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Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are of relevance to many energy and technologically-related fields of research due to their remarkable physical and electronic properties. Solution colloidal synthesis offers the ability to precisely tune the structure, composition, and morphology of these 2D nanomaterials for desired applications, including thermoelectric energy conversion. Many 2D nanomaterials have proven to be high-performing thermoelectric materials, including the tetradymite structures, Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3. During my Ph.D., I have carried out various research studies involving the synthesis, characterization, and thermoelectric property measurements of Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 nanoplate composites, Bi2Te3 nanoplates with a single nanopore, and Cu-intercalated Sb2Te3 nanoplates.Chapter 1 outlines the recent advances in colloidal polyol synthesis of 2D nanomaterials and provides perspectives on the similarities and differences in various syntheses. Various materials classes are presented and discussed, including metals, oxides, chalcogenides, and halides, that can be synthesized as 2D nanomaterials via a polyol process. This work has resulted in one perspective article that has been submitted to Dalton Transactions.Chapter 2 discusses the thermoelectric properties of Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 nanoplate composites that were synthesized in solution and consolidated via spark plasma sintering. The as-synthesized Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 vary drastically from one another in their lateral and vertical dimensions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Thermoelectric properties in the parallel and perpendicular directions were measured, revealing strong anisotropy with a significant reduction to thermal conductivity in the perpendicular direction due to increased phonon scattering at nanoplate interfaces. The Seebeck coefficient is also increased dramatically in the nanocomposites, the highest reaching 210 μV/K for 15% Bi2Te3. The increase in Seebeck is attributed to energy carrier filtering at the nanoplate interfaces. Overall, these enhanced thermoelectric properties lead to a drastic increase in the thermoelectric performance in the perpendicular direction, with zT ~1.26, for the 15% Bi2Te3 nanoplate composite at 450 K. These groundbreaking results are demonstrated to be one of the highest for this system, where many similar materials have zT ~1. This work has resulted in one publication in ACS Applied Electronic Materials.Chapter 3 presents the synthesis, growth mechanism, and thermoelectric properties of 2D Bi2Te3 nanoplates with a single nanopore in the center. Analysis of the reaction products during the colloidal synthesis reveals that the reaction progresses via a two-step nucleation and epitaxial growth: first of elemental Te nanorods, then the binary Bi2Te3 nanoplate growth. The rates of epitaxial growth can be controlled during the reaction, thus allowing the formation of a single nanopore in the center of the Bi2Te3 nanoplates. Thermoelectric properties were measured in the parallel and perpendicular directions. These properties reveal strong anisotropy with a significant reduction to thermal conductivity and increased electrical resistivity in the perpendicular direction due to the higher number of nanoplate and nanopore interfaces. Furthermore, Bi2Te3 nanoplates with a single nanopore exhibit ultralow lattice thermal conductivity values, reaching values of ~ 0.21 Wm-1K-1. The lattice thermal conductivity was found to be systematically lowered with pore size, allowing for the realization of a thermoelectric figure of merit, zT ~ 0.75 at 425 K for the largest pore size. Although this is a relatively low figure of merit, this system demonstrates an enhancement through nanoscale voids on the thermoelectric performance, and can be further optimized via doping. This work has resulted in one article that has been accepted for publication in Chemistry of Materials.Chapter 4 discusses the synthesis and solution route intercalation of zerovalent copper into Sb2Te3 nanoplates. The copper intercalant is homogeneously distributed throughout the nanoplates, confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The copper composition was shown to be 2.6 at. % by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a slight shift to lower binding energies for the Sb and Te 3d photoelectron peaks, which may indicate higher electron density within the Sb2Te3 nanoplates due to electron donation from copper. Powder x-ray diffraction shows good agreement with the Sb2Te3 bulk phase, with no structural transitions observed upon copper intercalation. Selected area electron diffraction displays the appearance of superlattice reflections in the Cu-intercalated Sb2Te3 nanoplates, which is indicative of copper ordering within the Van der Waals gaps of the nanoplates. Preliminary electronic transport measurements of single nanoplate devices show high conductance.

We introduce a tool to aid reviewers in identifying potential threats to the validity of empirical research. This tool was developed through consensus-based expert feedback. Reviewers can visit seaboat.io to identify relevant validity threats and generate reports to share alongside traditional peer review reports or in post-publication peer review.

