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Various protocols have been proven effective in the directed differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells into skeletal muscles and used to study myogenesis. Current 2D myogenic differentiation protocols can mimic muscle development and its alteration under pathological conditions such as muscular dystrophies. 3D skeletal muscle differentiation approaches can, in addition, model the interaction between the various cell types within the developing organoid. Our protocol ensures the differentiation of human embryonic/induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC/hiPSC) into skeletal muscle organoids (SMO) via cells with paraxial mesoderm and neuromesodermal progenitors' identity and further production of organized structures of the neural plate margin and the dermomyotome. Continuous culturing omits neural lineage differentiation and promotes fetal myogenesis, including the maturation of fibroadipogenic progenitors and PAX7-positive myogenic progenitors. The PAX7 progenitors resemble the late fetal stages of human development and, based on single-cell transcriptomic profiling, cluster close to adult satellite cells of primary muscles. To overcome the limited availability of muscle biopsies from patients with muscular dystrophy during disease progression, we propose to use the SMO system, which delivers a stable population of skeletal muscle progenitors from patient-specific iPSCs to investigate human myogenesis in healthy and diseased conditions. Key features • Development of skeletal muscle organoid differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells, which recapitulates myogenesis. • Analysis of early embryonic and fetal myogenesis. • Provision of skeletal muscle progenitors for in vitro and in vivo analysis for up to 14 weeks of organoid culture. • In vitro myogenesis from patient-specific iPSCs allows to overcome the bottleneck of muscle biopsies of patients with pathological conditions., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (©Copyright : © 2024 The Authors; This is an open access article under the CC BY license.)

In vitro culture systems that structurally model human myogenesis and promote PAX7 + myogenic progenitor maturation have not been established. Here we report that human skeletal muscle organoids can be differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cell lines to contain paraxial mesoderm and neuromesodermal progenitors and develop into organized structures reassembling neural plate border and dermomyotome. Culture conditions instigate neural lineage arrest and promote fetal hypaxial myogenesis toward limb axial anatomical identity, with generation of sustainable uncommitted PAX7 myogenic progenitors and fibroadipogenic (PDGFRa+) progenitor populations equivalent to those from the second trimester of human gestation. Single-cell comparison to human fetal and adult myogenic progenitor /satellite cells reveals distinct molecular signatures for non-dividing myogenic progenitors in activated ( CD44 High / CD98 + / MYOD1 + ) and dormant ( PAX7 High / FBN1 High / SPRY1 High ) states. Our approach provides a robust 3D in vitro developmental system for investigating muscle tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis., Competing Interests: LM, HJ, UK, GG, MK, MS, OP, DZ, MB, DH, GM, DG, JK, MA, JS, SH, RA, HS, MV, BB, HZ No competing interests declared, JY is partially employed by Next & Bio Inc, (© 2023, Mavrommatis et al.)

Large numbers of Calpain 3 (CAPN3) mutations cause recessive forms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2A/LGMDR1) with selective atrophy of the proximal limb muscles. We have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from a patient with two mutations in exon 3 and exon 4 at the calpain 3 locus (W130C, 550delA). Two different strategies to rescue these mutations are devised: (i) on the level of LGMD2A-iPSC, we combined CRISPR/Cas9 genome targeting with a FACS and Tet transactivator-based biallelic selection strategy, which resulted in a new functional chimeric exon 3-4 without the two CAPN3 mutations. (ii) On the level of LGMD2A-iPSC-derived CD82+/Pax7+ myogenic progenitor cells, we demonstrate CRISPR/Cas9 mediated rescue of the highly prevalent exon 4 CAPN3 mutation. The first strategy specifically provides isogenic LGMD2A corrected iPSC for disease modelling, and the second strategy can be further elaborated for potential translational approaches., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Lampros Mavrommatis et al.)

The transcription factor Math6, mouse atonal homolog 6, belongs to the family of highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. It plays an important role in embryonic development and shows a wide expression pattern in murine tissues. The placenta, as a life-sustaining transient organ for the fetus, also depends on the expression of Math6. The adverse effects of deleting Math6 in mice, leading to deficient placental development and pregnancy loss, have already been demonstrated by us. Until now, detailed investigations regarding the specific mechanisms underlying the improper placental development in these murine mutants have failed, as the Math6 expression could not be confined to a specific cell type due to the lack of a highly specific Math6 antibody. To circumvent this problem, we used transgenic mice, where Math6 is marked with a Flag sequence that functions as a specific epitope. Tissues from these transgenic mice were used to establish immunohistochemical staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The establishment of these methods yielded initial findings pertaining to the identification of Math6-expressing cell types and their localization. Our results reveal that Math6 shows a wide expression pattern in both maternal and fetal components of the murine placenta. It shows expression in various cell types, but predominantly in trophoblast giant cells, endothelial cells and macrophages. The largest subpopulation that we detected in the group of Math6-positive cells were identified as DBA+ uterine natural killer cells. These findings reveal information and a chance for further investigation on the involvement of Math6 in placental development and the molecular pathomechanisms of spontaneous abortion.

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs) frequently do not engraft in immunocompromised mice, limiting their use as an experimental platform. In contrast, murine Neurofibromatosis-1 ( Nf1 ) optic LGG stem cells (o-GSCs) form glioma-like lesions in wild-type, but not athymic, mice following transplantation. Here, we show that the inability of athymic mice to support o-GSC engraftment results from impaired microglia/macrophage function, including reduced expression of Ccr2 and Ccl5, both of which are required for o-GSC engraftment and Nf1 optic glioma growth. Impaired Ccr2 and Ccl5 expression in athymic microglia/macrophages was restored by T-cell exposure, establishing T-cell-microglia/macrophage interactions as critical stromal determinants that support NF1 LGG growth., (© 2018 Pan et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.)

History and Clinical Findings: A 58-year-old man was admitted to our hospital after an acute onset of rectal bleeding. He was known to have had recurrent duodenal ulcerative disease, once with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Clinical examination was remarkable only for rectal bleeding., Investigations: After application of a nasogastric tube cherry-red blood was evacuated. Upper endoscopy showed only very small mucosal erosion in the stomach and coloscopy demonstrated several non-bleeding diverticula. Small bowel enteroclysis showed severe diverticulosis of the duodenum and jejunum., Diagnosis, Treatment and Course: We assumed that the extensive duodenojejunal diverticulosis was the most probable cause of this episode of gastrointestinal bleeding because of simultaneous signs of upper and lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Because this was the first such episode we preferred a conservative approach. At nineteen months follow-up there was no recurrence of bleeding., Conclusion: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common cause of hospitalization. After exclusion of the more common bleeding sources small bowel diverticula should be considered as a possible rare cause. Surgical resection of the bleeding bowel part is the procedure of choice, but one of the major problems in such cases is to locate exactly the bleeding site. If the location is uncertain, a more conservative approach may be preferable, especially in haemodynamically stable patients with first-time diverticular bleeding.