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Background: Securing of the appendix stump is one of the key steps in performing laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA). This can be achieved by a variety of methods including endoloops, stapler, and cli...

Sweetpotato is a staple crop in Brazil presenting a smaller number of pathogens and diseases in comparison with other root and tuberous crops. Root-knot nematodes are among the most serious sweetpotato root pathogens. The impact of these pathogens also extends to succeeding crops. Because in Brazil, it is common to cultivate more than one crop per season, this problem is rapidly disseminated. The aim of this study was to assess the resistance of two sweetpotato clones and four commercial sweetpotato genotypes to three different Meloidogyne species. Assays were performed under greenhouse and field conditions. ‘CIP BRS Nuti’ and ‘Canadense’ were resistant to Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. enterolobii under greenhouse conditions. This finding was obtained based on the reproduction factor < 0.2, meaning that the initial population of 5,000 nematodes was reduced to

Background: Cerclage fixation is a known orthopedic technique shown to be beneficial for circumferential augmentation when screw fixation cannot be used or is undesirable. However, ongoing advances in suture materials and knot techniques exist, and there is a paucity of evidence existing which evaluates comparisons between the two. The objective of this study was to investigate the strength and durability of cerclage fixation between the Nice knot suture technique and monofilament wire. Methods: Static displacement over time and compression load testing were analyzed. Compression testing was conducted with the Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Distraction testing was conducted using the Instron test system with its associated program. The Nice knot was tied using number 2 and number 5 FiberWire (Arthrex) and compared to monofilament wire. Clinical failure (displacement of 10 mm), absolute failure (opening of the knot or material failure), maximum compression achieved, and steady state compression maintained were the outcomes of interest. Results: Double-stranded monofilament wire produces maximum consistent compression of 90 kg, followed by single-stranded monofilament wire (60 kg). Number 5 FiberWire has a higher maximum compression load than number 2 FiberWire (50 kg vs. 22 kg), but it is lower than that of the double-stranded monofilament wire constructs. When compared to the single-stranded monofilament construct, the number 5 FiberWire Nice knot is comparable (P < .05). Average steady state compression achieved after 10 minutes of resting showed double-stranded monofilament wire to be 65 kg compared to single- stranded monofilament wire at 42 kg, which when, compared to suture, number 5 FiberWire measured at 15 kg and number 2 FiberWire at 8 kg. Average tension results from Instron distraction testing showed the double-stranded monofilament wire construct was able to withstand greater forces up to a displacement of 6 mm, after which the number 5 FiberWire Nice knot was stiffer. Number 5 FiberWire shows the most linear tension relationship, revealing it more efficiently withstands elastic forces. Load to failure was higher in the number 5 FiberWire Nice knot construct than that in both the monofilament wire constructs. The modes of failure for the Nice knot were always at the knot suture interface rather than at the knot. Conclusion: We propose this suture technique to be a viable alternative method for cerclaging to fix upper limb long-bone fractures.

The problem of the different ways transnational corporations (TNCs) are held responsible for their violations of human rights standards has its own, long history. All the academic and legal efforts to date that have sought to clarify the proper grounds for effective remedies for wrongs that have been committed, have however failed to overcome the substantive obstacles and objections. Against such a complicated background the Authors present some reflections regarding the question of whether there is any possibility to take a step forward. Bearing in mind the powerful position of the TNCs, the Authors try to argue that – to some extent – mechanisms connected to State obligations in the field of human rights could be effective, if properly used, in relation to this type of corporate entity. Moreover, the absence of legally binding international rules (i.e. hard law) in the field under discussion is undoubtedly a missing factor for success. The article concludes that as long as the obligations and responsibilities of TNCs are not covered by legally binding and effectively enforced international rules, it will be impossible to cut this “Gordian knot”.

