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Innate immunity to nucleic acids forms the backbone for anti-viral immunity and several inflammatory diseases. Upon sensing cytosolic viral RNA, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs) interact with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and activate TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to induce type I interferon (IFN-I). TRAF3-interacting protein 3 (TRAF3IP3, T3JAM) is essential for T and B cell development. It is also well-expressed by myeloid cells, where its role is unknown. Here we report that TRAF3IP3 suppresses cytosolic poly(I:C), 5���ppp-dsRNA, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) triggers IFN-I expression in overexpression systems and Traf3ip3���/��� primary myeloid cells. The mechanism of action is through the interaction of TRAF3IP3 with endogenous TRAF3 and TBK1. This leads to the degradative K48 ubiquitination of TBK1 via its K372 residue in a DTX4-dependent fashion. Mice with myeloid-specific gene deletion of Traf3ip3 have increased RNA virus-triggered IFN-I production and reduced susceptibility to virus. These results identify a function of TRAF3IP3 in the regulation of the host response to cytosolic viral RNA in myeloid cells.

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) requires a sturdy biomaterial for scaffolds for restoration of large bone defects. Ideally, the scaffold should have a mechanical strength comparable to the natural bone in the implanted site. We show that adding cosolvent during the processing of our previously developed composite of hydroxyapatite-gelatin with a silane cross-linker can significantly affect its mechanical strength. When processed with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the cosolvent, the new hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite can demonstrate almost twice the compressive strength (97 vs 195 MPa) and biaxial flexural strength (222 vs 431 MPa) of the previously developed hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite (i.e., processed without THF), respectively. We further confirm that this mechanical strength improvement is due to the improved morphology of both the enTMOS network and the composite. Furthermore, the addition of cosolvents does not appear to negatively impact the cell viability. Finally, the porous scaffold can be easily fabricated, and its compressive strength is around 11 MPa under dry conditions. All these results indicate that this new hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite is a promising material for BTE application.

Amblyseius bellatulus Tseng, 1983 (Figures 1-4) Amblyseius (Amblyseius) bellatulus Tseng, 1983: 38. Neotype Designation Amblyseius bellatulus was described by Y. H. Tseng in 1983 from Mingchien (now Mingjian Township), Nantou Hsien on Morus alba. As mentioned in the introduction the mite collection of Y. H. Tseng does not longer exist (BAPHIQ, 2009), according to Article 75.3.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), we here designate adult females we collected as neotype of A. bellatulus to clarify its taxonomic status and provide a complete description. Additionally, as male specimens were not known, we provide male description for the first time. Description: Female (n= 10). Dorsum (Figure 1A) ��� Idiosomal setal pattern: 10A:9B/JV-3:ZV. Dorsal shield lightly sclerotized, smooth, with lateral reticulation, 382 384 (353 ��� 449) long, 202 212 (192 ��� 250) wide at level of s4, 228 228 (212 ��� 276) wide at level of S4; with seven pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8, gd9), ten pairs of poroids (id1, id1a, id2, id4, is1, idl1, idl3, idl4, idm5, idm6); length of dorsal setae: j1 23 28 (23 ��� 32), j3 34 40 (34 ��� 46), j4 5 7 (5 ��� 13), j5 4 5 (4 ��� 7), j6 6 7 (4 ��� 8), J2 4 7 (4 ��� 9), J5 5 6 (4 ��� 9), z2 11 10 (8 ��� 11), z4 11 11 (8 ��� 13), z5 5 6 (4 ��� 8), Z1 8 8 (7 ��� 10), Z4 52 52 (47 ��� 57), Z5 119 136 (117 ��� 158), s4 46 49 (43 ��� 61), S2 10 11 (9 ��� 13), S4 5 8 (5 ��� 11), S5 6 7 (6 ��� 9), r3 21 19 (17 ��� 21), R1 13 10 (8 ��� 13). All setae smooth, except Z4 and Z5 slightly serrate. Venter (Figure 1B) ��� Sternal shield smooth, posterior margin almost straight, wider than long, 66 69 (62 ��� 73) long, 87 94 (84 ��� 114) wide at st3 level, with three pairs of setae st1 25 27 (24 ��� 29), st2 24 24 (21 ��� 26), st3 23 23 (17 ��� 26) and two pairs of poroids (pst1, pst2). Metasternal platelets tear-shaped, with a pair metasternal setae, st4 22 19 (14 ��� 22), and one pair of poroids (pst3). Genital shield smooth, st5 23 22 (16 ��� 26), 77 78 (73 ��� 96) wide. Distances between st1-st1 59 58 (53 ��� 73), st2- st2 63 63 (59 ��� 75), st3- st3 78 74 (67 ��� 80), st1- st3 63 64 (61 ��� 74), st5- st5 59 64 (58 ��� 73). Ventrianal shield smooth, almost pentagonal, with slightly waist at JV2 level; 121 131 (121 ��� 151) long, 100 98 (90 ��� 117) wide at level of ZV2 and 86 90 (84 ��� 103) wide at level of anus; with three pairs of pre-anal setae, solenostome gv3 crescentic, JV1 13 15 (11 ��� 18), JV2 10 13 (10 ��� 18), ZV2 9 11 (9 ��� 14). Setae JV4 11 10 (7 ��� 11), JV5 45 51 (45 ��� 61), ZV1 15 16 (12 ��� 19), ZV3 9 10 (9 ��� 11) on interscutal membrane. All ventral setae smooth. Two metapodal plates 18 20 (18 ��� 23) long, 4 6 (4 ��� 7) wide, 12 15 (12 ��� 17) long, 2 2 (1 ��� 3) wide. Peritreme (Figure 1 A-B) ��� Peritreme extending beyond to j1, peritrematic shield smooth, lightly sclerotized, with one pair of solenostome (gd3). Spermatheca (Figure 1D) ��� Calyx of spermath- eca funnel-shaped and atrium well distinct with neck, embolus not visible, with a thin major duct. Chelicera (Figure 1C) ��� Movable digit 31 32 (30 ��� 36) long, with three teeth; fixed digit 27 29 (26 ��� 34), with 10 teeth, pilus dentilis. Legs (Figure 2) ��� Coxal formula 2, 2, 2, 1. Chaetotaxy (femur to basitarsus): leg I, 2-3/1-2/2- 2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 1-1/1-1; leg II, 2-3/2- 2/0-1, 2-2/0-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1; leg III, 1- 2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-2/1-1/1-1, 1-1/1-1; leg IV, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-1. Macrosetae: Sge II (pd2) 27 29 (26 ��� 33), Sge III (ad2) 30 31 (27 ��� 37), Sge IV (ad2) 50 50 (40 ��� 59), Sti IV (ad) 45 46 (40 ��� 51), St IV (pd) 73 73 (66 ��� 84). Male (n= 2). Dorsum (Figure 3A) ��� Idiosomal setal pattern: 10A:9B/JV-3, 4:ZV-1, 3. Dorsal shield lightly sclerotized, smooth, with lateral reticulation, 264 (248 ��� 280) long, 178 (161 ��� 195) wide at level of s4, 138 (127 ��� 149) wide at level of S4; with seven pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8, gd9), ten pairs of poroids (id1, id1a, id2, id4, is1, idl1, idl3, idl4, idm5, idm6); length of dorsal setae: j1 20 (20 ��� 2), j3 28 (28 ��� 29), j4 5.4 (5 ��� 6), j5 5 (4 ��� 5), j6 5 (4 ��� 6), J2 5 (5 ��� 5), J5 5 (4 ��� 6), z2 10 (10 ��� 11), z4 9 (8 ��� 10), z5 4 (4 ��� 4), Z1 9 (8 ��� 9), Z4 35 (35 ��� 35), Z5 81 (77 ��� 85), s4 34 (34 ��� 34), S2 9 (9 ��� 9), S4 7 (7 ��� 7), S5 6 (6 ��� 6), r3 15 (15 ��� 16), R1 9 (7 ��� 11). All setae smooth, except Z4 and Z5 slightly serrate. Venter (Figure 3B) ��� Sternogenital shield smooth, with slightly lateral reticulation, posterior margin almost straight, longer than wide 116 (110 ��� 123) long, 64 (55 ��� 73) wide at level st2, with five pairs of setae st1 18 (16 ��� 19), st2 18 (16 ��� 20), st3 16 (13 ��� 19), st4 14 (11 ��� 17), st5 14 (13 ��� 14) and three pairs of poroids (pst1, pst2, pst3); distance between st1-st1 42 (40 ��� 43), st2-st2 49 (46 ��� 52), st3-st3 50 (47 ��� 54), st4-st4 