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Background: Herbal medicine is currently one of the therapeutic options chosen by the community because it is considered relatively safer and has minimal side effects. Not only used as a single drug, but herbal ingredients can also be combined with synthetic drugs. However, using herbal and synthetic drugs simultaneously can cause a variety of interactions, including synergism, antagonism, and additive effects (potentiation). Objective: Therefore, it is crucial to do a literature study on the reaction of various herbal medicines to unwanted synthetic drugs to prevent the adverse effects that can be caused. Methods: The literature review is processed based on academic journals published on NCBI, PubMed, and online journal sources that discuss the interactions between herbal medicines and synthetic drugs from 1997 to 2022. Results: Herbal drug interactions can be avoided or managed by providing correct patient advice based on reliable information. Conclusion:The main basic principles of administering these medicines include the doctor's full awareness of the effects and interactions between herbal medicines and herbal medicines and herbal medicines with synthetic drugs.

Halitosis is an oral malodor condition in the oral cavity that comes from the breakdown of protein by anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Some bacteria that are often found in cases of halitosis are Solobacterium moorei, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, dan Streptococcus mutans. Medicinal plants to treat various diseases have shown minimal side effects. Indonesia is one of the countries that has used plants as traditional medicine since ancient times. As many as 7,000 species of medicinal plants in Indonesia have been studied to address health problems. Among the medicinal plants that have been studied are Green Betel (Piper betle L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Star Anise (Illicium verum), Mint (Mentha piperita) dan Oregano (Origanum vulgare) which have been shown to cure various diseases. This review article describes the potential of plants as an antibacterial against halitosis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of ethnomedicine and the potential effects of antibacterial medicinal plants that can be used in cases of halitosis.

The essential oil of lavender, lemon, and cinnamon (LaLC) combination is rich in antioxidants and potentially be used as an anti-wrinkle and strengthens the collagen tissue. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a free radical source that accelerates the aging process and reduces collagen production. This study aims to characterize the chemical components of each oil and determine the best combination as an anti-wrinkle substance. The test was conducted on twenty-four Wistar male rats (Mus musculus) that were divided into six experimental groups consisting of the normal (N), control (C), vehicle control (V), first treatment (T1), second treatment (T2), and third treatment (T3) groups. Each sample was rubbed upon, and the UVB irradiation was administered frequently to each subject. The embedded skin specimen was analyzed using a digital-capable microscope. Data were analyzed through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test. Lavender, lemon, and cinnamon essential oils contained each most significant component, which was linalool (41.46% peak area), dl limonene (44.74% peak area), and 2-propenal, 3-phenyl- (CAS) (53.89% peak area), respectively according to the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The T1 showed the best score of all parameters and did not show significant significance compared to the N group. In conclusion, the 1:1:3 combination of LaLC is better in preventing in vitro photoaging than other treatment groups.

Moringa oleifera, known as moringa, is reported to have a high source of natural antioxidants, especially vitamin E. The formulation of purified Moringa leaf extract is needed so that the vitamin E content in it is more maximal. This study aimed to determine the levels of vitamin E in extracts after purification, physical property test of emulgel with variations in extract concentration and vitamin E levels in emulsions. The study was started from the extraction using maceration method with petroleum ether solvent, followed by extract purification using column chromatography with n-hexane solvent. The results of the purified extract were then formulated into emulgel with three concentrations of 3% (F1), 6% (F2) and 9% (F3). Emulgel was then evaluated for physical characteristics (pH, viscosity, adhesion, dispersion and stability). Determination of vitamin E levels was carried out on purified extract samples and on each formula. The results of non-specific standardization of extracts included ash content, acidic insoluble ash content were higher than those of Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia literature and drying losses were lower compared to literature. Specific standardization of extracts was the content of vitamin E in 1.40% PE extract and 8.02% purified extract. In the test of emulgel physical characteristics, an increase in the concentration of the extract caused an increase in viscosity and decreased emulgel dispersion power. Whereas, tthe pH and sticky power remained the same. Storage hds an effect on decreasing the physical characteristics of emulsions especially on adhesion. Increased extracts also caused an increase in the levels of vitamin E in the purified extract of moringa leaf emulgel.

