyoung, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Ahram, Tareq, editor, Karwowski, Waldemar, editor, and Taiar, Redha, editor

Published
2019
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19. Immobilization of collagen on hydroxyapatite discs by covalent bonding and physical adsorption and their interaction with MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts

Author

Xing, Zhi-Cai, Chang, Ki-Whan, Chun, Sungsu, Kim, Sukyoung, and Kang, Inn-Kyu

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA), a type of calcium phosphate mineral, shows high biological affinity to living bone and is widely used as a substitute for filling bone defects. The purpose of this study was to immobilize collagen on HA discs via covalent bonding and physical adsorption and to evaluate their interaction with MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Type I collagen was immobilized on the surface of sintered HA discs in two ways. The first way was to immobilize collagen covalently on the surface of a HA disc (HA-C) through a coupling agent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The second one was to immobilize collagen on the surface of a HA disc in the manner of physical adsorption (HAhC). The surface properties of HA immobilized with collagen were characterized and compared with non-immobilized HA (control). The potentiality of collagen-immobilized HA discs for use as bone substitutes or scaffolds were assessed by culturing MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts on the discs. The osteoblasts were cultured for 4 and 68 h on HA discs to examine cell adhesion and proliferation, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay was used to study the in vitro differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts when cultured on the modified HA discs. From the results, it was apparent that the osteoblasts had proliferated more on the HA-C disc than on the HA-hC disc. The better proliferation was probably attributed to the higher amount of collagen covalently immobilized than that immobilized by physical adsorption. It was found, from the ALP activity assay, that HA-C showed better osteoblastic differentiation than HA-hC. It was considered that the higher ALP activity of HA-C was mainly expressed by the larger amount of collagen immobilized on the HA surface.

Published
2024
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25. Influence of Multimodal Integration on Spatial Perception

Author

Kim, SuKyoung, Gopal, Sai Lakshmi, and Cho, Youngil

Subjects
Multisensory Perception, Visual-Olfactory Stimulation, High-Level Cognitive Functions
Abstract

To design affective spaces that promote stabilized living experience and user well-being, it is necessary to consider and be aware of how multiple perceptual information interact and influence the way we perceive space i.e. multimodal perception. This study aims to gain an understanding of how sensory cues influence the emotional evaluation of the spatial design. We analyzed how the change in levels of spatial elements was emotionally perceived in the presence and absence of scent and color. The results from the study presented that both scent and color significantly affected the emotional response to change in levels of spatial elements in different ways. The findings suggest that (1) in the absence of both color and scent, the spatial elements interacted to affect the participants’ moods related to being confused and feeling strained and tensed, (2) in the presence of a cool color (purple) and relaxing scent (lavender), spatial elements interacted to affect the participants’ mood related to feeling strained and tensed, (3) in the presence of a warm color (orange) and stimulating scent (orange), spatial elements interacted to affect the participants’ mood related to being unhappy. The findings of the study are worthy as they provide an insight into the influence of multimodality in spatial perception. They will help establish guidelines for incorporating perceptual information in spatial designs that provide stabilized living experience and enhanced individual well-being.

Published
2022

38. Semiconductors

Author

Shackelford, James F., primary, Han, Young-Hwan, additional, Kim, Sukyoung, additional, and Kwon, Se-Hun, additional

Published
2016
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39. Glasses

Author

Shackelford, James F., primary, Han, Young-Hwan, additional, Kim, Sukyoung, additional, and Kwon, Se-Hun, additional

Published
2016
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40. MAX Phases *

Author

Shackelford, James F., primary, Han, Young-Hwan, additional, Kim, Sukyoung, additional, and Kwon, Se-Hun, additional

Published
2016
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43. Polymers

Author

Shackelford, James F., primary, Han, Young-Hwan, additional, Kim, Sukyoung, additional, and Kwon, Se-Hun, additional

Published
2016
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44. Composites

Author

Shackelford, James F., primary, Han, Young-Hwan, additional, Kim, Sukyoung, additional, and Kwon, Se-Hun, additional

Published
2016
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45. Metals

Author

Shackelford, James F., primary, Han, Young-Hwan, additional, Kim, Sukyoung, additional, and Kwon, Se-Hun, additional

Published
2016
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46. Amorphous Metals

Author

Shackelford, James F., primary, Han, Young-Hwan, additional, Kim, Sukyoung, additional, and Kwon, Se-Hun, additional

Published
2016
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