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Amid this pandemic situation all around the world, data analysis has proved helpful by contributing to the development of Smart Healthcare System. [1]With the development of information technology, the concept of smart healthcare has gradually come to the fore. Smart healthcare uses a new generation of information technologies, such as the internet of things (loT), data analysis, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, to transform the traditional medical system in an all-round way, making healthcare more efficient, more convenient, and more personalized. The use of such healthcare system have helped to diagnose many victims during the absence of a doctor. Also, [2]the use of these healthcare systems do not only help patients know how to manage their health but assists healthcare providers to reduce emergency cases, track patients, staff, and inventory; for the overall control of epidemics. Keywords: pandemic, IoT, data analysis, cloud computing, artificial Intelligence.

[3] Vehicle/driver monitoring and sensing is one family of applications which falls in the M2M (Machine-to-Machine) area. Drivers, fleet owners, transport operations, insurance companies are stakeholders which need to have analytical reporting on the mobility patterns of their vehicles, as well as real-time views in order to support quick and efficient decisions towards ecofriendly moves, cost-effective maintenance of vehicles, improved navigation, safety and adaptive risk management. [1] Vehicle telematics is an interdisciplinary field that combines telecommunications, informatics, computer science, electrical engineering, and vehicular technologies to create a vehicle telematics system that functions to collect and derive insight from vehicle telematics data and ultimately improve the efficiency and safety of the overall driver experience. The use of Vehicle Telematics has now-a-days been an active contributor for the global market. Keywords: monitoring, sensing, analytical reporting, adaptive, interdisciplinary, efficiency.

Aim To create awareness about rare clotting disorders in children and to highlight the different dental treatment approaches that can be used while planning the management in such cases. Background A prerequisite for successful wound healing is achieving good hemostasis by effective vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and finally blood coagulation. In the general population, postoperative bleeding after dental treatment is self-limiting. However, a certain segment of the population does suffer from inherited bleeding and clotting disorders, where in standard invasive dental procedures can trigger bleeding episodes, which could be life-threatening in absence of the requisite precautionary measures being followed. Case description One such condition is congenital factor XIII deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive disease usually associated with early onset of serious or life-threatening bleeding episodes, such as, intracranial hemorrhage or umbilical cord bleeding. This case series details the complete dental management of three children suffering from factor XIII deficiency. Conclusion Factor XIII is a rare coagulation cascade, and by this case series, complete dental treatment varying from noninvasive to be kept under observation to invasive dental extraction and fracture reduction was carried out with the hematologists consultations. Clinical significance This case series creates awareness about this rare condition and the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving dentists and hematologists in the effective management of such patients. How to cite this article Pai NG, Mehta LK, Padhye NM, et al. Dental Management of Factor XIII Deficiency Patients: A Case Series. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;XX(X):1-4.

Background This article describes a novel surgical technique, the buccally displaced flap, for keratinized mucosa (KM) augmentation during implant uncovering. Furthermore, it clinically compares this technique with sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) for peri-implant KM augmentation. Twelve weeks following implant placement, subjects were randomly divided for KM augmentation into group A (buccally displaced flap) and group B (SCTG). The width (WKM) and thickness (TKM) of the KM were assessed prior to the implant uncovering, 4 weeks and 1 year after implant loading. Post-operative pain assessment was performed using the Numeric Rating Scale. Results The study comprised of 20 implants that were uncovered in 20 subjects. For group A, the mean WKM increased from 0.98 (± 0.23 mm) to 3.01 mm (± 0.18 mm), and the mean TKM increased from 1.45 (± 0.13 mm) to 2.21 mm (± 0.16 mm) at 1 year. For group B, the mean WKM increased from 0.93 (± 0.18 mm) to 3.28 mm (± 0.13 mm), and the mean TKM increased from 1.41 (± 0.15 mm) to 2.25 mm (± 0.11 mm) at 1 year. Post-operative pain was significantly higher for group B 4.15 (± 1.35) as compared to group A 2.6 (± 1.22) (p < 0.001). Conclusion The buccally displaced flap increased the WKM and TKM during implant uncovering, with results comparable to SCTG. The main advantages of the technique were lack of sutures, maintenance of blood supply, reducing number of surgical sites, and it was relatively atraumatic with lesser post-operative pain. Trial registration Clinical trials registry—India CTRI/2019/09/021059. Date of registration—September 4, 2019, retrospectively registered.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of alanine-EPR as a transfer standard dosimetry system for low energy X radiation, such as that in RS-2400, which operates in the range from 25 to 150 kV and 2 to 45 mA. Two types of alanine dosimeters were investigated. One is a commercial alanine pellets from Aerial-Centre de Ressources Technologiques, France and one was prepared in our laboratory (LMRI-DEN/UFPE). The EPR spectra of the irradiated dosimeters were recorded in the Nuclear Energy Department of UFPE, using a Bruker EMX10 EPR spectrometer operating in the X-band. The alanine-EPR dosimetry system was calibrated in the range of 20–220 Gy in this X-ray field, against an ionization chamber calibrated at the relevant X-ray energy with traceability to PTB. The results showed that both alanine dosimeters presented a linear dose response the same sensitivity, when the EPR signal was normalized to alanine mass. The total uncertainty in the measured dose was estimated to be about 3%. The results indicate that it is possible to use the alanine-EPR dosimetry system for validation of a low-energy X ray irradiator, such as RS-2400.