38 (36 ��� 40), st5-st5 30 (27 ��� 33), st1-st5 102 (97 ��� 106). Ventrianal shield subtriangular, with slightly reticulation, 108 (103 ��� 114) long, 137 (129 ��� 144) wide at level of anterior corner and 61 (61 ��� 62) wide at level of anus, fused with peritrematic shield cingulum; with three pairs of pre-anal setae, solenostome gv3 crescentic, JV1 9 (9 ��� 9), JV2 10 (10 ��� 10), ZV2 8 (8 ��� 8); JV5 20 (17 ��� 22) on interscutal membrane. All ventral setae smooth. Peritreme (Figure 3 A-B) ��� Peritreme extending to seta j1 level; peritrematic shield lightly sclerotized, with one pair of solenostome (gd3). Chelicera (Figure 3 C-D) ��� Movable digit 21 (21 ��� 22) long, with one tooth; fixed digit 22 (20 ��� 24), with 8 teeth, pilus dentilis. Spermatodactyl Ushaped, shaft 34 (30 ��� 37) long, heel rounded, foot 18 (17 ��� 19) long, with rounded toe and lateral thornlike projection. Legs (Figure 4) ��� Coxal formula 2, 2, 2, 1. Chaetotaxy (femur to basitarsus): leg I, 2-3/1-2/2- 2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 1-1/1-1; leg II, 2-3/2- 2/0-1, 2-2/0-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1; leg III, 1- 2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-2/1-1/1-1, 1-1/1-1; leg IV, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-1. Macrosetae: Sge II (pd2) 20 (19 ��� 20), Sge III (ad2) 20 (20 ��� 20) Sge IV (ad2) 29 (28 ��� 30), Sti IV (ad) 26 (25 ��� 26), St IV (pd) 56 (56 ��� 56). Material examined ��� Neotype female: TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung, from Toona sinensis, 17.xii.2001, C. C. Ho (NTU). Additional material examined ��� Hualien County, one female from rice leaf sheath, 2.xi.1977, K. C. Lo (TARL); Wanfeng Village, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Polygonum perfoliatum, 3.ii.1978, C. C. Ho (TARI); Wanfeng Village, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Bothriochloa ischaemum, 15.ii.1978, C. C. Ho (TARI); Wanfeng Village, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from mushroom, 15.xii.1981, K. C. Lo (TARI); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females from Zea mays, 18.x.1985, C. C. Ho (TARL); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, 17 females 1 male from Ageratum conyzoides, 22.xi.1985, C. C. Ho (TARI); NPIA, two females from Ageratum conyzoide, 22.xi.1985, C. C. Ho (TARL); Erlin Township, Changhua County, one female from Vigna unguiculata, 14.xii.1986, S. M. Yu (NPUST); Mingjian Township, Nantou County, two females from Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, 24.xii.1985, C. C. Ho (NTU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Zea mays, 4.vii.1987, C. C. Ho (TARI); Baihe District, Tainan City, one female from Sambucus formosana, 23.vi.1988, S. M. Yu (NMNS); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Ageratum houstonianum, 12.x.1988, S. M. Yu (NMNS); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females from Alternanthera sessilis, 17.x.1988, S. M. Yu (NPUST); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Eclipta prostrata, 17.x.1988, S. M. Yu (NMNS); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, nine females from Polygonum perfoliatum, 17.x.1988, S. M. Yu (NCHU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females (MZLQ-7644, 7645) from Arachis hypogaea, 17.x.1988, S. M. Yu (ESALQ-USP); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female (MZLQ-7643) from unknown plant, 18.x.1988, S. M. Yu (ESALQ- USP); Caotun Township, Nantou County, three females from Psidium guajava, 27.x.1988, S. M. Yu (NTU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females from Ipomoea acuminata, 27.x.1988, S. M. Yu (NTU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, three females from Zingiber officinale, 2.xi.1988, S. M. Yu (TARL); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Monorfiae