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This paper aims to minimize damage and protect people through efficient response in the event of a disaster in urban areas, focusing on civil defense training facilities with an urban disaster prevention function and on vulnerable social groups, who can suffer more damage in the event of disaster. The influential factors in the relationship between civil defense training facilities and the vulnerable social group were verified by multiple regression. As a result, a significant influence relationship was found targeting the group with physically vulnerable characteristics such as the elderly, disabled, and children. Therefore, it is necessary to expand defense training facilities by region, giving priority to the physically vulnerable group in order to minimize disaster damage and facilitate appropriate crisis management.

Urban flooding is a global challenge that is expected to worsen as urbanization progresses and climate change worsens. Owing to its uncertainty, however, technical measures to handle this issue are limited. In this light, this study aims to improve the local disaster response capacity in the long-term by focusing on the urban space, especially green infrastructure, and by identifying the impact of green infrastructure on the occurrence of flooding. This study selected urban spatial factors and through a multiple regression analysis found that green infrastructure and urbanization sectors influenced urban flooding. To examine the urban parks with the highest influence in detail, spatial heterogeneity was analyzed through a geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis of the factors affecting the occurrence of flooding. The study discovered that the more urbanized a city is, the greater the influence that parks have on flooding. This result can be used to reduce the occurrence of urban flooding and bring the hydrological response closer to that of the pre-urban state, as well as to prepare more appropriate green infrastructure designs and plans to improve regional disaster response capacity.

Climate change caused by global warming has resulted in an increase in average temperature and changes in precipitation pattern and intensity. Consequently, this has led to an increase in localized heavy rain which intensifies the uncertainty of the development of urban areas. To minimize flood damage in an urban area, this study aims to analyze the flood risk effect on buildings by ranking the risk of flood damage for each building type and sorting the long-term land use plan and the building type that requires particular consideration. To evaluate the flood risk of each building type, vulnerability analysis and exposure analysis were conducted in five regions of the Ulsan City. The vulnerability analysis includes determination of each building type by using the building elements which are sensitive to flood damage. In terms of the exposure analysis, environmental factors were applied to analyze the flood depth. The mapping based on the results from two analyses provided the basis for classifying the flood risk into five classes (green, yellowish green, yellow, orange, red). The results were provided in the urban spatial form for each building type. This analysis shows that the district near the Taehwa river is the area with the highest risk class buildings (red and orange class buildings). Notably, this area plays a pivotal functional role in administrating the Ulsan City and has a high density of buildings. This phenomenon is explained by city development which is centered around the lowland, however, given the high value of property, the potential risk is proven to be high.

In this study, focusing on buildings as the smallest unit of urban space, the distribution characteristics of risk factors were examined by building use as an adaptable measure for urban flooding disasters. Flood risk is calculated as a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The flood risk for a building was classified into five classes, and the distribution characteristics of buildings were examined according to England’s flood risk vulnerability classification system, known as Planning Policy Statement 25 (PPS25). After analyzing the risk of flooding in Ulsan Metropolitan City, one of Korea’s representative urban areas, it was found that while Dong-gu District can be considered relatively safe, districts of Jung-gu and Nam-gu, as well as Ulju-gun, have highly vulnerable buildings with red and orange ratings, which include motor vehicles-related facilities, education and welfare facilities, and residential facilities. There has been evidence to prove that urban flood disaster affects topography and the environment, in addition to having a significant effect on adaptability depending on the facility groups that resulted from urbanization. This study is expected to serve as a scientific database for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation to floods during land-use planning, which would eventually allow for systematic management of high-risk buildings through verification of location suitability of buildings by facility group.

The purpose of this study is to simulate urban micro-climate change due to the variation of wind flow and temperature assuming situations before and after applying programs using urban infrastructure regeneration technologies (UIRTs), and to then quantitatively estimate effectiveness on the urban regeneration schems. UIRTs focus on improving the recycling efficiencies of reclaimed water and biogas produced and to enforce the linkage among all environmental infrastructures associated with water, waste, and energy in an urban block. To implement the micro-climate analyses, data such as land use, topography, building height and materials, and weather conditions were collected, and the results estimated based on fluid simulations of cold wind and temperature variation pathways. There were three programs used in the urban regeneration project in J city: river restoration, traditional market revitalization, and a primary school eco-school. The height of cold wind from the ground level was significantly elevated, and the maximum wind velocity differential between before and after increased by 0.12 m/s due to the expansion of the waterfront space and grassland through the three programs. Overall, a temperature at the ground level dropped by 1.6 °C. Based on these results, the three programs improved the urban environment at ground level, and might ultimately be capable of diminishing the urban heat island effect and mitigating the energy consumption of urban areas.