Aim: Implant dentistry has gained immense popularity in the field of oral rehabilitation. However, a lack of patient awareness about the procedure, its advantages, and limitations results in a lack of their active participation in the treatment plan. The aim of this study was, with the help of a questionnaire, to assess up-to-date patients' perspectives on dental implants and its cost. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based survey of 14 questions was distributed among 1000 randomly selected participants attending ten private clinics in the city of Mumbai, India. Frequencies and percentages of the responses were tabulated and calculated. Results: Among the participants of the survey, 90.5% were of the opinion that missing teeth should be replaced, but only 53.6% were aware about dental implants. About 65.7% of these individuals received information about dental implants from dentists and 42.3% considered the implant to last for a lifetime. About 39.4% of the participants thought that the biggest advantage of the implant was a fixed replacement to a missing tooth, whereas the high cost associated with the procedure was the biggest disadvantage as considered by 43.7% of participants. A majority of them (75.9%) expressed that treatment was nonaffordable; however, they were willing to learn more about the treatment modality. Conclusion: The survey concluded that 53.6% of the Indian metropolitan population had heard about dental implants as a treatment option but considered it expensive. Improved doctor–patient communication would be needed to avoid misconceptions regarding the implant therapy and the cost associated with it.

The Insect Pest Control Laboratory of the Joint FAO/IAEA 1 Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture recently purchased an X-ray irradiator as part of their programme to develop the sterile insect technique (SIT). It is a self-contained type with a maximum X-ray beam energy of 150 keV using a newly developed 4π X-ray tube to provide a very uniform dose to the product. This paper describes the results of our characterization study, which includes determination of dose rate in the centre of a canister as well as establishing absorbed dose distribution in the canister. The irradiation geometry consists of five canisters rotating around an X-ray tube—the volume of each canister being 3.5 l. The dose rate at the maximum allowed power of the tube (about 6.75 kW) in the centre of a canister filled with insects (or a simulated product) is about 14 Gy min−1. The dose uniformity ratio is about 1.3. The dose rate was measured using a Farmer type 0.18-cm3 ionization chamber calibrated at the relevant low photon energies. Routine absorbed dose measurement and absorbed dose mapping can be performed using a Gafchromic® film dosimetry system. The radiation response of Gafchromic film is almost independent of X-ray energy in the range 100–150 keV, but is very sensitive to the surrounding material with which it is in immediate contact. It is important, therefore, to ensure that all absorbed dose measurements are performed under identical conditions to those used for the calibration of the dosimetry system. Our study indicates that this X-ray irradiator provides a practical alternative to self-shielded gamma irradiators for SIT programmes.

