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Background: Immunoglobulin G4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) poses clinical challenges due to its heterogeneous ocular and systemic manifestations. We aim to report the systemic involvement and the clinical, serological and radiological associations of a cohort of Chinese patients., Methods: A territory-wide, biopsy-proven, Chinese cohort. A retrospective, masked chart review of medical records, orbital images, and histopathology reports., Results: A total of 122 (65 male) patients with a follow-up of 81 ± 49 (24 to 84) months were reviewed. Ninety (74%) patients presented bilaterally. Subacute upper eyelid swelling was the commonest presentation (82/122, 67%). During follow-up, 91/122 patients (75%) underwent extra-orbital imaging including computer tomography (692 films), ultrasonography (182 films), magnetic resonance imaging (76 films) and whole body FDG-PET scan (33 films). Eighty-six (95%) of these 91 patients had extra-orbital involvement radiologically (2.7 ± 1.6 regions, range: 0 to 9). Lymph node was the most prevalent ( N  = 60,66%), followed by salivary gland ( N  = 51,56%), lung ( N  = 49,54%), kidney ( N  = 22, 24%), hepatobiliary tree ( N  = 18, 20%) and pancreas ( N  = 17, 19%). Other organs include thyroid, aorta, meninges/brain and skin. Twenty-eight (23%) patients had allergic diseases (19 asthma, 16 allergic rhinitis, and 6 eczemas). Fifty-seven (48%) patients had paranasal sinusitis. Serum eosinophilia was associated with a higher number (3.24 versus 2.52, P  = 0.0304) of organ involvement. Patients with deep organ involvement was associated with a higher age of IgG4-ROD onset (70 ± 12 versus 56 ± 13, P  < 0.0001)., Conclusions: 95% of the patients who underwent systemic imaging in our cohort had systemic organ involvement. An early physicians' assessment and radiological imaging are recommended after the diagnosis of IgG4-ROD.

Emerging data suggest that air pollution is a persistent source of neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neuropathology that contributes to central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Previous research using animal models has shown that exposure to diesel exhaust causes considerable disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to marked neuroinflammation. However, the effects of biodiesel exhaust on cerebrovascular integrity and neuroinflammation have not been explored previously. Therefore, in this study, 8-week-old BALB/c mice were exposed to biodiesel exhaust (derived from canola biodiesel or tallow biodiesel) and compared with control mice that were exposed to air or mineral diesel exhaust. Consistently with previous findings, the integrity of the BBB was significantly disrupted by exposure to mineral diesel exhaust. Tallow and canola biodiesel exhaust exposure resulted in no BBB disruption. Moreover, both tallow and canola biodiesels significantly attenuated oxidative stress in the brain. The data collectively suggest that biodiesel exhaust may exert significantly less detrimental effects on brain function, compared to mineral diesel., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Nesbit, Ko, Mamo, Lam, Landwehr, Larcombe and Takechi.)