choartiae, 2.xi.1988, S. M. Yu (TARL); Caotun Township, Nantou County, 11 females from Psidium guajava, 2.xi.1988, S. M. Yu (NPUST); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females from Ageratum houstonianum, 16.xi.1988, S. M. Yu (NTU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females from Ipomoea acuminata, 24.xi.1988, S. M. Yu (NTU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Rorippa indica, 30.xi.1988, S. M. Yu (TARL); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females one male from Oryza sativa, 2.xii.1988, S. M. Yu (NCHU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Ziziphus mauritiana, 7.xii.1988, C. C. Ho (TARI); Sanxiantai, Chenggong Township, Taitung County, one male from Calophyllum inophyllum, 4.iv.1989, C. C. Ho (TARL); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Solanum melongena 25.vi.1991, C. C. Ho (NMNS); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, two females from Solanum melongena 4.vi.1991, C. C. Ho (TARI); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Solanum melongena 11.vi.1991, C. C. Ho (NMNS); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, three females rear from unknown plant, 3.vii.1991, C. C. Ho (TARI); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Solanum melongena 4.vii.1991, C. C. Ho (NPUST); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, three females from Solanum melongena 6.vii.1991, C. C. Ho (NMNS); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, nine females two males from Solanum melongena, 16.vii.1991, C. C. Ho (NTU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female from Solanum melongena, 23.vii.1991, C. C. Ho (NTU); TARI, Wufeng District, Taichung City, one female rear from unknown plant, 6.xi.1993, C. C. Ho (NTU); Lucao Township, Chiayi County, one female from Lagenaria siceraria soil, 14.viii.2001, C. C. Ho (NTU); Dayuan District, Taoyuan City, one female from Allium fistulosum soil, 25.x.2001, C. C. Ho (NTU). Remarks ��� Tseng (1983) described this species by using a single female specimen collected from Mingchien (now Mingjian Township), Nantou Hsien, on Morus alba. We collected two female specimens from the type locality on Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, but they were in poor condition. Consequently, the neotype specimen was selected from among the entire collection depending on the slide condition. The neotype locality is Wufeng District, Taichung, which is not far from the type locality (Figure 5). The females of this species are unique among the known Amblyseius species from Taiwan because of the following characters: dorsal shield with lateral reticulation, ventrianal shield pentagonal with slightly lateral concaved, calyx of spermatheca funnel-shaped. A comparison of different body measurements among the holotype, neotype, and remaining specimens of A. bellatulus is provided in Table 1. Most specimens were similar to the neotype, with little morphological differences. We observed only one specimen with a larger body size and longer idiosomal setae (e.g. dorsal shield 449 long, 250 wide). Tseng (1983) reported the chaetotaxy of genu I-IV: 2-2/1-2/1-2, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-2/1- 2/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1". We observed the chaetotaxy of leg I-IV and found that the chaetotaxy of genu I-IV differs from the original description: 2-2/1-2/1-2, 2- 2/0-2/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1. With regard to adenotaxy and poroidotaxy, Tseng (1983) reported "at least five pairs of pores on the dorsal shield". On the basis of his illustration, we observed three pairs of solenostomes (gd6, gd8, gd9). In the present study, we observed seven pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8, gd9), and ten pairs