An easy-to-use and robust energy monitoring device has been developed for reliable detection of day-to-day small variations in the electron beam energy, a critical parameter for quality control and quality assurance in industrial radiation processing. It has potential for using on-line, thus providing real-time information. Its working principle is based on the measurement of currents, or charges, collected by two aluminium absorbers of specific thicknesses (dependent on the beam energy), insulated from each other and positioned within a faraday cup-style aluminium cage connected to the ground. The device has been extensively tested in the energy range of 4–12 MeV under standard laboratory conditions at Institute of Isotopes and CNR-ISOF using different types of electron accelerators; namely, a TESLA LPR-4 LINAC (3–6 MeV) and a L-band Vickers LINAC (7–12 MeV), respectively. This device has been also tested in high power electron beam radiation processing facilities, one equipped with a 7-MeV LUE-8 linear accelerator used for crosslinking of cables and medical device sterilization, and the other equipped with a 10 MeV Rhodotron TT100 recirculating accelerator used for in-house sterilization of medical devices. In the present work, we have extended the application of this method to still lower energy region, i.e. from 1.5 to 2.4 MeV. Also, we show that such a device is capable of detecting deviation in the beam energy as small as 40 keV.

Augmentative biological control as a component of integrated pest management programmes involves the release of natural enemies of the pest, such as parasitoids and predators. Several potential uses for nuclear techniques have been identified which can benefit such programmes; these benefits include facilitating trade, protecting the environment and increasing the overall efficacy of the programmes. This may involve sterilising feed material, hosts or even the control insects. Radiation is currently the most favoured sterilising agent, although availability and cost of radiation sources are considered as limiting the use of radiation in support of biological control. This paper reviews various radiation sources that may be used for this purpose, including a comparison of several key parameters such as cost estimates of these radiation sources that should assist in making a judicious selection of a suitable irradiator.

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly pest control technique with application in the area-wide integrated control of key pests, including the suppression or elimination of introduced populations and the exclusion of new introductions. Reproductive sterility is normally induced by ionizing radiation, a convenient and consistent method that maintains a reasonable degree of competitiveness in the released insects. The cost and effectiveness of a control program integrating the SIT depend on the balance between sterility and competitiveness, but it appears that current operational programs with an SIT component are not achieving an appropriate balance. In this paper we discuss optimization of the sterilization process and present a simple model and procedure for determining the optimum dose.

Six national standards for absorbed dose to water in 60 Co gamma radiation at the dose levels used in radiation processing have been compared over the range from 5 to 30 kGy using the alanine dosimeters of the NIST and the NPL as the transfer dosimeters. The standards are in agreement at the level of around 0.5%, which is significantly smaller than the stated standard uncertainties.

The electron beam energy is one of the critical parameters for electron processing, since it can affect the dose distribution in the product. We have developed a robust device for monitoring small variations in the electron beam energy that is easy-to-use during an irradiation run. It involves measurement of currents intercepted by two aluminium plates located in the beam. The ratio of these two currents is quite sensitive to the beam energy; sensitivity is optimised by selecting the appropriate thickness of the front plate depending on the beam energy. We had reported on this energy device earlier for the energy range of 7–12 MeV. In the present paper, we have investigated the feasibility of using this energy device at lower energies, from 4 to 6 MeV.

Applicability of the existing dosimetry systems to high-power Bremsstrahlung irradiation was investigated through a dose intercomparison study, where several dosimeters were irradiated in the dose range 4–12 kGy in identical polyethylene phantoms in a Bremsstrahlung beam obtained from a 5-MeV electron accelerator. Included in the study were alanine dosimeters molded by three different binders, three types of liquid dosimeters—ceric-cerous, dichromate and ethanol-chlorobenzen (ECB), and glutamine powder. The dosimeter responses for Bremsstrahlung radiation were analyzed at the issuing laboratories, and the dose values determined using calibration based on cobalt-60 gamma-ray irradiation. Dose values for all the three dose levels for all dosimetry systems were in good agreement—better than 3%. The results of the study demonstrate that these existing dosimetry systems have a potential for application to high-power Bremsstrahlung irradiation.