Diabetes is metabolic disorders caused by oxidative stress that has always been linked to male reproductive dysfunction. Spirulina platensis has been used for therapeutic supplements for diabetes and repairing reproduction organs based on its antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Spirulina platensis suspension (SP) on quality and quantity of sperm also the expression of caspase-3 on testis in male Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). This study used 30 adult male Wistar rats that divided into 6 groups of K1 (normal), K2 (single injection of STZ 45 mg/kg BW), K3 (normal rats treated with SP 36/kg BW/day) and treatment group K4, K5 and K6 were diabetic rats given with SP 36 mg/kgBW, 72 mg/kgBW and 144 mg/kg BW. The treatment was given orally for 28 days. Blood glucose level levels were measured using the biochemical analyzer. Quality and quantity of sperm were analyzed using Neubauer slide under the microscope. Apoptosis of Leydig cells was detected by immunohistochemical staining using Caspase-3 polyclonal antibodies. The result showed that there were significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in final blood glucose level, quality, and quantity of spermatozoa and expression of caspase-3. Our findings clearly highlight the role of Spirulina platensis as an antidiabetes and protective agent for reproducton organs of STZ-induced in diabetic male Wistar rats that improves quality and quantity of sperm cells and reproductive organs.

Isolate J7 is a bacterial strain separated from the rhizosphere of Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Rubrum that potentially produces antibacterial compounds against Escherichia coli. The study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the most active fraction of this isolate from its capacity to induce leakage in E. coli cells. The secondary metabolites were extracted from Isolate J7 using ethyl acetate solvent and then fractionated with different ratios of hexane and ethyl acetate solvents―1:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, and 0:1 (v/v), ethyl acetate and methanol with 1:1 (v/v) ratio, and methanol 100%. Fractions were identified based on the spotting on the Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) plate. Only the most active fraction was tested to define its ability to cause leakage of cellular components like nucleic acid and protein. The leakage was scanned with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. The results showed that F2 was the fraction that prevented the growth of E. coli most actively because it created a zone of inhibition sized 11.58±0.95 mm in diameter with the lowest MIC among the other fractions (10%). Also, based on the spectrophotometric analysis, the addition of F2 at concentrations of 10% and 20% resulted in higher levels of protein, DNA, and RNA than the negative control. In conclusion, F2 can cause plasma membrane leakage in E. coli at a concentration of 10%. Another fraction that exhibited antibacterial activity was F3. In the spotting analysis of the TLC plate, F3 appeared to have a spot profile and Rf that were similar to F2 but considerably different from the inactive fractions (i.e., showing no antibacterial activity). Observed with multiple wavelengths, the Rf values of F2 and F3 spots varied between 0.56-0.57 and 0.61-0.62 (254 nm) and 0.47-0.48 and 0.56-0.57 (366 nm), respectively. Because these spot profiles did not appear in the inactive fractions, compounds with this range of Rf values are, thereby, suspected as the active substances that inhibit the growth of E. coli.

Water fraction of binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steen) leaf has been proven to heal ulcus diabetic. In order to make the use easier and more practical, in this study the water fraction of binahong leaves is formulated in gel preparation form. This study was conducted to obtain a comparison of the amount of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan as gelling agent to produce gel that meets the good physical requirements. The method used to determine the amount of comparison of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan is to use Simplex Lattice Design (SLD). Eight variations of gel formula are designed with the ratio of sodium alginate: carboxymethyl chitosan as follows: F1 (0:3% w/w), F2 (0:3% w/w), F3 (0.75:2.25% w/w), F4 (1.5:1.5 % w/w), F5 (1.5:1.5% w/w), F6 (2.25:0.75% w/w), F7 (3:0% w/w), F8 (3:0% w/w). Physical parameters observed included pH, viscosity, dispersion, and adherence. Data obtained compared with the actual conducted by researchers using one sample test t-test with 95% confidence level. Based on the results of the study, increased sodium alginate concentration can increase viscosity and adhesiveness and decrease the pH and spreadability of the gel. One sample t-test analysis shows that there is no significant difference between predicted parameter value and actual result so SLD equation can be used to construct gel formula of water fraction of binahong leaf. The conclusion is a combination of sodium alginate 1.546% w/w and carboxymethyl chitosan 1.454% w/w yield gel optimum. Physical parameter response of optimum formula is pH 5.86; viscosity 2000 cps; spreadability of 21,96 cm2; and adhesiveness of 19,81 seconds.