An extended endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has become standard for parasellar and midline skull base lesions. However, postoperative leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can result from dural defects after lesion removal. We present a simple and effective technique, the Osaka sliding knot, to prevent CSF leakage. Between November 2018 and March 2021, a total of 41 patients underwent reconstruction of skull base defects with intraoperative high-flow CSF leaks after extended EEA by using this closure technique, of whom only 1 patient experienced postoperative CSF leakage. This technically simple and efficient method seals the dural defect to prevent CSF leakage after surgeries using an extended EEA.

Wild-type TTR amyloidosis (wtATTR) represents a disease difficult to diagnose with poor prognosis. Increased clinical suspicion is key, allowing for timely diagnosis. Until recently, only off-label therapies were available but recent introduction of disease specific therapy has shown potential to alter the natural history of the disease. Tafamidis, the only currently approved drug for the therapy of wtATTR, provided significantly better survival and quality of life. However, not all subgroups of patients derived equal benefit. This, along with the increased cost of treatment raised question on whether treatment should be invariably administered through the wtATTR population. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the natural history and staging systems for wtATTR, as well as available treatment options. Special consideration is given to the selection process of patients who would be expected to gain maximum benefit from tafamidis treatment, based on an ethical and cost-effective point of view.

The aims of this review were to form a more precise description for Master Knot of Henry (MKH), and to modify classifications related to interconnections between flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) for showing all configurations in the literature. A literature search was performed in main databases to obtain information related to anatomical definitions and variations of MKH. The search was carried out using the following keywords: “Master Knot of Henry”, “Chiasma plantare”, “Flexor hallucis longus” and “Flexor digitorum longus”. Information extracted from the studies was: sample size, numerical values, classifications, variation types, incidence of types, anatomical definitions of MKH, year of publication, and type of study. This study proposes that MKH should be defined as the intersection territory where FDL crosses over FHL in the plantar foot. The postchiasmatic plantar area located at distal to MKH (the narrow space between MKH and the division of FDL) should be termed as the triangle of Henry. Moreover, the classification systems showing different configurations related to interconnections situated at Henry’s triangle were updated as eight types to present all forms in the literature. Our definitions may assist in determining the precise anatomical boundaries of MKH, and thus facilitate the use of MKH as a surgical landmark. In addition, our modified classification systems covering all variations in the current literature may be helpful for surgeons and anatomists to understand formations of the triangle of Henry, and the long flexor tendons of the lesser toes.

Background The tension band technique is the most common method for internal fixation of transverse patellar fractures. Titanium cable and high-strength sutures have been successfully applied in this treatment; however, few studies have compared the Nice knot technique using sutures with the standard cable technique. Whether the suture technique (Nice knot) provides preferable results compared with those of the cable technique is unclear. Methods Forty patients with transverse patellar fractures participated in this study. Twenty patients underwent sutures tension band fixation (Nice knot), and the others were managed with cable tension bands. All patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Pain was measured by VAS scores, flexion and extension of the knee were measured in degrees by goniometry, and knee function was evaluated using the Bostman clinical grading scale. Results The two groups had equal distributions in age, gender, injured side, and fracture classification. The mean operation time in the suture group was shorter (55.75±9.77 minutes versus 64.25±9.63 minutes). The VAS score was comparable in the two groups at the 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups; however, the score was lower at 12 months postoperatively in the suture group (P=0.037). No significant difference was found in flexion, extension, Bostman score, or fracture healing time in either group (P>0.05). Postoperative complications were higher in the cable group (9 versus 2) (P = 0.031) but were mostly related to symptomatic soft tissue irritation. Conclusion The suture tension band technique using braided polyester nonabsorbable sutures tied with Nice knot was as effective as the cable tension band technique for transverse patellar fracture management. However, more convenient operations, less cost and fewer complications were found in suture fixation (Nice knot).