When a non-conducting plastic block is irradiated with high-energy electrons, the thermalised electrons are trapped in the block if the range of the incident electrons is less than its thickness. These stored charges set up an electrostatic field in the block that can affect the trajectories of the incident electrons. The strength and the shape of the field depend on the intrinsic properties of the material as well as on the irradiation geometry. For this study, we selected various commercial electrical insulators such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), Teflon (PTFE), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and nylon. We measured the influence of the electrostatic field on depth-dose distribution in these materials using GafChromic® film dosimeters, and the subsequent leakage of the stored charge. This is an extension of our previous work on PMMA. The effect on the depth-dose distribution was most pronounced in PMMA, while in PTFE and PE it was minimal. On the other hand, PC showed an intermediate behaviour. Nylon and PVC electrically broke down at low doses. We have attempted an explanation of this behaviour of the various plastics based on radiation-induced conductivity, the measured leakage charge and also on their intrinsic electrical properties such as dielectric constant and dielectric strength.

Eighteen international EPR laboratories participated in the second intercomparison programme. Each participant had to prepare enamel samples and evaluate the absorbed dose from molars that were irradiated in vitro in the range 0-1000 mGy. The objective of the programme was to bring together all methods which are currently applied by different laboratories for EPR dose reconstruction and to demonstrate the present state of dosimetry. An overview of the essential features of the different methods is presented. The current accuracy of EPR tooth enamel dosimetry under defined conditions of irradiation is evaluated. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nine high-dose calibration laboratories collaborated with the IAEA in a ‘double-blind’ intercomparison of absorbed dose in the 10–50 kGy dose range. Bureau International des Poids et Mesure undertook the analysis of the results as well as assisted in the development of the protocol. IAEA alanine-ESR transfer dosimeters were used for this intercomparison. The agreement was within 2.0% at 15 kGy and 2.2% at 45 kGy which is very good considering the variety of irradiation conditions employed by the participants. The mean of the dose values measured by the IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory was within 1% of the mean of the dose values stated by the participants for both dose values.

Depth-dose distributions for an electron beam are generally determined with either a stack irradiation geometry or a wedge (generally with an angle of about 50°–60°) made from an electrically-conducting material (such as, aluminium) or a non-conducting material (such as, PMMA). If the non-conducting wedge is thicker than the electron range, the stored charge in the material could influence the measured depth-dose distribution. This effect was investigated for 7-MeV electrons for PMMA with the wedge angle varying from 0° to 60°. The maximum-to-surface dose ratio was used as a characteristic parameter of the shape of the distribution. The depth-dose distribution measured by a dosimetry film placed inside the wedge-pair was similar to the standard shape when the wedge angle was larger than about 55° (dose ratio ∼1.5). However, as the angle was decreased, this ratio sharply increased almost linearly up to about 15°, and then leveled off at about 3. We also studied the effect of the surface dose on this dose ratio for the wedge angle of 0°, where we found that the ratio increased with the dose. Both of these effects can be explained by the presence of the electrostatic field around the dosimetry film due to stored charge in the non-conducting PMMA.

Recent developments have produced low energy X ray systems capable of providing a radiation dose to adequate volumes suitable for sterile inset programmes. To support the adoption of these new systems, the performance of the Gafchromic® HD-810 dosimetry system previously used for gamma irradiation needed to be better understood at the lower photon energies. For low energy photons, the optical density of the irradiated Gafchromic HD-810 film dosimeters significantly depends on the material surrounding them. For example, if paper, Mylar® or PVC is used to house the dosimeter during irradiation, the optical density can vary by as much as a factor of three or more for the same dose. This paper is an attempt to elucidate the performance of the Gafchromic HD-810 film dosimeters for such low energy X radiation (∼150 keV). Our data show that this behaviour can be explained by the fact that these materials have significantly different photon mass attenuation coefficient. This conclusion was reinforced with mathematical simulation using Monte Carlo modelling. We also show that with the different structure of another Gafchromic film dosimeter (MD-V2-55) this effect is virtually non-existent. An understanding of the behaviour of thin film dosimeters like Gafchromic HD-810 under radiation is crucial for reliable dosimetry. We hope that this work can also provide guidance in the use of other thin film dosimeters at similar low photon energies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The mandate of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) includes assistance to Member States to establish nuclear technologies safely and effectively. In pursuit of this, the International Dose Assurance Service (IDAS) was initiated as a key element of the high-dose standardization program of the IAEA. The standardization of dosimetry for radiation processing provides justification for the regulatory approval of irradiated products and their unrestricted international trade. In recent times, the IAEA dosimetry laboratory has expended considerable effort in establishing a quality assurance program for its transfer dosimetry used for the IDAS.