Purpose: To evaluate the functional and structural changes of the meibomian glands and ocular surface in immunoglobulin G4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) patients., Design: Cross-sectional, matched case-control comparison study., Methods: This study included 64 patients with biopsy-proven IgG4-ROD (aged 63.4 ± 12.2 years, 39 male) and 64 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Patients were managed by hospitals covering the publicly funded ophthalmology service in Hong Kong. Outcome measures included anterior segment examination and keratographic and meibographic imagings., Results: A total of 64 worst-affected eyes of the 64 IgG4-ROD patients were analyzed. Corneal fluorescein staining (P = .0187), lid margin telangiectasia (P = .0360), lid-parallel conjunctival folds (P = .0112), papillae (P = .0393), meibomian gland plugging (P = .0001), meibomian gland expressibility (P = .0001), and meibum quality (P = .0001) were more significant in IgG4-ROD patients compared with healthy controls. Both upper and lower meibomian gland dropouts (P = .001 and .0003), and tear meniscus height (P = .0001) were higher in IgG4-ROD patients. Non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) (P = .0166) and Schirmer test results (P = .0243) were lower in IgG4-ROD patients. Upper (r = 0.336, P = .0140) meibomian gland dropouts and NITBUT (r = -0.293, P = .0497) were positively and negatively correlated with the IgG4-ROD onset age, respectively. The number of extraocular organ involvement was negatively correlated with the Schirmer test(r = -0.341, P = .0167). Lower NITBUT was found in IgG4-ROD eyes with lacrimal gland enlargement than in IgG4-ROD eyes without lacrimal gland enlargement radiologically (P < .0001)., Conclusions: IgG4-ROD patients showed features of both aqueous tear deficiency and evaporative dry eye disease. We recommend ocular surface evaluation to all patients newly diagnosed with IgG4-ROD. Further studies are warranted to clarify the mechanism of IgG4-related dry eye disease., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Oral corticosteroid remains the first-line treatment of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease, but steroid-dependence is common and serious. Factors associated with steroid dependence and relapse have to be further explored., Study Population: A city-wide, biopsy-proven, Chinese cohort., Methods: Retrospective, masked review of medical records, orbital images and histopathology reports., Results: There were 101 patients with at least 24-month follow-up. Up to 82% (82/101) received oral corticosteroid as first-line treatments, and 7 of them received also concomitant steroid-sparing agents (SSA)/biological agents as primary treatment. There was 61% (50/82) of patients required long-term corticosteroid (alone=23, with SSA=27) after 1.9±0.7 (range 1-5) relapses. When compared with the 21% (17/82) of patients who tapered corticosteroid successfully for 24 months, steroid dependence was associated with elevated baseline serum IgG4 level (94% vs 65%, p<0.01) and Mikulicz syndrome (46% vs 18%, p<0.05). Up to 13% (11/82) of patients tolerated residual disease after tapering off corticosteroid. There was 17% (17/101) of patients did not require any medications after biopsies. They were more likely to have debulking surgeries (71% vs 40%, p<0.05), discrete orbital lesions (65% vs 26%, p<0.05), normal baseline serum IgG4 level (24% vs 6%, p<0.05) and no Mikulicz syndrome (94% vs 61%, p<0.05)., Conclusion: In this cohort, 60% of patients required long-term maintenance oral corticosteroid. Elevated pretreatment serum IgG4 level and Mikulicz syndrome were associated with steroid dependence. Debulking surgery is an alternative for a subgroup of patients with discrete orbital lesions, normal baseline IgG4 level and no Mikulicz syndrome., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Acinetobacter baumannii - calcoaceticus complex is emerging as one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired infection globally. We present a case of orbital cellulitis caused by the A. baumannii-calcoaceticus complex. A 73-year-old Chinese woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presented with subacute onset of right upper eyelid swelling for 1 week. Computer tomography revealed a post-septal soft tissue lesion located at the right superior orbit that was enhanced with contrast, compressing on the superior aspect of the globe. Anterior orbitotomy with incisional biopsy of the right superior orbital lesion was performed, and histopathological examination was consistent with nonspecific inflammatory mass. The microbiological culture of the specimen yielded A. calcoaceticus and A. baumannii complex, which was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and gentamicin. The infection resolved after a 1-week course of intravenous augmentin. Ophthalmologists should be alert to the possibility of patients having A. baumannii and A. calcoaceticus in periorbital cellulitis.

Purpose: We compared the rates of implant exposure and extrusion after evisceration with single and double scleral closure techniques., Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent evisceration with an implant insertion over the past 18 years at Tung Wah Eastern Hospital and Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital. Clinical documents and operation records were reviewed., Results: A total of 81 ethnic Chinese patients (44 male) who underwent evisceration with primary implant insertion were reviewed. 39 (48%) patients underwent the double scleral closure technique with an implant placed posterior to the posterior sclera, and 42 (52%) patients underwent the single scleral closure technique with an implant inserted in the intra-scleral cavity. The follow-up interval was 70 months. The surgical indications were endophthalmitis (35%), painful blind eye (23%), traumatic disfigured globe (22%) and phthisis bulbi (20%). Silicone was the most used implant material (69%). The patients who underwent double scleral closure had a larger size of the implant (19.7 vs 17.9 mm, p < 0.05). Both implant exposure (26% vs 3%, p < 0.05) and implant extrusion (26% vs 0%, p < 0.05) were more common in patients who underwent single scleral., Conclusions: Double scleral closure technique allows a larger implant, and it is associated with a lower rate of implant exposure and extrusion. The double scleral closure technique is a superior technique of choice in these patients with primary implant placement., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Intramuscular hemangioma (IMH) is rare in the ocular adnexa and is uncommonly found in infants. We describe a 1-month-old female infant with an unremarkable birth history presented with subacute onset of right upper eyelid swelling. Clinical examination revealed a purplish subcutaneous mass over the right upper eyelid causing mechanical ptosis. MRI revealed a well-defined subcutaneous mass, which was hyperintense on the T1 weighted images and showed intense enhancement after administration of intravenous gadolinium. Our working diagnosis was infantile capillary hemangioma, and the patient received two intralesional steroid injections without diminishing the lesion size. The lesion had become static in size and the subsequent MRI 14 years later revealed the same lesion had become hyperintense on the T1 weighted image. An excisional biopsy revealed mixed type IMH. IMH should be considered among young patients with upper eyelid swelling, particularly in those who show a poor response to steroid treatment.