Let $K$ denote a knot inside the homology sphere $Y$ and $K'$ denote a knot inside a homology sphere $L$-space. Let $X=Y(K,K')$ denote the 3-manifold obtained by splicing the complements of $K$ and $K'$. We show that $\text{rank}(\widehat{HF}(X)) \ge \text{rank}(\widehat{HF}(Y))$., Comment: 10 pages

Achieving mechanistic understanding of transport in complex environments such as inside cells or at polymer interfaces is challenging. We need better ways to image transport in 3-D and better single particle tracking algorithms to determine transport that are not systemically biased toward any classical motion model. Here we present an unbiased single particle tracking algorithm: Knowing Nothing Outside Tracking (KNOT). KNOT uses point clouds provided by iterative deconvolution to educate individual particle localizations and link particle positions between frames to achieve 2-D and 3-D tracking. Information from prior point clouds fuels an independent adaptive motion model for each particle to avoid global models that could introduce biases. KNOT competes with or surpasses other 2-D methods from the 2012 particle tracking challenge while accurately tracking adsorption dynamics of proteins on polymer surfaces and early endosome transport in live cells in 3-D. We apply KNOT to study 3-D endosome transport to reveal new physical insight into locally directed and diffusive transport in live cells. Our analysis demonstrates better accuracy in classifying local motion and its direction compared to previous methods, revealing intricate intracellular transport heterogeneities.

In her solo performance, Knot in My Name, Ita Segev utilizes transaesthetic strategies and technology to elucidate her mutually dependent investments in gender and nation and the urgent personal and political stakes of the ongoing Israeli occupation for the performer and her American audience alike.

Aim: The Aim of this study is to determine the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Tamarindus indica and peel extract Citrus sinensis on Root Knot Nematodes, in vitro. Study Design: The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design. Place of Study: This study was carried out in the biology laboratory of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos, Nigeria. Methods: Extraction of phytochemicals from Tamarindus indica leaf and Citrus sinensis peels was carried out using an aqueous solvent. Tamarindus indica leaves and Citrus sinensis peels were collected within the province of Jos, and were dried at constant room temperature to a constant weight after which pulverized, sieved and soaked in water for 24 hours. The extraction was done using the cold maceration method. Eighty (80) second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. were exposed to the extracts at different concentrations (100, 80, 60, 40, and 20mg/ml) for 6, 12, 18, 24. 30, 32 and 48 hours and, each treatment was replicated 5 times. The average number of dead nematodes per concentration were determined and recorded as mean ± SEM with statistical value at P < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Results of phytochemical analysis showed that Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Steroids, Phenols, and Cardioglycosides were present in T. indica leaf extracts while C. sinensis peels contains Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, Tannins, Phenols, and Resins. These phytochemicals present are suspected to be responsible for the nematicidal activities of the plants. Nematode mortality in the two treatment groups (T. indica and C. sinensis extracts) was highest at 100mg/ml concentration (48 hours of exposure); It was followed by 80mg/ml in decreasing order while the least mortality rate was recorded at 20mg/ml. Hence, as the concentration of the extracts were increased with increase in time, high nematode mortality was observed. Percentage mortality of treated nematodes was statistically significant (P < 0.05) for all concentrations of the extracts at the different time intervals when compared to the control. Statistical analysis showed that T. indica had significantly higher effect on Root-Knot nematodes mortality than C. sinensis at varying concentrations and time of exposure. Benefits of Results: Synthetic pesticides are the principal means used to control nematodes, but the natural products may provide a safe alternative. Hence, the active compounds (phytochemicals) in T. indica L. and C. sinensis L. can be harnessed to be used as biopesticides. Conclusion: The study suggests that extracts of T. indica and C. sinensis can be utilized in the control of root knot nematodes and may have the potential for the production of biopesticides that can be used for the control of nematodes as it displayed nematicidal activities.

