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Securitas. Debating Inviolability and Immunity in the Legal and Political Theory of Diplomacy, Thirteenth to Eighteenth Century. The essay examines the legal aspects of the transformation of the rules governing the protection of diplomatic agents from the ancient law of hospitality into treaties guaranteeing extraterritoriality. The transformation involved the shift of the derivation of these rules from natural to positive law around 1800. In material respects, it entailed the recasting of diplomatic agents catagorised as a specifically vulnerable group of professionals into a group of specially privileged representatives of sovereign states and their perceived interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the disciplinary identity of historical science, and mentions the views of Johann Gustav Droysen on same.

This essay re-examines the cross-relationship between the military and society in the light of norms of regularised standing and walking, using the cases of fencing, dancing and military move- ments. It seeks to trace processes of the formation and transfer of norms of everyday behaviour in textual and pictorial sources mainly from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The main argument is that such processes then, contrary to nineteenth century practice, took place among various professional or social groups, which were not tied together into a wider socio-legal frame- work, that came to be defined as society from the turn of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung is the property of Leipziger Universitaetsverlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "International Law as an Oktroi of the European State Club: The Example of Japan" deals with the emergence of international law and the norms of the laws of war and interstate treaties. It is pointed out that throughout history, international law was considered an uncodified system of norms whose validity was assumed. In the 19th century, the uncodified natural law was rejected by European governments, and the law should only apply if agreed upon between governments. This led to the formation of a state club that determined international law and excluded the rest of the world. The discrepancy between the treaties based on the house law of the state club and the natural law foundations of partner governments is also mentioned. Furthermore, it is mentioned that European governments pursued colonial expansion and corrupted international law into an ideology of colonialism. International law theory rationalized regime colonialism by placing a "community of nations" alongside the exclusive state club. Japan became a member of the state club and underwent revolutionary changes in society, culture, state, and economy. The Japanese governments implemented these changes against resistance from the population and militarized. Ultimately, it was the application of military force that catapulted Japan into the state club. International law served as both a legitimizing instrument for colonial rule and as a basis for resistance against discrimination and the revision of treaties. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on archives have a kind of numinous preservation that is stored there and scripture is transformed from the instrumental element of communication with cultural memory into the immeasurable and connection between upheaval in archive management.

Copyright of Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung is the property of Leipziger Universitaetsverlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)