Informal learning environments provide the opportunity to study guests’ experiences as they engage with exhibits specifically designed to invoke the emotional experience of awe. The current paper presents insight gained by using both traditional survey measures and innovative mobile eye-tracking technology to examine guests’ experiences of awe in a science museum. We present results for guests’ visual attention in two exhibit spaces, one chosen for its potential to evoke positive awe and one for negative awe, and examine associations between visual attention and survey responses with regard to different facets of awe. In this exploratory study, we find relationships between how guests attend to features within an exhibit space (e.g., signage) and their feelings of awe. We discuss implications of using both methods concurrently to shed new light on exhibit design, and more generally for working in transdisciplinary multimethod teams to move scientific knowledge and application forward.

This study looks at the types of awe guests feel when they leave art and science cultural institutions of various sizes and context, and how it may be related to what they remember learning. We sur...

In the target article, Clark and Winegard (this issue) attempt to make the case that, in the context of the recent American political system, liberals and conservatives are equally “tribal.”1 They ...

This chapter explores the largely parallel progressions of person memory and stereotyping research in social cognition, with particular focus on spontaneous inferences drawn from descriptions of behavior or social group membership. We consider the potential benefits of several potential empirical intersections for theory and for a more open and inclusive psychological science.

Scientific and lay theories about personality as a stable entity reflect how people think about people, including themselves. The idea of immutable core attributes in others has been related to essentialist thinking in social cognition research, and to the belief in a “true self” in research on identity and well-being. Here items examining individual self-essentialism were used to examine to what extent said beliefs relate to well-being, cognitive styles, and self-construal. Study 1 found a three-factor structure comprised of beliefs about the self as an entity, about the biological origin of self attributes, and about the relevance of self attributes for predicting behavior. Greater self-essentialism scores were associated with greater life satisfaction, meaning in life, happiness, preference for consistency, and need for cognitive closure in two samples. Study 2 replicated findings for preference for consistency and need for cognitive closure, and revealed a relationship between greater self-essentialism and individualism. Individualism and collectivism separately moderated the well-being outcomes of self-essentialism; self-essentialism predicted greater well-being at low levels of individualism and high levels of collectivism. Study 2 additionally found a relationship between greater self-essentialism and people-essentialism. Implications for cultural fit and construct understanding are discussed.

We introduce the Situational Awe Scale (SAS), a self-report measure to assess the momentary, phenomenological experience of awe. An exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 suggested a four-factor structure (connection, oppression, chills, and diminished self), and provided initial evidence of the measure’s convergent and criterion validity. Study 2 provided evidence for the structural validity of the SAS by confirming the factor structure uncovered in Study 1, and replicated the convergent and criterion validity evidence. Study 3 established that the SAS truly assesses situational awe by demonstrating that SAS scores varied in response to situations that elicit more versus less awe. Finally, Study 4 extended the evidence for the convergent and criterion validity of the SAS to a field setting (Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago). Across four studies, we constructed and validated the SAS, laying the groundwork for fruitful future investigation into the determinants and outcomes of awe.

Dramatic changes to the transparency, rigor, reproducibility and replicability of research practices have occurred in the last decade. Despite considerable progress towards the adoption of open science practices by researchers in many disciplines, developing pedagogy to train students in open and reproducible scholarship has received much less attention. Engaging students with the multiple dimensions of open scholarship is crucial to embedding sustainable change: it enables the future generation of researchers to practice open scholarship themselves, fosters lasting engagement with research, and allows them to better understand findings in light of epistemic uncertainty. Teaching students about open scholarship also helps it become a public good, thereby reducing knowledge inequities in academia and beyond. We address the lack of an infrastructure for open scholarship education by introducing the Framework for Open and Reproducible Research Training (FORRT). FORRT is a community-driven infrastructure for educators that advances research transparency, reproducibility, rigor, and ethics through pedagogical reform. FORRT encompasses multiple initiatives and tools to provide educators with guidance and resources to easily embed open and reproducible practices into research training. In addition to fostering a wider ecosystem for resource-sharing and discussion, FORRT has developed a wide range of initiatives, including a seven-part roadmap to the open scholarship literature, a curated database of open scholarship materials and pedagogies for customizable adoption by teachers, and a self-assessment tool to help educators evaluate the integration of open scholarship tenets in their own teaching and mentoring. FORRT actively works towards principled teaching and mentoring, an underappreciated dimension of the scientific endeavour.