Background Intestinal knot formation, in which two segments of the intestine become knotted together, can result in intestinal obstruction. An ileo-ileal knot refers to knot formation between two ileal segments and is a very rare benign disease. We report a case of strangulated bowel obstruction caused by true ileo-ileal knot formation. Case presentation An 89-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the small bowel forming a closed loop, with poor contrast effect. Based on the findings, the patient was diagnosed as having strangulated bowel obstruction, and emergency surgery was performed. At laparotomy, two segments of the ileum were found to be tied together forming a knot, and both segments were necrotic. Although it was necessary to release the strangulated small bowel, we did not immediately release the knot, but first proceeded with ligation of the mesenteric vessels to the strangulated small bowel to prevent dissemination of toxic substances from the necrotic bowel into the systemic circulation. The surgery was completed with resection of the necrotic ileum and anastomosis of the small intestine. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home. Conclusion We encountered a case of strangulated bowel obstruction caused by true ileo-ileal knot formation. Resection of the necrotic small intestine without releasing the knot could be performed safely, and might be considered as an option of surgical procedure.

The arthroscopic Bankart repair is a safe and reliable procedure for the treatment of recurrent shoulder instability for the well-indicated patient. Many repair techniques have been described to restore both labral height and width and recreate a dynamic concavity–compression effect. The modified Mason–Allen knot was first described for rotator cuff tear repair and consists of a horizontal mattress knot with a simple vertical stitch on the same anchor. The purpose of this work is to present the use of the modified Masen–Allen knot for the repair of the capsular labral complex during an arthroscopic Bankart procedure., Technique Video Video 1 In a complex capsulolabral lesion faced in recurrent anterior shoulder instability, the modified Mason–Allen stitch is useful to better restore both the height and width of the capsulolabral complex to recreate a dynamic concavity–compression effect. First, a modified Mason–Allen knot is performed on an all-suture double-loaded anchor positioned at the 5-o’clock position. It is composed of the association of a horizontal mattress knot with a passing of a superior and an inferior thread separated by 5 mm. An overlapping simple vertical stitch is passed over the mattress knot with the tread passed in the middle of the both anteriorly passed threads. The horizontal mattress knot and the simple vertical stitch can then be tied. The same procedure is repeated at the 3- or 4-o’clock position. If needed, a simple stitch can be used to treat the concomitant anterior extent of the lesion or a posterior capsulolabral lesion.

An experiment was conducted to know the efficacy of bio agents viz., Purpureocillium lilacinum, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus megaterium, Vermicompost and Consortium of bio-agents (Purpureocillium lilacinum + Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtilis +Bacillusmegaterium +Vermicompost) and Carbofuran3G @ 0.3 i.e., alone for management of rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola for one season at Chikadadakatte village of Honnali taluk, Davanagere district during Kharif- 2018. The results revealed that all the treatments were significantly superior over check with respect to growthparameters and nematode population. However, carbofuran 3G significantly reduced the nematode population (275.11 /200 cc soil)which was found to be the best treatment as it recorded highest plant height (114.06 cm), root length (23.13 cm), maximum grain yield (44.60 q/ha) with least RKI (1.20) followed byConsortium of bio-agents (Purpureocilliumlilacinum + Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtilis +Bacillusmegaterium +Vermicompost).

Parasitism is an important limiting factor responsible to cause damage to agricultural production. Plant parasitic root knot nematodes attack several economic crops in Pakistan. Plant- parasitic nematodes considerably add huge losses to economies in the top tomatoes crop producing countries throughout the world, instead of controlling the main pathogenic nematode species as usual; one of the innovative strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes would be to manage diversity in communities in order to lead them to be less pathogenic. The plants and their materials are one of the potential remedies for nematodes management. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) along with its several biological applications may serve as a biopesticide against Meloidogyne incognita, a nematode species. A bioassay guided isolation of various fractions of turmeric was subjected to nematicidal activity in comparison with Azadirachta indica against Meloidogyne incognita larvae at the concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 1% for 48 hours. Alongside, Larvae and eggs of nematodes were inoculated around the tomato seedlings in experiments with turmeric in a growth chamber. The control contains water instead of turmeric. Root gall severity and final nematode population were suppressed significantly. It was observed that the use of turmeric is very important for selected plant parasitic nematodes management.