According to the International Cancer Institute (IARC), the incidence of cancer in the world is rapidly increasing, and in the method of treating cancer, radiation therapy is 45% or more. As in the normal tissue in radiation therapy, to minimize radiation, it is important to maximize the exact dose to the tumor sites for local tumor control rates in intensive research (Local Tumor Rate). Therefore, at the beginning, therapist accuracy of detecting fatigue in the movement of the patient and therapist has been a problem that is weighted down directly. Also, by using a web camera, a difference value between the image to be updated to the reference image is calculated, and if the result exceeds the reference value, using the system for determining the motion has occurred. However, it is not possible in this system to quantitatively analyze the movement of the patient, as the background is changed when moving the treatment bed in the co-therapeutic device was not able to shift the patient. In this paper, using an alpha (α) filter index is an attempt to solve these limitation points, as it quantifies the movement of the patient by separating a background image of the patient and treatment environment, and it only senses movement of the patient during treatment, it was possible to reduce the problems due to patient movement.

This study investigated the calibration curves for the analysis of the protein and carbohydrate as foulants and the specific profiles of resistance and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) through passive adsorption (at flux = 0) of hydrophilic polyethylene membrane in an activated sludge bioreactor. It is to recognize fouling and cleaning mechanisms of hydrophilic polyethylene material. Passive adsorption and cake formation continuously proceeded for six weeks even though flux was zero. sEPS more affected membrane fouling than eEPS because sEPS remained constant in the reactor when permeability resistance of membrane increased whereas eEPS continuously decreased. The result showed that 0.05% NaOCl was appropriate for accurately measuring the protein and carbohydrate. Resistance (Rf) of contaminated membrane was high as membrane submergence was proceeded by 43th day, then critical fouling presented. Recovery rate by physical and chemical cleaning decreased as membrane permeation kept doing and...

The normal tissue in radiation therapy, to minimize radiation, it is most important to maximize local tumor control rates in intensive research the exact dose to the tumor sites. Therefore, the initial, therapist accuracy of detecting movement of the patient fatigue therapist has been a problem that is weighted down directly. Also, by using a web camera, a difference value between the image to be updated to the reference image is calculated, if the result exceeds the reference value, using the system for determining the motion has occurred. However, this system, it is not possible to quantitatively analyze the movement of the patient, the background is changed when moving the treatment bed in the co-therapeutic device was not able to sift the patient. In this paper, using a alpah(α) filter index is an attempt to solve these limitations points, quantifies the movement of the patient, by separating a background image of the patient and treatment environment, and movement of the patient during treatment It senses only, it was possible to reduce the problems due to patient movement.

This study mainly focuses on urban regeneration project as a countermeasure to resolve climate change issues by analyzing the carbon-reduction effect of Jeonju test-bed cases. First, an urban regeneration project is designed for city, Jeonju by analyzing its environmental problems and potential improvement. Then, carbon emission and reduction amounts are evaluated for different businesses and scenarios. Carbon emission sources are classified according to a standard suggested by IPCC, and the emissions are calculated by various standard methods. The result shows that carbon emission amount in Jeonju test-bed is 102,149 tCO2eq. The fact that 70% of the emission from energy sector originates from buildings implies that urban regeneration projects can concentrate on building portions to effectively reduce carbon emission. It is also projected carbon emission will decrease by 3,826tCo2eq in 2020 compared to 2011, reduction mainly based on overall population and industry shrinkage. When urban regeneration projects are applied to 5 urban sectors (urban environment, land use, green transportation, low carbon energy, and green buildings) total of 10,628tCO2eq is reduced and 4,857tCO2 (