[No abstract available] Funding Agencies|Flinders University; RU, Radboud Universiteit; NIU, Northern Illinois University; University of Nottingham; Universität zu Köln; Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin; SLU, Saint Louis University; TU/e, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; University of Leeds; IUPUI, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; UiT, Universitetet i Tromsø; EUR, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam; UvT, Universiteit van Tilburg; University of Oxford; UNIL, Université de Lausanne; SEBM, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine; NYU, New York University; UiT, Universitetet i Tromsø; RWTH Aachen University; KU Leuven; Universität Bielefeld; University of Louisiana at Lafayette; UA, University of Arkansas; Genentech Foundation for Biomedical Sciences; University of Bristol; UV, University of Virginia; City of Mobile; Université de Fribourg; Universiteit Gent; Yale University; VT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; DIBS, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University; UCB UK; University of Leeds; BIBS, Brown Institute for Brain Science; UU, Universiteit Utrecht; Keele University; HRD, Division of Human Resource Development; WVU, West Virginia University; King’s College London; NTU, Nottingham Trent University; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; KACST, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; University of Edinburgh; UCONN, University of Connecticut; University of Kent; University of Cambridge; UNLV, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Universiteit Leiden; UBC, University of British Columbia; HGS, Human Genome Sciences; AV CR, Akademie Ved Ceské Republiky; IUPUI, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; UK, University of Kentucky; University of Texas at Austin; DRS, Dahlem Research School, Freie Universität Berlin; Bangor University; RAND Corporation; University of Glasgow; University of Chester; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Massey University; UC, University of California; NIH, National Institutes of Health; UFSC, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; OU, Open University; Electroencephalography and Clinical Neuroscience Society; UNAB, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga; KACST, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; SU, Stanford University; CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; FSU, Florida State University; UW, University of Wisconsin-Madison; LUMC, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum; CERSI, Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation; DePaul University; Baylor University; SU, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset; NINDS, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

This study investigated whether age-related sensitivity to self-relevance may benefit perspective taking, despite generally poorer perspective-taking capacity in older adults. In one perceptual matching task and two visual perspective-taking paradigms, we examined age differences in sensitivity to avatars representing self and other. In the matching task, older (60–83 years) and younger (18–20 years) adults were similarly biased toward the self- versus other-associated avatar. In the perspective-taking tasks, participants viewed these avatars within a virtual room. Task-relevant perspectives were either the same (i.e., congruent) or different (i.e., incongruent). In the 3PP–3PP task, both avatars were present, and participants adopted the perspective of one or the other. As in the matching task, young and old were similarly biased toward the self-associated avatar. However, age differences emerged in the 1PP–3PP task, which presented only one avatar per trial (varying between self and other), and participants responded based on their own first-person perspective or the avatar's. In summary, age modulated the ability to take perspectives primarily when participants’ own first-person perspective was task relevant. Relative to younger adults, older adults prioritized the self (vs. other) avatar more during initial perspective computation and the first-person (vs. third-person) perspective more when selecting between incongruent perspectives.

Museums are located at the intersection of awe and learning: When guests arrive, they are expecting to be amazed, inspired, and educated. This is particularly true in science museums, and researchers have pointed to awe as an epistemic emotion that can promote science learning. We present two studies of awe in a science museum. The first study (n = 293) examined how awe—conceptualized as a multifaceted construct associated with positive feelings of liberation/connection, negative feelings of oppression/isolation, chills, and diminished-self perceptions—differed across museum locations and in relation to prior knowledge. The second study (n = 708) expanded the investigation to also examine the relationship between awe and critical thinking. Across both studies, we found that, relative to baseline spaces, vast, beautiful spaces elicited positive awe-related emotions (amazement, curiosity) and stronger awe correlates (chills, diminished-self perceptions); vast, threatening spaces also elicited stronger amazement, chills, and diminished-self perceptions—but also stronger oppression/isolation. In both studies, pre-visit knowledge was associated with awe experiences during the visit. In Study 2, we also found evidence for relationships between awe and skepticism and aesthetic thought, two aspects of critical thinking: Positive aspects of awe (liberation/connection, curiosity) were associated with more skepticism, and negative aspects of awe (oppression/isolation, disorientation) with less skepticism. In terms of aesthetic thinking, diminished-self perceptions were associated being able describe observed roles and actions, and chills were associated with being able to describe personal opinions. These results support the assertion that awe can be used to encourage engagement and learning in informal science settings.

