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Detroit is a dynamic city with a dynamic history, yet it has come to symbolize both White flight (beginning in the 1940s and accelerating in the late 1960s) and Black flight (beginning in the 1990s and reaching its apex in 2000). While Detroit's Black population continues to decline, its White population increased by 22% between 2010 and 2015. Along with these shifting demographic trends comes shifting residential and educational landscapes that amplify the racial, economic, and spatial inequalities marking present-day Detroit. Drawing upon the literature of human geography and sociology of education, and utilizing GIS software, we overlay the mapping of demographic realities with the mapping of human stories. As a case study of how a non-profit, public charter school can be a vehicle for resisting gentrification, this paper examines the role of "place" in one school's navigation of an increasingly gentrified Detroit and its commitment to primarily serving youth of its neighborhood. Using a multimodal and multiscalar approach, we find evidence of endogenous gentrification, intergenerational topophilia, and the school enacting resistance within a dialectic of its market-driven charter school status.

After the 2008 housing loan crisis, many houses were foreclosed/abandoned in Michigan, and specifically Grand Rapids (GR). Our study provides a collaborative and scalable model for collecting parcel-level housing data, in a southeast GR neighborhood within 15 U.S. Census Blocks. Grand Valley State University Geography faculty and students partnered with the Seeds of Promise organization/residents by using GIS/sidewalk visual observation to assess housing vacancy and evaluation of physical conditions to better understand the current housing conditions.

Congenital malformations are a highly diverse group of conditions reported in both humans and animals, characterized by defects in morphogenesis observed at birth. Although most cases are idiopathic, genetic and environmental factors may be involved. The frequency of such conditions varies with species, geographic regions, and the specific malformation involved. In polymelia, supernumerary limbs are attached to different parts of the body. Gastrointestinal duplications are described less frequently and can be associated with polymelia. Cloacal atresia is among the least-reported malformations in avian species, described only once in a kiwi. Here we describe a case with these 3 malformations in a single broiler chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) and provide a literature review about the occurrence of these malformations in birds. The 3-d-old chick also had an unidentified structure projecting from the pygostyle region. We performed clinical, radiographic, and postmortem examinations. The intestinal duplication was identified only during the postmortem evaluation. Detailed descriptions of avian congenital malformations are scarce. Although similar cases have been reported, we retrieved no cases of concurrent polymelia, intestinal duplication, and cloacal atresia in broiler chickens in our literature search, suggesting that the simultaneous occurrence of these conditions has not been reported previously in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the effects of precooling via whole-body immersion in 25°C CO2-enriched water (CO2WI), 25°C unenriched water (WI) or no cooling (CON) on 10-km cycling time trial (TT) performance. After 30 min of precooling (CO2WI, CON, WI) in a randomized, crossover manner, 11 male cyclists/triathletes completed 30-min submaximal cycling (65%VO2peak), followed by 10-km TT in the heat (35°C, 65% relative humidity). Average power output and performance time during TT were similar between conditions (p = 0.387 to 0.833). Decreases in core temperature (Tcore) were greater in CO2WI (−0.54 ± 0.25°C) than in CON (−0.32 ± 0.09°C) and WI (−0.29 ± 0.20°C, p = 0.011 to 0.022). Lower Tcore in CO2WI versus CON was observed at 15th min of exercise (p = 0.050). Skin temperature was lower in CO2WI and WI than in CON during the exercise (p < 0.001 to 0.031). Only CO2WI (1029 ± 305 mL) decreased whole-body sweat loss compared with CON (1304 ± 246 mL, p = 0.029). Muscle oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), thermal sensation, and thermal comfort were lower in CO2WI and WI versus CON only during precooling (p < 0.001 to 0.041). NIRS-derived blood volume was significantly lower in CO2WI and WI versus CON during exercise (p < 0.001 to 0.022). Heart rate (p = 0.998) and rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.924) did not differ between conditions throughout the experiment. These results suggested that CO2WI maybe more effective than WI for enhanced core body cooling and minimized sweat losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a system identification (SI) procedure that enables building linear time-dependent fractional-order differential equation (FDE) models able to accurately describe time-dependent behavior of complex systems. The parameters in the models are the order of the equation, the coefficients in it, and, when necessary, the initial conditions. The Caputo definition of the fractional derivative, and the Mittag-Leffler function, is used to obtain the corresponding solutions. Since the set of parameters for the model and its initial conditions are nonunique, and there are small but significant differences in the predictions from the possible models thus obtained, the SI operation is carried out via global regression of an error-cost function by a simulated annealing optimization algorithm. The SI approach is assessed by considering previously published experimental data from a shell-and-tube heat exchanger and a recently constructed multiroom building test bed. The results show that the proposed model is reliable within the interpolation domain but cannot be used with confidence for predictions outside this region. However, the proposed system identification methodology is robust and can be used to derive accurate and compact models from experimental data. In addition, given a functional form of a fractional-order differential equation model, as new data become available, the SI technique can be used to expand the region of reliability of the resulting model.

NixCd1-xO has a ~3?eV band edge offset and bandgap varying from 2.2 to 3.6?eV, which is potentially important for transparent electronic and photovoltaic applications. We present a systematic study of the electronic band structure of NixCd1-xO alloys across the composition range. Ion irradiation of alloy samples leads to a saturation of the electron concentration associated with pinning of the Fermi level (EF) at the Fermi stabilization energy, the common energy reference located at 4.9?eV below the vacuum level. The composition dependence of the pinned EF allows determination of the conduction band minimum (CBM) energy relative to the vacuum level. The unusually strong deviation of the CBM energy observed from the virtual crystal approximation is explained by a band anticrossing interaction between localized 3d states of Ni and the extended states of the NixCd1-xO alloy host. The resulting band structure explains the dependence between the composition and the electrical and optical properties of the alloys--the rapid reduction of the electron mobility as well as previously observed positive band gap bowing parameter. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirm that the L-point valence band maximum in the Cd-rich alloys are unaffected by the interaction with Ni d-states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study was to determine whether defects in intracellular [Ca.sup.2+] signaling contribute to cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Depression in cardiac systolic and diastolic function was traced from live diabetic rats to isolated individual myocytes. The depression in contraction and relaxation in myocytes was found in parallel with depression in the rise and decline of intracellular free [Ca.sup.2+] concentration ([[[Ca.sup.2+]].sub.i]). The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) [Ca.sup.2+] store and rates of [Ca.sup.2+] release and resequestration into SR were depressed in diabetic rat myocytes. The rate of [Ca.sup.2+] efflux via sarcolemmal [Na.sup.+]/[Ca.sup.2+] exchanger was also depressed. However, there was no change in the voltage-dependent L-type [Ca.sup.2+] channel current that triggers [Ca.sup.2+] release from the SR. The depression in SR function was associated with decreased SR [Ca.sup.2+]-ATPase and ryanodine receptor proteins and increased total and nonphosphorylated phospholamban proteins. The depression of [Na.sup.+]/[Ca.sup.2+] exchanger activity was associated with a decrease in its protein level. Thus it is concluded that defects in intracellular [Ca.sup.2+] signaling caused by alteration of expression and function of the proteins that regulate [[[Ca.sup.2+]].sub.i]] contribute to cardiomyopathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The increase in phospholamban, decrease in [Na.sup.+]/[Ca.sup.2+] exchanger, and unchanged L-type [Ca.sup.2+] channel activity in this model of diabetic cardiomyopathy are distinct from other types of cardiomyopathy. myocytes; sarcoplasmic reticulum; [Na.sup.+]/[Ca.sup.2+] exchange