The use of land in the context of urban planning and the measures taken in the construction industry to reduce damage from flood in urban areas is emphasized. In this paper, vulnerability and the degree of exposure were analyzed in order to assess urban flood risk depending on the type of land use. The vulnerability assessment was determined using the building characteristics as the value index. To determine the degree of exposure, the flood area was analyzed by considering the environmental factors. After mapping these results, urban flood risk was divided into four zones: Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red Zones. The distribution of locations was also analyzed by building-use in relation to urban flood risk. The commercial areas showed the highest degree of risk followed by residential areas, industrial areas, and finally, green areas. Buildings were divided into a number of residential and business facility groups as well as industrial facility groups. Neighborhood living facility groups were included in the Red and Orange Zones. It is considered to be profoundly related with the use of the buildings that can be constructed in commercial and residential areas. This study can provide data for establishing specific details of the land use plan in connection with future urban planning. It can also indicate the appropriateness of the location of the buildings in relation to flood damage by showing the distribution status of buildings by their use.

As a city develops and expands, it is likely confronted with a variety of environmental problems. Although the impact of climate change on people has continuously increased in the past, great numbers of natural disasters in urban areas have become varied in terms of form. Among these urban disasters, urban flooding is the most frequent type, and this study focuses on urban flooding. In cities, the population and major facilities are concentrated, and to examine flooding issues in these urban areas, different levels of flooding risk are classified on 100 m &times, 100 m geographic grids to maximize the spatial efficiency during the flooding events and to minimize the following flooding damage. In this analysis, vulnerability and exposure tests are adopted to analyze urban flooding risks. The first method is based on land-use planning, and the building-to-land ratio. Using fuzzy approaches, the tests focus on risks. However, the latter method using the HEC-Ras model examines factors such as topology and precipitation volume. By mapping the classification of land-use and flooding, the risk of urban flooding is evaluated by grade-scales: green, yellow, orange, and red zones. There are two key findings and theoretical contributions of this study. First, the areas with a high flood risk are mainly restricted to central commercial areas where the main urban functions are concentrated. Additionally, the development density and urbanization are relatively high in these areas, in addition to the old center of urban areas. In the case of Changwon City, Euichang-gu and Seongsan-gu have increased the flood risk because of the high property value of commercial areas and high building density in these regions. Thus, land-use planning of these districts should be designed to reflect upon the different levels of flood risks, in addition to the preparation of anti-disaster facilities to mitigate flood damages in high flood risk areas. Urban flood risk analysis for individual land use districts would facilitate urban planners and managers to prioritize the areas with a high flood risk and to prepare responding preventive measures for more efficient flood management.

This paper investigates the magnetically induced vibration of a flexible rotating disk-spindle system and stationary stator-base due to the internal excitation of the local magnetic force arising from the spindle motor of a HDD. A three-dimensional magnetic finite element model of the spindle motor is developed, and the Maxwell stress tensor method is applied to calculate the local magnetic force acting on the stationary teeth and rotating permanent magnet of the spindle motor. Also, a three-dimensional structural finite element model is developed and local magnetic force is applied to teeth and permanent magnet. The simulated forced vibration of the base plate matched well with the measured one. The dominant frequency component of local magnetic force is the 12th harmonic corresponding to the number of poles, but the dominant frequency component of vibration is the 36th harmonic corresponding to the least common multiple of the number of poles and slots because the 12 and 24th harmonics in local force are canceled out when they are summed up along the air gap. The 12th, 24th and 36th harmonics of the axial vibration are mostly affected by the axial magnetic force, and the amplitudes of those harmonics are increased with the increase of stator eccentricity.

Distributed object applications can be made fault tolerant by replicating their constituent objects, and by distributing these replicas across the different computers in the network. The idea behind object replication is that the failure of one replica of an object can be masked from a client of the object because the other replicas can continue to perform any operation that the client requires. We propose IFTS (Intelligent Fault Tolerant CORBA Service) for handling faults of server object replica using a replication concept to support fault tolerance. It can choose the fastest primary replica using the multicast mechanism. It also introduces passive replication for secure fault tolerance. Furthermore, we propose the design and implementation of IFTS service to provide reliability and faster service using multicast technology by extending existing CORBA ORB.