of poroids (id1, id1a, id2, id4, is1, idl1, idl3, idl4, idm5, idm6). The differences between the reported and observed adenotaxy and poroidotaxy may be due to the quality of microscopes. T1: Comparisons on measurements 1 (��m) of Amblyseius bellatulus between (1) holotype (in Tseng 1983), (2) presently studied ABLE neotype and (3) ten females including neotype 1 Only dorsal compared (1983) only measured dorsal setae were as Tseng setae. By comparing the collection records of this A. bellatulus, we observed that this species was mostly collected from central Taiwan; however, one spec- imen was collected from northern Taiwan and another from eastern Taiwan. Therefore, this species may be more widely distributed than is evident from the collection. We also observed A. bellatulus occurred on various plants, although these mites mostly inhabit weeds, they also inhabit some economically valuable plants (e.g., corn plants, egg- plants, and guava). Ho and Chen (2001) reported that A. bellatulus could prey on melon thrips (Thrips palmi) in the field. Therefore, we consider A. bellatulus need further experiments for confirmation of the biocontrol potential., Published as part of Liao, J. - R., Ho, C. - C. & Ko, C. - C., 2017, Amblyseius bellatulus Tseng (Acari: Phytoseiidae): neotype designation with first description of a male, pp. 323-335 in Acarologia 57 (2) on pages 325-333, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20164157, http://zenodo.org/record/4640270, {"references":["Tseng Y. H. 1983 - Further study on phytoseiid mites from Taiwan (Acarina: Mesostigmata). - Chinese J. Entomol., 3: 33 - 74.","BAPHIQ. 2009 - Profile, Yi-Hsiung Tseng - BAPHIQ Q., 21: 78 - 81.","International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999 - International code of zoological nomenclature, fourth edition - London: Int. Trust Zool. Nomencl. pp. 306.","Ho C. C., Chen W. H. 2001 - Life history and feeding amount of Amblyseius asetus and A. maai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) - Formosan Entomol., 21: 321 - 328."]}

Liao, J.-R., Ho, C.-C., Ko, C.-C. (2017): Amblyseius bellatulus Tseng (Acari: Phytoseiidae): neotype designation with first description of a male. Acarologia 57 (2): 323-335, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20164157, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/acarologia/20164157

Dopamine, perhaps the simplest molecule that covalently links catechol and amine, together with its derivatives, has shown impressive adhesive and coating properties with its polymers. However, the scope of the molecules is rather limited, and the polymerization mechanisms are still elusive. We designed a general synthetic scheme and successfully synthesized a series of dopamine analogues with different alkyl chain lengths between the catechol and amine. Taking these new dopamine analogues, together with the molecular systems that have separate catechol and alkyl amine, we show that having both catechol and amine in the molecular system, whether covalently linked via an alkyl chain or not, is sufficient to polymerize under a similar reaction condition to that of dopamine polymerization. However, the time-dependent UV-vis characterization of the individual polymerization indicates that the polymerization for individual molecular systems likely proceeds via different reaction intermediates, depending on the length of the alkyl chain and whether there is a covalent linkage. Interestingly, whereas the covalent linkage via an alkyl chain is not necessary for showing the adhesive property, it is required to achieve the impressive coating property. Our results offer new insights into the design and synthesis of dopamine analogues for future applications, as well as a further mechanistic understanding of the polymerization of these dopamine analogues.