"We obtain some new Shepard type operators based on the classical, the modi ed Shepard methods and the least squares thin-plate spline function. Given some sets of points, we compute some representative subsets of knot points following an algorithm described by J. R. McMahon in 1986."

Angin merupakan unsur cuaca yang sangat penting dalam keselamatan penerbangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan analisa profil angin bulanan dan potensi terjadinya Crosswind dalam pembangunan New Yogyakarta International Airport. Metode yang dipakai dengan memasang 4 (empat)buah AWS (Automatic Weather Station) di ujung landasan selama bulan Maret Huingga September 2017. Hasil pengamatan dan analisa menunjukan bahwa pola angin pada periode Maret – Mei memiliki arah yang bervariasi dengan kecepatan rata-rata 5 – 8 knot. Pada Juni – September, pola angin berhembus dari arah Timur – Tenggara dengan kecepatan rata-rata 6 – 9 knot. Selama periode pengamatan kecepatan angin maksimum yang terjadi antara 14 – 20 knot dan tidak ditemukan potensi terjadinya cross wind untuk panjang runway 3.600 meter.

The theoretical determination of the actual stiffness of the ridge knot of a steel perforated arch was carried out using the initial parameter method, which made it possible to calculate the stress in the upper reference section of the structure belt. The application of the proposed calculation method makes it possible to determine the rigidity of the bolted flange connection, taking into account its actual operation, and to change it by changing the geometrical parameters of the nodal details, that is, the diameter of the bolts or the thickness of the flanges.It is marked that in the calculation of building constructions an important value has exact determination of boundary conditions of connection of nodal elements, that substantially influences on the redistribution of efforts in the separate elements of constructions on their length and rigidity of knots. Especially it touches of flange bolted joints. Current design rules use idealized schemes of nodal joints, which, according to numerical researches, do not fully correspond to the actual operating conditions of nodal joints and constructions on the whole. For realization of aim of researches, that is, theoretical determination of rigidity of ridge knot of the steel preliminary tense perforated arch, the method of initial parameters is used, which allowed to define theoretical tensions in the supporting cut of fastening upper belt to the ridge knot of arch. Divergence in the values of actual tensions in the cuts of beam and theoretical, calculated according to the current design rules, is explained by the flexibility of the flanged bolted joints, that due to the actions in the knot of bending moment opens up, although in theoretical calculations this joint is accepted by absolutely rigid. Rigidity depends on the thickness of flanges, diameter of bolts, the distances between them, the values of the previous tension of the bolts and external loading. The conclusion is set forth, that the application of the offered methodology of calculation allows to define the rigidity of the bolted flanged joint taking into account its actual work, and which, according to experimental researches and theoretical calculations, differs from the idealized calculation schemes. In addition the proposed methodology allows to change the rigidity of the bolted jont, changing the diameter of the bolts or the thickness of the flanges, and also to use the additional resource of material due to some reduction of the maximum tensions in weak cuts of elements.

Plans’ theorem states that, for odd n, the first homology group of the n-fold cyclic covering of the three-dimensional sphere branched over a knot is the direct product of two copies of an Abelian group. A similar statement holds for even n. In this case, one has to factorize the homology group of n-fold covering by the homology group of two-fold covering of the knot. The aim of this paper is to establish similar results for Jacobians (critical group) of a circulant graph. Moreover, it is shown that the Jacobian group of a circulant graph on n vertices reduced modulo a given finite Abelian group is a periodic function of n.