Objectives: This study reports the surgical outcomes of evisceration with primary orbital implant placement in patients with endophthalmitis and analyses the association with implant exposure and extrusion., Methods: A retrospective, multicentre, Chinese cohort study. Review of medical records and orbital images of patients who underwent evisceration with primary orbital implant placement between January 2005 and January 2021., Results: Out of 79 patients who underwent orbital evisceration with primary orbital implant placement, 26 (26 eyes) of them (male = 13) suffered from endophthalmitis. The duration from endophthalmitis diagnosis (19 = exogenous, 7 = endogenous) to evisceration was 9 standard deviation ± 5 (range: 1-15) days. The follow-up was 70 ± 46 (24-180) months after operation. The orbital implant size was 17 ± 3 (14-20) mm, and silicone was the most used material (69%, 18/26 of patients). The most frequent post-operative complication was orbital implant exposure (42%, 11/26), followed by orbital implant extrusion (12% 3/26) and ptosis (8%, 2/26). Implant exposure or extrusion was more commonly associated with endophthalmitis in comparison to non-endophthalmitis patients that required evisceration and primary orbital implant placement (54% versus 17%, P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed single scleral closure technique (100% versus 58%, P < 0.05) and endogenous endophthalmitis (50% versus 0%, P < 0.05) were associated with implant exposure or extrusion, and only endogenous endophthalmitis was significant with multivariate analysis (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Primary implant placement during evisceration should be avoided in eyes with endophthalmitis especially in those with an endogenous source, and double scleral closure technique may be a better alternative for primary orbital implant placement in infected eyes., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.)

Purpose: To describe the modified vertical lid split (VLS) technique for anterior orbitotomy and report surgical outcomes in patients with intraconal lesion removal using this surgical technique., Method: Retrospective review of medical records and orbital images., Results: A total of four (female = 3) patients with intraconal orbital lesions underwent modified VLS orbitotomy from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2021 in Hong Kong East Cluster. The average age was 49.3 years old (range: 35-65). Complete excision of intraconal orbital lesion was performed in all four cases. All cases were cavernous haemangioma histologically. All patients were satisfied with their cosmesis postoperatively and most had satisfactory postoperative extraocular movement., Conclusion: Modified VLS approach is simple and provides good intraoperative surgical exposure for intraconal lesions, giving the additional advantage of better scar camouflage.

Purpose: Clinical phenotypes in Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) according to the patterns of affecting organs have different risks of malignancies. We attempt to determine the association of malignancies with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD)., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Methods: Review of medical records, orbital images and histopathology reports in a territory-wide cohort of biopsy proven IgG4-ROD patients from 2005-2019., Findings: Among 122 patients who had biopsies taken from adnexal lesions including lacrimal glands (n = 108), orbital mass (n = 30), infiltrated orbital fat (n = 10), conjunctiva (n = 2) or extraocular muscles (n = 3), 13% (16/122) developed malignancies over 73 ± 48months' follow-up. There were 9 cases of ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) and 7 extra-orbital malignancies. Compared with the general population, the incidence of OAL was significantly higher (standardized incidence ratios, SIRs = 10.0, 95%CI = 4.5-17.6) while that of extra-orbital malignancies was similar. The SIRs was highest within the first year (SIR = 46.7, 95%CI = 18.5-87.6) when 7 OAL were concomitantly diagnosed. Patients who developed OAL or extra-orbital malignancies were older than other patients at IgG4-ROD diagnosis (64.9 ± 7.1, 68.3 ± 8.5 versus 55.2 ± 15.0 years, P < 0.05). Asymmetric lacrimal gland enlargement (78% versus 13%), lack of frontal (0% versus 12%) or infraorbital nerve enlargement (0% versus 36%) were associated with OAL (all P < 0.05). Pre-treatment serum IgG4 level or extra-orbital IgG4-RD involvement was similar among patients with or without malignancies., Conclusion: In this biopsy-proven IgG4-ROD cohort, 7% developed OAL which was 10 times higher than the general population. Patients with asymmetric lacrimal gland enlargement or without trigeminal nerves involvement radiologically were associated with OAL.