MicroRNAs (miRNA) regulate the synthesis of cytokines in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Our recent microarray study comparing normal and inflamed human dental pulps showed that miRNA-181 (miR-181) family is differentially expressed in the presence of inflammation. Prior studies have reported that the dental pulp, which is composed primarily of TLR4/2+ fibroblasts, expresses elevated levels of cytokines including Interleukin-8 (IL-8) when inflamed. In this study, we employed an in-vitro model to determine the role of the miRNA 181 family in the TLR agonist-induced response in human fibroblasts. TLR4/2+ primary human dental pulp fibroblasts were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg LPS), a known oral pathogen, and IL-8 and miR-181 expression measured. An inversely proportional relationship between IL-8 and miR-181a was observed. In-silico analysis identified a miR-181a binding site on the 3′UTR of IL-8 which was confirmed by dual-luciferase assays. MiR-181a directly binds to the 3′UTR of IL-8, an important inflammatory component of the immune response, and modulates its levels. This is the very first report demonstrating miR-181a regulation of IL-8.

Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) are bone marrow-derived stem cells with a high growth rate suitable for therapeutical applications as three-dimensional (3D) aggregates. Combined applications of osteogenically differentiated MAPC (OD-MAPC) aggregates and adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) in bone bioengineering are still deferred until information regarding expansion technologies, osteogenic potential, and AAV cytotoxicity and transduction efficiency is better understood. In this study, we tested whether self-complementary AAV (scAAV) can potentially be used as a gene delivery system in a OD-MAPC-based “in vivo” bone formation model in the craniofacial region. Both expansion of rat MAPC (rMAPC) and osteogenic differentiation with dexamethasone were also tested in 3D aggregate culture systems “in vitro” and “vivo”. Rat MAPCs (rMAPCs) grew as undifferentiated aggregates for 4 days with a population doubling time of 37h. After expansion, constant levels of Oct4 transcripts, and Oct4 and CD31 surface markers were observed, which constitute a hallmark of rMAPCs undifferentiated stage. Dexamethasone effectively mediated rMAPC osteogenic differentiation by inducing the formation of a mineralized collagen type I network, and facilitated the activation of the wnt/β-catenin, a crucial pathway in skeletal development. To investigate the genetic modification of rMAPCs grown as 3D aggregates prior to implantation, scAAV serotypes 2, 3, and 6 were evaluated. scAAV6 packaged with the enhanced green fluorescent protein expression cassette efficiently mediated long-term transduction (10 days) “in vitro” and “vivo”. The reporter transduction event allowed the tracing of OD-rMAPC (induced by dexamethasone) aggregates following OD-rMAPC transfer into a macro-porous hydroxyapatite scaffold implanted in a rat calvaria model. Furthermore, the scAAV6-transduced OD-rMAPC generated a bone-like matrix with a collagenous matrix rich in bone specific proteins (osteocalcin and osteopontin) in the scaffold macro-pores 10 days post-implantation. Newly formed bone was also observed in the interface between native bone and scaffold. The collective work supports future bone tissue engineering applications of 3D MAPC cultures for expansion, bone formation, and the ability to genetically alter these cells using scAAV vectors.

The aim of this study aim was to determine whether elastic properties and apparent density of bone differ in different anatomical regions of the maxilla and mandible. Additional analyses assessed how elastic properties and apparent density were related. Four pairs of edentulous maxilla and mandibles were retrieved from fresh human cadavers. Bone samples from four anatomical regions (maxillary anterior, maxillary posterior, mandibular anterior, mandibular posterior) were obtained. Elastic modulus (EM) and hardness (H) were measured using the nano-indentation technique. Bone samples containing cortical and trabecular bone were used to measure composite apparent density (cAD) using Archimedes’ principle. Statistical analyses used repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlations. Bone physical properties differed between regions of the maxilla and mandible. Generally, mandible had higher physical property measurements than maxilla. EM and H were higher in posterior than in anterior regions; the reverse was true for cAD. Posterior maxillary cAD was significantly lower than that in the three other regions.