Dialkyl-alginate biosurfactant is an amphifilic rhamnolipid biosurfactant which has the potential to be developed into an antibacterial agent. The purpose of this study was to prove the biosurfactant of dialkyl alginate and it’s cream formula as antibacterial activity especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity assay of biosurfactant dialkyl alginate at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20% againts Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using modified quantitative method. Enbatic® 1% is used as a positive control and sterile aquadest as a negative control. Determination of antibacterial activity of dialkyl alginate biosurfactant followed by analysis of leakage of protein and nucleic acids using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and leakage of Ca2+ and K + metal ions using Atomic Absorption Spetrophotometry (AAS). The most active concentration was formulated into cream and tested antibacterial activity using the well method. The test results showed that the biosurfactants of dialkyl-alginate and it’s cream formula has antibacterial activity. The concentration of 10% was the most active concentration having activity which did not differ significantly to positive control with p value of 0,05.

Salah satu senyawa metabolit sekunder dari akar kuning (Fibraurea tinctoria) yang potensial dikembangkan sebagai obat adalah berberine. Senyawa golongan alkaloid ini dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antimikroba, antidiare, penghambat infeksi parasit usus, antihipertensi, antitumor, antiinflamasi, hepatoprotektor, antimalaria dan antikanker. Pada pengembahan bahan alam sebagai obat perlu dilakukan standarisasi simplisia dan ekstrak. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui karakterisasi parameter spesifik dan parameter non spesifik tumbuhan akar kuning. Penelitian adalah penelitian eksperimental. Objek penelitian yang digunakan akar kuning yang diperoleh dari Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus (KDKT) Samboja, kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur. Simplisia diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Hasil ekstraksi dilakukan karakterisasi meliputi: makroskopik, mikroskopik, kadar air, kadar sari larut air, kadar sari larut etanol, kadar abu, dan kadar abu tidak larut asam selanjutnya dilakukan skrining fitokimia. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil karakterisasi serbuk simplisia akar kuning secara makroskopik, merupakan Liana dengan panjang mencapai 10-20 m, dengan batang bulat, kulit batang coklat keabu-abuan, kasar, diameter antara 2-7 cm dan warna serbuk kuning cerah. Mikroskopik serbuk simplisia ditemukan fragmen sel batu dan fragmen trakea. Karakterisasi serbuk simplisia, kadar air 7,3%, kadar sari larut etanol 6,69%, kadar sari larut air 8,05%, kadar abu 8,17%, kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,47%. Hasil identifikasi golongan senyawa kimia, positif mengandung senyawa kimia berupa alkaloid, flavonoid dan saponin.