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether being treated for mental health or nonbattle physical injury during military combat deployment was associated with higher risk for postdeployment mental disorders and poorer career outcomes than seen in the general combat-deployed population. Service members treated in theater for mental health (n = 964) or noncombat injury (n = 853) were compared with randomly sampled personnel (n = 7,220) from the general deployed population on diagnosed mental disorders and early separation from service. Deployment, medical, and career information were obtained from Department of Defense archival databases. Over half of the personnel who received mental health treatment while deployed were diagnosed with 1 or more mental disorders postdeployment and/or were separated from service before completing their full-term enlistment. This was significantly higher than expected compared to the general deployed group, adjusting for demographic/military characteristics and mental health history (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] ranging 1.62 to 2.96). Frequencies of problems also were higher in the mental health-treated group than in the group treated for nonbattle physical injuries (significant adjusted ORs ranging 1.65 to 2.58). The documented higher risks for postdeployment adjustment problems suggested that especially those treated in theater by mental health providers might benefit from postdeployment risk-reduction programs.

This clinical report describes the outpatient rehabilitation program for patients with multiple limb amputations enrolled in the Comprehensive Combat and Complex Casualty Care facility at the Naval Medical Center San Diego. Injury-specific data for 29 of these patients wounded by blast weaponry in Afghanistan in 2010 or 2011 were captured by the Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database at the Naval Health Research Center and were reviewed for this report. Their median Injury Severity Score was 27 (N = 29; range, 11-54). Patients averaged seven moderate to serious injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale scores ≥2), including multiple injuries to lower limbs and injuries to the torso and/or upper limbs. All patients received care from numerous clinics, particularly physical therapy during the first 6 mo postinjury. Clinic use generally declined after the first 6 mo with the exception of prosthetic devices and repairs. The clinical team implemented the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory, 4th Revision (MPAI-4) to assess functioning at outpatient program initiation and discharge (n = 23). At program discharge, most patients had improved scores for the MPAI-4 items assessing mobility, pain, and transportation, but not employment. Case reports described rehabilitation for two patients with triple amputations and illustrated multispecialty care and contrasting solutions for limb prostheses.

To examine the relationship between hearing protection and non-impact, blast-induced concussion in US military personnel.Retrospective cohort study.A total of 501 US service members from the Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database with hearing protection status reported either 'worn' or 'not worn' were eligible for analysis. Clinical records were reviewed for concussion diagnoses. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were performed.Overall, 270 (53.9%) service members sustained non-impact, blast-induced concussion and 231 (46.1%) sustained other blast injuries. Only 39.6% (107 of 270) of service members with concussion wore hearing protection at the point of injury compared with 61.0% (141 of 231) of those with other injuries (p 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, service members wearing hearing protection had significantly lower odds of concussion compared with those not wearing hearing protection (odds ratio = 0.42, 95% confidence interval = 0.29-0.62).To our knowledge, this preliminary study is the first to demonstrate that hearing protection is associated with lower odds of non-impact, blast-induced concussion. The benefits of using hearing protection in terms of force readiness could be significant since many service members wounded in recent conflicts were diagnosed with concussion.

A recent study found that combat amputees had a reduced prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with nonamputees with serious extremity injuries. We hypothesized that an extended period of impaired consciousness or early treatment with morphine could prevent consolidation of traumatic memory and the development of PTSD. To examine this hypothesis, we retrospectively reviewed 258 combat casualty records from the Iraq or Afghanistan conflicts from 2001-2008 in the Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database, including medications and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores recorded at in-theater facilities within hours of the index injury. All patients sustained amputations from injuries. Psychological diagnoses were extracted from medical records for 24 months postinjury. None of 20 patients (0%) with GCS scores of 12 or lower had PTSD compared to 20% of patients with GCS scores of 12 or greater who did have PTSD. For patients with traumatic brain injury, those treated with intravenous morphine within hours of injury had a significantly lower prevalence of PTSD (6.3%) and mood disorders (15.6%) compared to patients treated with fentanyl only (prevalence of PTSD = 41.2%, prevalence of mood disorder = 47.1%). GCS scores and morphine and fentanyl treatments were not significantly associated with adjustment, anxiety, or substance abuse disorders. Language: en

Drawing on previous evidence for affective generalization in face perception, the current research investigated the effects of facial similarity on automatic evaluations of unknown individuals who resemble a known person of positive or negative valence. Using 50% morphs that combined a known face of positive or negative valence with an unknown face of neutral valence, the morphed faces elicited the same automatic evaluations as the known faces they resembled. Automatic evaluations of known faces were indistinguishable from responses to perceptually similar unknown faces, suggesting that resemblance effects on automatic evaluations involve an assimilation of unknown faces to existing representations of known faces. Moreover, valence-congruent resemblance effects emerged for both positive and negative targets, suggesting that similarity-based activation of evaluative knowledge can override the affective positivity resulting from the higher fluency of processing familiar faces. Implications for research on face perception, transference, and processing fluency are discussed.