Quality assurance programmes must be in operation at radiation processing facilities to satisfy national and international Standards. Since dosimetry has a vital function in these QA programmes, it is imperative that the dosimetry systems in use at these facilities are well calibrated with a traceability to a Primary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory. As a service to the Member States, the International Atomic Energy Agency operates the International Dose Assurance Service (IDAS) to assist in this process. The transfer standard dosimetry system that is used for this service is based on ESR spectrometry. The paper describes the activities undertaken at the IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory to establish the QA programme for its reference dosimetry system. There are four key elements of such a programme: quality assurance manual; calibration that is traceable to a Primary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory; a clear and detailed statement of uncertainty in the dose measurement; and, periodic quality audit.

Radiation modification of the gel content and the complex modulus of plastics was used to determine the depth-dose distribution in a solid polyethylene block irradiated with a 10 MeV electron beam, under typical radiation processing conditions. The results indicate that the accumulated charge has no significant effect on the shape of the dose profile. This suggests that, under certain circumstances, intrinsic “dosimeters” could be more appropriate than conventional thin film dosimeters placed inside the material for dose measurements in electrically non-conducting materials.

High-powered, 10-MeV linear accelerators offer advantages for sterilization of medical products. A highly effective quality assurance program must be in place to ensure the appropriate dose is delivered to each product unit and that all required documentation is produced. The key elements of such a program are establishing the routine processing window for each product, maintaining process control and demonstrating compliance.

The International Atomic Energy Agency has established a dose quality audit service for radiation processing facilities. The objective of the service is to provide an independent check on the routine dosimetry system in use at the facility. The audit service is based on the use of alanine EPR dosimetry. Generally, alanine dosimeters are irradiated at the facility together with a product, and the response is then analyzed at the IAEA laboratory. Practice of the audit service has shown that the main uncertainty in alanine dosimetry is due to absence of temperature control at the irradiation facilities. Here, a method for stabilizing the temperature of the dosimeter during irradiation is proposed.

This communication describes some basic principles of radiation that are relevant for understanding its use in vascular brachytherapy. It describes various characteristics of gamma-rays and beta-particles, including their interaction with matter such as tissues. It also explains different terms and concepts such as radioactivity, half-life, absorbed dose, range which would help the brachytherapy practitioners appreciate the physics aspects of the therapy.

At present, the most commonly used transfer dosimeters for radiotherapy applications are TL dosimeters. They are being used for intercomparison between SSDLs (about 70) and the IAEA dosimetry laboratory. However, there are some undesirable characteristics of this dosimetry system. We have a study in progress at the IAEA to evaluate the alanine-ESR system as an alternative to TLDs. There are several desirable qualities which make alanine an attractive dosimeter. Preliminary data suggest that the alanine-ESR dosimetry system has the potential to replace TLDs for intercomparison amongst SSDLs in the therapy-level dose region.

The electron energy is one of the principal parameters that influence the dose distribution within a product treated with a beam of energetic electrons. An easy-to-use and robust device has been developed that can reliably detect day-to-day small variations in the beam energy. It consists of two identical aluminium plates except for their thickness, which are electrically insulated from each other. The thickness of each plate is carefully selected depending on the electron-beam energy. The charge (or current) collected by each plate, while under the beam, is measured by an electrometer. The ratio of the charge (or current) signal from the front plate to the sum of the signals from the front and rear plates is very sensitive to the beam energy. We have used this device with an accelerator with maximum beam energy of 12 MeV. The high sensitivity and robustness make this device quite suitable for process control applications at an e-beam radiation-processing facility.

The response characteristics of the radiochromic film dosimeters, nylon-based FWT-60-00 and coated polyester Gafchromic-DM-1260, were investigated as a function of relative humidity (RH) of air with which they were equilibrated, in the range of 0–94% RH. Studies were made for both γ-ray (dose rate = 2 Gy/s) and 10-MeV electron-beam (pulse dose rate = 106 Gy/s) irradiations. The response of the FWT dosimeters, unlike that of the Gafchromic, shows significant variation with RH. These results are in disagreement with the results in the recent articles.