The study of this research is to analyze differences in the students’ mathematical proving ability that follow the learning model of M-APOS learning and the conventional learning in Matrix Algebra course. This research is quasi-experiment with non-equivalent control group design. The population of this research is all students who take the Matrix Algebra the course in odd semester Academic Year 2017/2018 as many as 120 students and purposive sampling samples are as many as 79 students. The research instrument used a mathematical proving ability test. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and nonparametric statistics (Kruskal-Wallis test). The results of this study are: the average of students’ mathematical proving ability that follow the M-APOS learning model and modified Moore method are significantly better than students follow conventional learning in Matrix Algebra course; there is a difference of improving the mathematical proving ability of students following the M-APOS learning model, modified Moore method, and conventional learning; the improvement in the mathematical proving ability of students following the M-APOS learning model and modified Moore method is significantly better than students who follow conventional learning in Matrix Algebra courses. The improvement of students' mathematical proving ability that follows with the M-APOS learning model is better than students who follow with the modified Moore method and conventional learning models. While the improvement of students’ mathematical ability that follow with the modified Moore method is better than students who follow conventional learning.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease which is becoming the first number of health problem in Indonesia, based on the results of the Basic Health Research of Ministry of Health in 2013. One of the diabetes complications affected by high levels of blood glucose is diabetic ulcers wich 85% the number of cases was overed by amputation as the result of improper handling. Herbal treatments could be an alternative treatment of diabetic ulcers, one of them is binahong plant. The results of previous studies have shown the ability of ethanolic extract of binahong leaf in accelerating wound healing in diabetic rats. This study would be a continued study to test five kinds of binahong leaf fractions (FDB) with gradual solvent polarity in accelerating wound healing in diabetic ulcer. Wound healing parameters observed were percentage of wound healing from the wound diameter contraction. The test begins with ethanolic extract of binahong leaf fractionation to produce fractions of hexane (FHDB), chloroform (FKDB), ethyl acetate (FEADB), and ethanol (FEDB). Water fraction (FADB) was obtained from ethanolic leaf extract residues of binahong leaf extraction. Each fraction activity was tested topically twice daily on dorsal of test animals that created wounds using a punch biopsy 5 mm diameters. Grouping of test animals were divided into 13 groups with normal control group (non diabetes), negative control (diabetes + topical application of biocream®), positive control (diabetes + topical application of madecassol), and 10 diabetes groups with topical application of 5 kinds of binahong leaf fractions with each fractions consist of a concentrations of 5% and 10% with biocream® as a vehicle. Diabetic parameters measured include blood glucose levels (KGD) and weight lost percentage (PB%) in day 1 and 10 during a 10-day treatment. The results showed the influence of KGD in the condition of diabetes on wound healing rats diabetic ulcers which topically treated with binahong leaf fractions. FADB 10% has significant differences potention in wound healing process in diabetic rats macroscopically that accelerates wound contraction compared with negative and positive control groups (p

Background : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that can be known by increasing a blood glucose level and caused many kinds of complications if it don't properly treatment, one of those complications is a diabetic ulcer. There are many types of treatments created to overcome the diabetic ulcer, but there are not effective yet. Therefore, ethanolic extract gel of binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen) leaves is used to make a new innovation of diabetic ulcer treatment Objective : The objective of this research wasto know the concentration of antibacterial and anti-infection activity from ethanolic extract of binahong leaves as wound healing on diabetic ulcer and also to know the changeover of wound diameter. Methods : Binahong leaves were extracted with 96% ethanol by maceration. Then the extract was formulated to be gel product with the concentration of 10% and 30%. The gel product was administrated to diabetic rats which had been made ulcer wound by excision. The result of wound diameter and the percentage of wound healing were analyzed by One Way Anova and then continue analyzed by LSD (Least Significant Different) with significant level of 95%. Results : The result showed that binahong gel with concentration variation of 10% and 30% only affected the organoleptic and doesn't affect the homogeneity, pH, irritation, spreadability and consistency. The result of the effectiveness test of binahong leaves gel is 10% more effective to changeover of wound diameter but there is not significantlydifferent if compared with 30% gel of binahong leaves. Therefore, gel of binahong leavesof 10% is able to provide slightly effective than chloramphenicol™. Conclusion : The concentration of 10% and 30% of binahong gel were effectively usage for wound healing diabetic ulcer in rats.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycaemia causing changes in plasma lipoproteins, which leads to insulin resistance, secretion defects or both. The dried Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) root known as yang tao gen (YTG) in Chinese materia medica has been used in traditional medicine for treating diabetes mellitus. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of 2-dodecyl-6-methoxy-cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (DMDD) isolated from Averrhoa carambola L. roots to lower hyperglycaemia and to investigate its potential mechanism in diabetic mice. Material and methods : DMDD was isolated using a column chromatographic technique. Experimental mice were fed with a high-fat diet for a month and were intravenously injected with streptozotocin (80 mg/kg, single dose). Diabetic mice were orally administered DMDD (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg) and 50 mg/kg pioglitazone for 15 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting blood insulin (FINS), pancreatic insulin content, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) were determined. Adipose tissue was assessed by histological examination, immunohistochemistry, western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods. Results : DMDD significantly increased the insulin level. In contrast, FBG, IL-6, TNF-α, TC, TG and FFA were significantly decreased. However, DMDD induced the activation of adipocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), confirmed by increased protein and mRNA expression of PPAR-γ. Conclusions : DMDD possessed hypoglycaemic activity due to its potential mechanism involving PPAR-mediated adipocyte endocrine regulation.

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