This study examined the extent to which visual perspective-taking performance is modulated by trait-level empathy. Participants completed a third-person visual perspective-taking task in which they judged the perspectives of two simultaneously presented avatars, designated "Self" and "Other." Depending on the trial, these avatars either held the same view (i.e., congruent) or a different view (i.e., incongruent). Analyses focused on the relationship between empathy and two perspective-taking phenomena: Selection between competing perspectives (i.e., perspective-congruence effects) and prioritization of the Self avatar's perspective. Empathy was related to improved overall performance on this task and a reduced cost of selecting between conflicting perspectives (i.e., smaller perspective-congruence effects). This effect was asymmetric, with empathy (i.e., empathic concern) levels predicting reduced interference from a conflicting perspective, especially when adopting the Self (vs. Other) avatar's perspective. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the self-other distinction and mental flexibility components of empathy.

In keeping with the special issue theme of “Remembering the Future,” this article provides a selective review of research on how memory for social information (i.e., social category representation) influences future processing and behavior. Specifically, the authors focus on how categorization and stereotyping affect how we perceive others and ourselves. The first part of the article reviews research on how individuals perceive others. The authors review research on the determinants and outcomes of social categorization and stereotype activation, concluding with the influence of ingroup/outgroup categorization on face processing. The second part of the article reviews research on how individuals perceive themselves. The authors argue that stereotype threat—concerns about being judged or behaving in ways that confirm negative group stereotypes, leading to poor performance—is the result of both self-categorization and stereotype activation. Overall, the article highlights the complex relationship between memory for social category information and future social perception and behavior.

Two studies examined the relations between regulatory focus and collective action. In Study 1, undergraduate women expressed stronger action intentions when they were primed to consider prevention (ought-self) self-discrepancies than promotion (ideal-self) self-discrepancies, suggesting that collective action is more likely to occur when individuals are prevention- rather than promotion-focused. In Study 2, however, prevention-focused women expressed stronger action intentions in response to security framing, whereas promotion-focused women expressed stronger action intentions in response to achievement framing. This suggests that the relative disinterest in collective action among promotion-focused individuals can be overcome with the appropriate promotion-focused framing. Implications for analyses of both collective action and regulatory focus are discussed.

Social-cognitive investigations of face perception have tended to be motivated by different goals than cognitive and neuropsychological studies-namely, to understand the dynamics of social categorization rather than identity recognition-and the result has been a lack of cross-pollination of insights and ideas between the disciplines. We review the evidence from social cognition, with an eye to discussing how this work aligns with the Bruce and Young (1986) model of face recognition. Acknowledging the invaluable impact the model has exerted on our understanding of face recognition, we suggest that considering the bottom-up constraints of visual processing and the top-down influences of semantic knowledge will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of face perception.

Self-relevant information is associated with facilitation of perceptual and memory processes. In 2 experiments, participants verified the number of dots within a virtual room that were visible to a given perspective, corresponding to participants' own first-person perspectives or the third-person perspectives for self- and other-associated avatars. Perspectives were either congruent or incongruent with respect to the number of dots visible to each. In Experiment 1, we examined perspective taking for self- and other-associated avatars relative to one another; both avatars appeared simultaneously in the virtual room, and participants made judgments based on the prompted avatar's perspective. In Experiment 2, we examined perspective taking for each avatar relative to the first-person perspective; only 1 avatar was visible in the virtual room (Self or Other, varying by trial), and participants made judgments based on their first-person view or the avatar's perspective. Experiment 2 also included a replication of the third-person paradigm used in Experiment 1. Results from Experiment 1 (replicated in Experiment 2) demonstrated an advantage for judgments of the Self (vs. Other) avatar's perspective; both avatars elicited reliable interference effects of similar magnitude. Results from Experiment 2 further demonstrated that participants prioritized the first-person (vs. third-person) perspective, and that the presence of the Self (vs. Other) avatar improved performance for the first- and third-person perspectives when those perspectives were congruent. Taken together, these findings suggest that self-relevant perspectives are prioritized when they are actively engaged and when they can be subsumed within the first-person view. Such prioritization appears to occur by strategic means.

Morphine and fentanyl are frequently used for analgesia after trauma, but there is debate over the advantages and disadvantages of these opioids. Among combat amputees, intravenous (IV) morphine (vs IV fentanyl) after injury was associated with reduced likelihood of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The previous results were based on military health diagnoses over 2 yr postinjury. The present study followed psychological diagnoses of patients with amputation for 4 yr using military and Department of Veterans Affairs health data. In-theater combat casualty records (n = 145) documented Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and/or morphine, fentanyl, or no opioid treatment within hours of injury. We found that (1) GCS scores were not significantly associated with PTSD; (2) longitudinal modeling using four (yearly) time points showed significantly reduced odds of PTSD for patients treated with morphine (vs fentanyl) across years (adjusted odds ratio = 0.40; 95% confidence interval = 0.17–0.94); (3) reduced PTSD prevalence for morphine (vs IV fentanyl; morphine = 25%, fentanyl = 59%, p < 0.05) was significant, specifically among patients with traumatic brain injury during the first 2 yr postinjury; and (4) PTSD prevalence, but not other disorders (e.g., mood), increased between year 1 (PTSD = 18%) and years 2 through 4 postinjury (PTSD range = 30%–32%).

We employed the retrieval-practice paradigm to test the hypothesis that stereotypes are organized in a meaningful, valence-based way that promotes evaluative coherence. Replicating previous research, we demonstrated that the rehearsal of traits known to describe a target person produced enhanced recall of those practiced traits and reduced recall of other known but non-practiced traits, relative to baseline. However, both the availability of a group label that united the traits within a stereotype and the evaluative consistency of the practiced and non-practiced traits moderated the nature of these effects: although recall of non-practiced stereotypic traits that were evaluatively inconsistent with the practiced traits showed the typical pattern of inhibition, recall of non-practiced stereotypic traits that were evaluatively consistent with the practiced traits was facilitated relative to baseline. We conclude by discussing how the modular representation implied by these findings is functional, potentially fostering the momentary experience of evaluative consistency in person perception.

Interpersonal synchrony is characterized by a temporary alignment of periodic behaviors with another person. This process requires that at least one of the two individuals monitors and adjusts his/her movements to maintain alignment with the other individual (the referent). Interestingly, recent research on interpersonal synchrony has found that people who are motivated to befriend an unfamiliar social referent tend to automatically synchronize with their social referents, raising the possibility that synchrony may be employed as an affiliation tool. It is unknown, however, whether the opposite is true; that is, whether the person serving as the referent of interpersonal synchrony perceives synchrony with his/her partner or experiences affiliative feelings toward the partner. To address this question, we performed a series of studies on interpersonal synchrony with a total of 100 participants. In all studies, participants served as the referent with no requirement to monitor or align their behavior with their partners. Unbeknown to the participants, the timings of their "partner's" movements were actually determined by a computer program based on the participant's (i.e., referent's) behavior. Overall, our behavioral results showed that the referent of a synchrony task expressed greater perceived synchrony and greater social affiliation toward a synchronous partner (i.e., one displaying low mean asynchrony and/or a narrow asynchrony range) than with an asynchronous partner (i.e., one displaying high mean asynchrony and/or high asynchrony range). Our neuroimaging study extended these results by demonstrating involvement of brain areas implicated in social cognition, embodied cognition, self-other expansion, and action observation as correlates of interpersonal synchrony (vs. asynchrony). These findings have practical implications for social interaction and theoretical implications for understanding interpersonal synchrony and social coordination.

The current research examined the influence of ingroup/outgroup categorization on brain event-related potentials measured during perceptual processing of own- and other-race faces. White participants performed a sequential matching task with upright and inverted faces belonging either to their own race (White) or to another race (Black) and affiliated with either their own university or another university by a preceding visual prime. Results demonstrated that the right-lateralized N170 component evoked by test faces was modulated by race and by social category: the N170 to own-race faces showed a larger inversion effect (i.e., latency delay for inverted faces) when the faces were categorized as other-university rather than own-university members; the N170 to other-race faces showed no modulation of its inversion effect by university affiliation. These results suggest that neural correlates of structural face encoding (as evidenced by the N170 inversion effects) can be modulated by both visual (racial) and nonvisual (social) ingroup/outgroup status.

The authors investigated the relation between attributions of responsibility and reactions to affirmative action. Participants read one of four fictitious editorials about visible minority under-employment in which responsibility for causing the underemployment problem and responsibility for solving it were manipulated. Results indicated that ratings and endorsement of affirmative action programs, and perceptions that affirmative action promotes relevant values, were highest when visible minorities were depicted as responsible for either the cause of the problem or its solution, but not both. That is, reactions to affirmative action were influenced by the interplay of attributions of responsibility for causing the problem and attributions of responsibility for providing a solution. The results of this experiment suggest that the framing of beneficiaries of affirmative action in terms of responsibility for causing and solving the problem of their disadvantage is an important determinant of reactions to affirmative action programs.

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD) refers to the tendency to report more discrimination against one's group than oneself. We demonstrated that the magnitude of both personal and group discrimination judgements depended on group experience and cue availability in the judgement context. For men, who have relatively little experience with gender discrimination, the addition of contextual cues that highlighted workplace discrimination produced lower estimates of both personal and group discrimination. For women, who are familiar with discrimination in general and workplace discrimination in particular, contextual cues produced higher estimates of group discrimination, but lower estimates of personal discrimination. We contend that these differences reflect realistic assessments by participants of their group's experiences with discrimination. Implications for conceptualizing the PGDD are discussed. R4sum4

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD) refers to the tendency of disadvantaged group members to report higher levels of discrimination against their group in general than against themselves personally as members of that group. In two studies, the authors examined the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the PGDD. In Experiment 1, the authors demonstrated that the PGDD emerges from a divergence in the comparison standards on which personal and group judgments are made and that specifying that the same standards be used for both types of judgments eliminates or reduces the PGDD. In Experiment 2, the authors demonstrated that the magnitude of the PGDD was a function of the degree of informational complexity in the comparison targets. Implications for conceptualizations of the PGDD are discussed.

Objectives To review the various treatment approaches, complications, and nursing management of patients with esophageal cancer. Data Sources Review articles, staging manual, textbook chapters, and research studies. Conclusions The diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer is a complicated process. Combined multimodal therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery is showing promising results. However, each treatment approach has complications and side effects that must be managed. Implications for nursing practice Nursing care is complicated and requires coordinating various support services, patient and family education, clinical assessment, nutritional management, management of side effects, and palliative care.

Consistent with the authors' suggestions for research on extensions beyond the self (e.g., to joint attention and group-related processes), we offer the hypothesis that the Self-Attention Network may facilitate attention to any person who is construed as similar to the self along key dimensions. On the basis of existing literature and our recent findings, we focus on the dimensions of personal relevance and valence. Further research on how these dimensions mediate attention to self and others has the potential to unify separate lines of research on the neural representation of self and others (i.e., social cognition).

Concussions are a predominant injury of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The aims of this study were to describe repeated concussive events among U.S. military personnel injured in Operation Iraqi Freedom and examine subsequent healthcare utilization. We reviewed clinical records from the Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database to identify servicemembers with repeat concussions. We abstracted demographic and injury-specific variables, calculated time between events, and identified healthcare utilization from electronic medical databases. Overall, 113 personnel experienced more than one concussion between 2004 and 2008. A majority of these incidents were blast related. The median time between events was 40 days, with 20% experiencing a second event within 2 weeks of the first and 87% within 3 months. Time between events was not associated with severity of the second event. Greater severity of the second concussive event was associated with higher postinjury utilization of mental health and neurology services. This study is one of the first to describe repeated concussions in a combat setting. We found that repeated concussions occur within a short interval among deployed personnel, although the effects of the first event are unclear. Further research is needed to define the effect of repeated concussions on the health of combat veterans. Language: en

We investigated the impact of ingroup/outgroup categorization on the encoding of same-race and other-race faces presented in inter-racial and intra-racial contexts (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). White participants performed a same/different matching task on pairs of upright and inverted faces that were either same-race (White) or other-race (Black), and labeled as being from the same university or a different university. In Experiment 1, the same- and other-race faces were intermixed. For other-race faces, participants demonstrated greater configural processing following same- than other-university labeling. Same-race faces showed strong configural coding irrespective of the university labeling. In Experiment 2, faces were blocked by race. Participants demonstrated greater configural processing of same- than other-university faces, but now for both same- and other-race faces. These results demonstrate that other-race face processing is sensitive to non-racial ingroup/outgroup status regardless of racial context, but that the sensitivity of same-race face processing to the same cues depends on the racial context in which targets are encountered. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.