This paper offers a discussion of the various asymmetric games within the tafl family: hnefatafl, tablut, brandub, tawllbwrdd and alea evangelii, identifying various problems and misunderstandings that have accrued around these games. Beginning with a review of the terminology used to refer to board games and to games of chance in general (alea; taefl) as well as the nomenclature applied to specific games (tabula; hnefatafl), the paper discusses the distribution of selected examples of tafl-type game boards in the archaeological record (e.g. the Ballinderry gaming board) and in literature (e.g. alea evangelii in Oxford Corpus Christi MS 122), identifies Israel the Grammarian (c. 900–c. 970) as a likely co-inventor of the alea evangelii and concludes with an appraisal of Linnaeus’s problematic account of tablut during his controversial expedition around the Gulf of Bothnia in 1732 that, when probed, seems to raise questions about the falsification of some of the data recorded in his journal. The 1811 translation of Linnaeus’s journal also generated a significant misunderstanding about the rules of the game, subsequently amplified by H. J. R. Murray in his two monumental studies (1913, 1952). The paper concludes with the observations that alea evangelii may be an aide memoire for students learning the Eusebian canon tables rather than a game per se, and that more remains to be learned about the exact circumstances of Linnaeus’s observation of tablut. Keywords: abstract games, alea evangelii, ancient games,anglo saxon games, board game studies, board game, board games, brandub, English games, game history, game rules, games, hnefatafl, irish games, Linnaeus, rules, sami games, strategy games, tablut, Tafl, tawllbwrdd, Viking game, welsh games

Many arthroscopy suture techniques have been described for small rotator cuff tears, but there is no consensus. The aim of this study is to describe a double-row knot technique, which we call a “trident point,” for the superior and posterosuperior small cuff tear that is easily reproducible and has a fast learning curve. This knot takes into account the excess of tendon tissue on the foot print after a cuff suture, called a “dog-ear deformity.” However clinical, ultrasound, and biomechanical evaluation with follow-up remains necessary to validate the sustainability of this arthroscopy technique., Technique Video Video 1 The trident double row knotted technic for a small posterosuperior cuff tear repair in a left shoulder in beach chair position is shown, with narration.

Back in November 2020, in the depths of Covid-19 lockdowns, news broke that must count as one of the the science and technology stories of the decade, perhaps even of the century. A machine learnin...

Stefania Pandolfo’s profoundly interdisciplinary meditation on life and the soul in despair and hope is an ethnography of the experience and treatment of madness and trauma in Morocco. It is presen...

Background. The article discusses psychology of teenagers and elders in detective novels which is considered to be more complicated. Although the society and the social environment change and renew the way of thinking, the changes in the world of childhood and adolescence, like the laws of nature, are constantly changing. Adolescence is a period that is complicated by the transition of a person to the stage of childhood and maturity. Methods. It is important that every teenager at this age pays more attention to the heroes of books and movies, learns from them. Consequently, the task of fiction for teenagers is also very responsible and multifaceted. Among the works of world literature such as J. Verne's "Children of Captain Grant", "Five Weeks in a Balloon", "Mysterious Island", D. Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe", J. Swift's "Gulliver's Travels", Uzbek children's fiction and detective prose, for example The works of H. Shaykhov, T. Malik, O. Mukhtor, H. Tukhtaboyev, as well as the didactic stories of T. Malik, E. Malik play an important role in enriching the spiritual needs of adolescents in this area. Results.

This paper provides the explicit and optimal quadrature rules for the cubic $$C^1$$ spline space, which is the extension of the results in Ait-Haddou et al. (J Comput Appl Math 290:543–552, 2015) for less restricted non-uniform knot values. The rules are optimal in the sense that there exist no other quadrature rules with fewer quadrature points to exactly integrate the functions in the given spline space. The explicit means that the quadrature nodes and weights are derived via an explicit recursive formula. Numerical experiments and the error estimations of the quadrature rules are also presented in the end.

In this paper, we develop a lower bound for the double slice genus of a knot using Casson-Gordon invariants. As an application, we show that the double slice genus can be arbitrarily larger than twice the slice genus. As an analogue to the double slice genus, we also define the superslice genus of a knot, and give both an upper bound and a lower bound in the topological category., 18 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc