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The CHSH inequality is an inequality used to test locality in quantum theory and is recognized as one of Bell's inequalities. In contrast, the KCBS inequality is employed to test noncontextuality in quantum theory. While certain quantum states are known to violate these inequalities individually, it was previously assumed that no state could violate both inequalities simultaneously. This assumption is encapsulated in the concept of the `monogamy relation.' It describes a trade-off between nonlocality and contextuality: the violation of one inequality typically excludes the possibility of violating the other. However, Xue et al. demonstrated that simultaneous violations of both the CHSH and KCBS inequalities are possible with specific choices of observables. This discovery challenges the universal validity of the monogamy relation. It also suggests that the relationship between contextuality and nonlocality is more complex than previously understood. They further showed that numerous scenarios exist where both the CHSH inequality and a contextuality inequality involving more than five observables are violated. However, the number of such scenarios is finite. Building on this, we present two main results. The first is that there are infinitely many scenarios in which both the CHSH inequality and a contextuality inequality involving an odd number of observables are violated. This finding reveals the existence of infinitely many scenarios where the monogamy relation between the CHSH inequality and the noncontextuality inequality no longer holds. The second is that certain quantum states violate both the KCBS inequality and a nonlocality inequality distinct from the CHSH inequality. These insights deepen our understanding of the complex relationship between nonlocality and contextuality, and open avenues for exploring state-dependent inequalities and their physical implications., Comment: 16 pages

Let be $p$ and $r$ positive real numbers. Then, we consider the lattice point problem of the closed curve $p$-circle $\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{2}|\ |x_{1}|^{p}+|x_{2}|^{p}=r^{p}\}$ which is a generalization of the circle ($p=2$). Following the harmonic analytic approach of S. Kuratsubo and E. Nakai for the case of a circle, we need to investigate properties of appropriately generalized Bessel functions for $p$ in order to tackle the problem. Thus, in this paper, we derive asymptotic evaluations of the generalized Bessel function of order zero, such as uniformly asymptotic estimates on compact sets on quadrants of $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ for the cases $0

We derive a bound on dark photon dark matter scenarios where the dark photon mass is generated through the Higgs mechanism, based on the requirement that symmetry breaking must occur sufficiently early in the universe. We emphasize that dark photon production occurs successfully when the dark Higgs field remains in the symmetric phase due to non-thermal trapping effects. For renormalizable Higgs potentials, our bound reads $$\frac{m_{\gamma'}}{q_H e_H}\;\gg \;60\,{\rm eV}\left(\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\right)^{1/4}$$ where $m_{\gamma'}$ is the dark photon mass, $e_H$ is the gauge coupling, $q_H$ is the charge of the dark Higgs boson, and $\lambda$ is the Higgs quartic coupling}. This constraint holds independently of any complications arising from the Schwinger effect and vortex formation in the Higgsed phase. For more general Higgs potentials such as the Coleman-Weinberg type potential, our bound yields different forms. We argue that late-time symmetry breaking of the dark U(1) symmetry satisfying our bound has only a mild impact on both the abundance and momentum distribution of dark photon dark matter, and therefore does not pose any serious problem for the dark photon dark matter scenario., Comment: v3: 8 pages, 7 figures, version to appear in PLB

The isotopic compositions of samples returned from Cb-type asteroid Ryugu and Ivuna-type (CI) chondrites are distinct from other carbonaceous chondrites, which has led to the suggestion that Ryugu and CI chondrites formed in a different region of the accretion disk, possibly around the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. We show that, like for Fe, Ryugu and CI chondrites also have indistinguishable Ni isotope anomalies, which differ from those of other carbonaceous chondrites. We propose that this unique Fe and Ni isotopic composition reflects different accretion efficiencies of small FeNi metal grains among the carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies. The CI chondrites incorporated these grains more efficiently, possibly because they formed at the end of the disk's lifetime, when planetesimal formation was also triggered by photoevaporation of the disk. Isotopic variations among carbonaceous chondrites may thus reflect fractionation of distinct dust components from a common reservoir, implying CI chondrites and Ryugu may have formed in the same region of the accretion disk as other carbonaceous chondrites., Comment: Published open access in Science Advances

The relationship between a moderate level of geomagnetic activity, represented by Kp (2- - 5+), and solar wind conditions was revealed using Potential Learning (PL). We also discussed dependence of particular solar wind plasma density on moderate geomagnetic conditions. It has poorly been understood from what stage of geomagnetic activity solar wind density begins to control Kp. Previously, PL succeeded to extract the most influential solar wind parameters at an extremely low (0 - 1+) and high (6- - 9) Kp under southward IMF conditions. The IMF three components, solar wind flow speed, and plasma density obtained from the 22 years' OMNI solar wind database were used as the inputs. PL extracted the solar wind velocity as the most significant, and further solar wind number density was the second most influential parameter for the moderate Kp under southward IMF conditions. This result was the same as the previous PL result in relation between extremely low and high Kp for southward IMF. Based on statistical investigations using solar wind speed and plasma density database used in PL under extremely low, high, and moderate Kp, geomagnetic conditions remain high while the plasma number density becomes large, even if the solar wind velocity is slow. This shows that not only solar wind velocity but also plasma density plays a crucial role in causing geomagnetic disturbances, following empirical relation between Kp and the solar wind plasma parameter. The results obtained from PL and incidental statistical investigations using the PL database suggest that the solar wind density begins to affect Kp from moderate geomagnetic activity even under southward IMF conditions. They also would greatly help not only understand general relationship between solar wind conditions and geomagnetic activity but also forecast geomagnetic activity under various IMF conditions., Comment: Manuscript: 41 pages Graphical Abstract: 1 page Table: 2 pages Figures: 7 pages

The lattice point problems of the p-circle (e.g., the astroid), which a generalized circle for positive real numbers p, have been solved for approximately p more than 3, based on the series representation of the error term using the generalized Bessel functions by E. Kr"atzel and the results of G. Kuba. On the other hand, for the cases 0 < p < 2, the method via this series representation cannot make progress. Therefore, in such cases, it is necessary to consider another method. In this paper, we prove that certain functions closely related to the problems can be displayed as series by newly generalized Bessel functions based on the property p-radial, generalization of spherical symmetry, and highlight the possibility that attempts to solve the problems via this display are suitable especially for the cases 0 < p < 1 or p=1. This study is based on the harmonic-analytic method by S. Kuratsubo and E. Nakai, using certain functions generalizing the error term of the circle problem by variables and series representation of the functions by the Bessel functions., Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread global adoption, showcasing advanced linguistic capabilities across multiple of languages. There is a growing interest in academia to use these models to simulate and study human behaviors. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that an LLM's proficiency in a specific language might not fully encapsulate the norms and values associated with its culture. Concerns have emerged regarding potential biases towards Anglo-centric cultures and values due to the predominance of Western and US-based training data. This study focuses on analyzing the cultural representations of emotions in LLMs, in the specific case of mixed-emotion situations. Our methodology is based on the studies of Miyamoto et al. (2010), which identified distinctive emotional indicators in Japanese and American human responses. We first administer their mixed emotion survey to five different LLMs and analyze their outputs. Second, we experiment with contextual variables to explore variations in responses considering both language and speaker origin. Thirdly, we expand our investigation to encompass additional East Asian and Western European origin languages to gauge their alignment with their respective cultures, anticipating a closer fit. We find that (1) models have limited alignment with the evidence in the literature; (2) written language has greater effect on LLMs' response than information on participants origin; and (3) LLMs responses were found more similar for East Asian languages than Western European languages., Comment: Was accepted to ACII 2024

We study the effects of non-Gaussianity from primordial black holes (PBHs). The formation of PBHs is in general a rare event and the number of PBHs fluctuates following the Poisson distribution function, which is independent from the pre-existing inflationary adiabatic fluctuations. Such fluctuations can dominate over the adiabatic mode on small scales. We focus on the non-Gaussianity of matter density fluctuations induced by the Poisson fluctuation of PBHs and discuss the potentially observable consequences such as the skewness, kurtosis and the scale-dependent bias., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

The Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) is a small pelagic fish found in the Sea of Japan, the marginal sea of the western North Pacific. It is an important species for regional fisheries, but their transportation and migration patterns during early life stages remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the stable oxygen isotope ratios of otoliths of young-of-the-year (age 0) Japanese sardines collected from the northern offshore and southern coastal areas of the Sea of Japan in 2015 and 2016. The ontogenetic shifts of the geographic distribution were estimated by comparing the profiles of life-long isotope ratios and temporally varying isoscape, which was calculated using the temperature and salinity fields produced by an ocean data assimilation model. Individuals that were collected in the northern and southern areas hatched and stayed in the southern areas (west offshore of Kyushu) until late June, and thereafter, they can be distinguished into two groups: one that migrated northward at shallow layer and one that stayed around the southern area in the deep layer. A comparison of somatic growth trajectories of the two groups, which was reconstructed based on otolith microstructure analysis, suggested that individuals that migrated northward had significantly larger body lengths in late June than those that stayed in the southern area. These results indicate that young-of-the-year Japanese sardines that hatched in the southern area may have been forced to choose one of two strategies to avoid extremely high water temperatures within seasonal and geographical limits. These include migrating northward or moving to deeper layers. Our results indicate that the environmental variabilities in the southern area could critically impact sardine population dynamics in the Sea of Japan., Comment: 35 pages including 8 figures and 4 supplementary figures

This paper addresses the challenging task of estimating font impressions from real font images. We use a font dataset with annotation about font impressions and a convolutional neural network (CNN) framework for this task. However, impressions attached to individual fonts are often missing and noisy because of the subjective characteristic of font impression annotation. To realize stable impression estimation even with such a dataset, we propose an exemplar-based impression estimation approach, which relies on a strategy of ensembling impressions of exemplar fonts that are similar to the input image. In addition, we train CNN with synthetic font images that mimic scanned word images so that CNN estimates impressions of font images in the wild. We evaluate the basic performance of the proposed estimation method quantitatively and qualitatively. Then, we conduct a correlation analysis between book genres and font impressions on real book cover images; it is important to note that this analysis is only possible with our impression estimation method. The analysis reveals various trends in the correlation between them - this fact supports a hypothesis that book cover designers carefully choose a font for a book cover considering the impression given by the font.