This study examined leisure-time sports injuries and lost duty time among U.S. Marines deployed in Iraq. All sports and recreational injuries in Iraq during 2004 2006 were identified from the Combat Trauma Database, in which all in-theater medical treatment was recorded. The study population consisted of 555 Marines who sought treatment for a sports injury during this period. The majority of cases were men aged 21 25 years with a high school education and mid-range enlisted rank. Demographic and military descriptors were related to the type of sports activity engaged in when injured, but had little association with injury characteristics. Type of sports activity, however, was associated with anatomical site of injury, injury mechanism, type of injury, and injury severity. Over 60% of sports injuries occurred during weightlifting, aerobics, and basketball. Some loss of duty time occurred in 46.5% of all sports injuries. Multivariate analyses indicated that rank, occupational specialty, sport played when injured, anatomical location of injury, and injury severity were significant independent predictors of lost duty time. These findings describing leisure-time sports injuries among deployed Marines may help identify at-risk subgroups, and suggest preventive interventions to reduce sports-related injuries and lost duty time in combat theaters.

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common adverse mental health outcome among seriously injured civilians and military personnel who are survivors of trauma. Pharmacotherapy in the aftermath of serious physical injury or exposure to traumatic events may be effective for the secondary prevention of PTSD. Methods We identified 696 injured U.S. military personnel without serious traumatic brain injury from the Navy–Marine Corps Combat Trauma Registry Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database. Complete data on medications administered were available for all personnel selected. The diagnosis of PTSD was obtained from the Career History Archival Medical and Personnel System and verified in a review of medical records. Results Among the 696 patients studied, 243 received a diagnosis of PTSD and 453 did not. The use of morphine during early resuscitation and trauma care was significantly associated with a lower risk of PTSD after injury. Among the patients in whom PTSD developed, 61% received morphine; among those in whom PTSD did not develop, 76% received morphine (odds ratio, 0.47; P

A fundamental question in social cognition is whether people categorize others on the basis of the social groups to which they belong. Integrating ideas from related work on face processing, the current research explored the emergence and boundary conditions of person categorization. Using speeded responses to facial stimuli as a marker of category activation, the authors showed in 3 experiments that person categorization: (a) occurs only under active-encoding conditions and (b) does not extend to applicable but task-irrelevant categorical dimensions, but (c) is sensitive to overlap in the perceptual features that support multiple categorical construals. The authors consider the implications of these findings for models of social-cognitive functioning and the component processes that support person perception.

Members of disadvantaged groups often report that they are less vulnerable to discrimination than is the average member of their group. In two experiments, we examined how the framing of self-ingroup comparisons moderates this phenomenon. In Experiment 1, participants estimated the relative likelihood that either they, compared to the average member of their ingroup, would experience discrimination or that the average member of their ingroup, compared to themselves, would experience discrimination. In Experiment 2, a direct manipulation of self-ingroup similarity was added to this framing manipulation. Across the experiments, the results demonstrated that conditions highlighting differences between the individual and the group led participants to perceive themselves as much less vulnerable to discrimination than their group, relative to conditions highlighting similarities between the individual and the group.

Background: Recent evidence indicates that infant faces capture attention automatically, presumably to elicit caregiving behavior from adults and leading to greater probability of progeny survival. Elsewhere, evidence demonstrates that people show deficiencies in the processing of other-race relative to own-race faces. We ask whether this other-race effect impacts on attentional attraction to infant faces. Using a dot-probe task to reveal the spatial allocation of attention, we investigate whether other-race infants capture attention. Principal Findings: South Asian and White participants (young adults aged 18–23 years) responded to a probe shape appearing in a location previously occupied by either an infant face or an adult face; across trials, the race (South Asian/ White) of the faces was manipulated. Results indicated that participants were faster to respond to probes that appeared in the same location as infant faces than adult faces, but only on own-race trials. Conclusions/Significance: Own-race infant faces attract attention, but other-race infant faces do not. Sensitivity to facespecific care-seeking cues in other-race kindenschema may be constrained by interracial contact and experience.