Purpose: To evaluate the presenting radiological features of immunoglobulin G4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) and their associations with IgG4-related optic neuropathy (IgG4-RON), and IgG4-related ocular adnexal lymphoma (IgG4-ROL)., Methods: A territory-wide, biopsy-proven, Chinese cohort. Masked review of orbital images, medical records, and histopathology reports., Results: A total of 115 (94%) of the 122 patients in our cohort had preoperative orbital images (computed tomography=105, magnetic resonance imaging=40). Among them, 103/115 (90%) showed enlarged lacrimal glands, and 91 (88%) were bilateral. Nerve enlargement was observed: infraorbital in 31/115 (27%) patients and frontal in 17/115 (15%), 10 and 9 being bilateral, respectively. At least 1 or more extraocular muscle (EOM) enlargement was found in 41/115 (37%) patients, bilaterally in 20. Lateral rectus occurred in 30 (73%) of these 41 EOM patients and inferior rectus in 28 (68%). Two adjacent EOMs (inferior and lateral recti in 11 patients, inferior and medial recti in 7 patients) or multiple EOMs (at least 3) were enlarged in 23/41 (56%) and 13/41 (32%) of the patients, respectively. Intraconal lesions (67% vs 11%, P<0.05), infraorbital (83% vs 23%, P<0.005), or frontal (50% vs 15%, P<0.05) nerve enlargement was significantly associated with IgG4-RON (6 patients) by univariate analyses. Asymmetric lacrimal gland enlargement and discrete orbital mass (both P<0.05) were associated with IgG4-ROL (9 patients) by multivariate analyses., Conclusions: In this IgG4-ROD cohort, most patients had bilateral enlarged lacrimal glands, and the lateral rectus is the most frequently involved EOM. For the first time, unique radiological patterns associated with the development of IgG4-RON and IgG4-ROL are found., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology.)

Purpose: To evaluate the association between hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients and glaucoma as a function of the Botox dosage required., Methods: A retrospective review of clinical documents and procedure records., Results: Information of 76 consecutive patients (58 females) with HFS who received Botox treatment were reviewed. The age at onset of HFS was 66±11 (32-85) years, and all manifested unilaterally. Ten (13%, 95% confidence interval: 6.5-22.9%) patients were diagnosed with glaucoma, including 8 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (4 unilateral and ipsilateral to the HFS), and 2 bilateral chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG). Nine of the 10 patients developed glaucoma after the onset of the HFS. The Botox dosage was significantly higher among those diagnosed with glaucoma (31+/8 vs. 26+/7units, P<0.05). There was a positive relationship between the presenting intraocular pressure (IOP) and the Botox dosage required (R=0.31, P=0.0116). However, there was a weak relationship between the Botox dosage required and the vertical cup to disc ratio (R=0.076, P=0.525). The presenting IOP of the HFS-affected eyes in those diagnosed with glaucoma was higher than those without glaucoma (19±3.5 vs. 13±3.2mmHg, P=<0.05). The presenting IOP between the HFS-affected and unaffected eyes was similar (16±4.8 vs. 15+/4.6mmHg, P=0.430). Smoking status, history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obstructive sleep apnea were not different between HFS patients with or without glaucoma., Conclusions: Hemifacial spasm patients with glaucoma were associated with a higher Botox dosage. We found a positive relationship between the Botox dosage required and the presenting IOP. Whether hemifacial spasm can result in fluctuation of IOP, eventually causing glaucomatous damage, remains to be studied further., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

This article reports the tolerance and long-term safety profiles of botulinum neurotoxin type A among Asian patients with benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and hemifacial spasm (HFS). We performed a retrospective review of clinical documents and procedure records of consecutive BEB and HFS patients receiving onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) treatment in our clinic over the past 20 years. We reviewed the information of 105 patients diagnosed with BEB ( n = 31) and HFS ( n = 74). All of the patients were Asian. The mean age of disease onset was 59 (range 37-80) years old for BEB and 61 (range 31-83) for HFS. The mean follow up was 84 (range 12-240) months and the mean number of sessions per patient was 19 (range 1-61). The botulinum toxin dose per session increased significantly in both BEB (16.5 versus 21.6 units, p < .05) and HFS (22.6 versus 26.9 units, p < .05) patients after a mean of 18 sessions; however, the onset time, effective duration and subjective treatment outcome were similar over time in both BEB and HFS patients. At least one local complication was reported among 26% and 41% of patients with BEB and HFS respectively, with ptosis (32%) being most frequent., (© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.)

Gas, appears as radiolucent on X-ray, is normally absent in the orbit. However, intraocular surgeries occasionally utilize retained intraocular gas for tamponade effect. Intravitreal gas persists after retinal surgery, being confounded by the scleral shell of the operated eye, outlines the shape of the eyeball, and gives the characteristic bubble appearance on skull X-ray. This is different from orbital emphysema caused by orbital fracture when gas is located outside the globe but confined by the orbit, giving a crescent or concave shape over the superior orbit usually. Falls is common after intraocular retinal surgeries due to change of usual stereopsis, prolonged prone posturing, and other systemic comorbidities. By identifying the "Bubble Eye sign" described, attending physician should alert the presence of intravitreal gas, most commonly iatrogenic. Further ophthalmological history taking and examinations are thus indicated, instead of exposing patients to unnecessary radiation under computed tomography scan for orbital fracture investigation., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest There are no conflicts of interest. Declaration of Patient Consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial Support and Sponsorship None., (Indian Radiological Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)

Competing Interests: None