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This study examined children's self-assessment of their prosociality, relative to average peers, in situations where the recipient is described as "needy" versus "not needy" (at a school of average socioeconomic level in south Israel; N = 158; aged 6-12 years; 51% males, December-May 2021). The results show that older children exhibited the better-than-average (BTA) effect by seeing themselves as more generous than peers. In contrast, younger children displayed the worse-than-average effect by expecting peers to be more generous than themselves. However, both effects were attenuated ([partial eta-squared] = 0.16) when the recipient was described as "needy," leading to higher expectations of sharing from oneself and others. This implies that besides children's motivational tendency to self-evaluate as BTA, they also base their evaluations on actual environmental cues.

BACKGROUND: Middle age is increasingly acknowledged as a critical window for prevention of Alzheimers disease and related dementia (ADRD) since research has shown that AD develops in the course of 20-30 years (1) but we know very little about middle-aged individuals perspectives on ADRD. Knowledge gaps are particularly large for Latinas living in regions typically underrepresented in ADRD research, such as rural and/or agricultural regions. This is important given that over the next 40 years Latinos are projected to have the largest increase in ADRD cases in the U.S. Therefore, this study aims to assess knowledge, perceptions, and feelings associated with ADRD among a sample of middle-age, Spanish-speaking Latina women. METHOD: Using qualitative methods involving semi-structured interviews, we examined knowledge, perceptions, and feelings associated with ADRD among a subsample of the Center for Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study. Participants are Latina women residing in an underserved agricultural community entering mid-life (mean = 46.5 years old). Interviews were conducted with 20 women and data was analyzed with inductive thematic content analysis. RESULTS: We identified themes regarding perceptions, knowledge, and feelings. First, participants perceive ADRD as involving (1) Loss of memory, (2) Getting lost; (3) Losing the person they once were. With regard to knowledge about ADRD, participants reported: (1) Some knowledge about protective and risk factors for ADRD, (2) No awareness of the links between cardiovascular risk factors and ADRD; (3) A desire to learn prevention methods alongside signs and symptoms of ADRD. Themes related to feelings about ADRD were: (1) Fear of developing ADRD and not being aware of reality or who they are; (2) Worry about losing relationships with loved ones and caretaking if diagnosed with ADRD; (3) Sadness about forgetting ones family and depending on others if diagnosed with ADRD. CONCLUSION: The knowledge gaps and negative feelings associated with ADRD highlighted in this study underscore the need for ADRD interventions to include CVD prevention, particularly for mid-life Latino populations residing in rural regions.

Several studies have reported immune modulation by organophosphate (OP) pesticides, but the relationship between OP exposure and SARS-CoV-2 infection is yet to be studied. We used two different measures of OP pesticide exposure (urinary biomarkers (N = 154) and residential proximity to OP applications (N = 292)) to examine the association of early-childhood and lifetime exposure to OPs and risk of infection of SARS-CoV-2 using antibody data. Our study population consisted of young adults (ages 18-21 years) from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort of families from a California agricultural region. Urinary biomarkers reflected exposure from in utero to age 5 years. Residential proximity reflected exposures between in utero and age 16 years. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood samples collected between June 2022 and January 2023 were detected via two enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, each designed to bind to different SARS-CoV-2 antigens. We performed logistic regression for each measure of pesticide exposure, adjusting for covariates from demographic data and self-reported questionnaire data. We found increased odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection among participants with higher urinary biomarkers of OPs in utero (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 0.71, 5,58) and from age 0-5 (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 0.54, 6.95).

Most pneumococcal disease occurs among infants and older adults and is thought to be driven by the transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae from young children to these vulnerable age groups. However, pneumococcal disease outbreaks also affect non-elderly adults living or working in congregate, close-contact settings. Little is known about pneumococcal carriage in such populations. From July to November 2020, we collected saliva from low-income adult farmworkers in Monterey County, California, and tested for pneumococcal carriage following culture enrichment via quantitative PCR assays targeting the pneumococcal lytA and piaB genes. Participants were considered to carry pneumococci if lytA and piaB cycle threshold values were both below 40. Among 1,283 participants enrolled in our study, 117 (9.1%) carried pneumococci. Carriers tended more often than non-carriers to be exposed to children aged 2-4 and >4 persons per bedroom vs ≤2 persons per bedroom]. Household overcrowding remained associated with increased risk of carriage among participants not exposed to children aged 2 vs ≤2 persons per bedroom]. Exposure to children aged

IntroductionMaternal adverse childhood experiences have been linked to a variety of negative health outcomes in young children; however, young adults and, specifically, young adult Latinos have been vastly understudied. This study investigates the intergenerational pathway between maternal adverse childhood experiences and behavioral health outcomes of their young adult children, as mediated through young adults' own adverse childhood experiences and maternal depression.MethodsStructural equation modeling was used to analyze data (in 2023) from mothers and their young adult children (n=398 dyads) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas cohort, a primarily Latino agricultural sample. Maternal and young adult adverse childhood experiences were self-reported retrospectively during a visit at the age of 18 years (2018-2020). Young adult- and maternal-reported internalizing and maternal-reported externalizing behaviors were assessed at the age of 18 years with the Behavior Assessment for Children, second edition. Maternal depression was assessed during a visit at the age of 9 years (2010-2012) using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.ResultsMaternal and young adult adverse childhood experiences were weakly but statistically significantly correlated (r=0.22). Maternal adverse childhood experiences were statistically significantly associated with maternal-reported youth internalizing symptoms (β=0.29; 95% CI=0.19, 0.38; p

We study a Dirichlet optimal control problem for a quasilinear monotone elliptic equation with the so-called weighted p(x)-Laplace operator. The coefficient of the p(x)-Laplacian, the weight u, we take as a control in BV (Ω) ∩ L∞(Ω). In this article, we use box-type constraints for the admissible controls. In order to handle the inherent degeneracy of the p(x)-Laplacian, we use a special two-parametric regularization scheme. We derive existence and uniqueness of variational V -solutions to the underlying boundary value problem and the corresponding optimal control problem. Further we discuss the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to regularized problems on each (ε, k)-level as the parameters tend to zero and infinity, respectively. The characteristic feature of the considered OCP is the fact that the exponent p(x) is assumed to be Lebesgue-measurable, and we do not impose any additional assumptions on p(x) like to be a Lipschitz function or satisfy the so-called log-H‥older continuity condition

The aim of the article is to explain selected concepts used in security research, in particular: scientific problem, research problem and research questions. In the literature on the subject and in the process of reviewing promotional works, there are inaccuracies and too much freedom in the interpretation of these concepts, hence, in the authors' opinion, they require their re-explanation. The article is of a review nature, therefore, to prepare it, the authors used the method of researching selected contents of the literature on the subject and dialectics, which were sufficient to explain the issues under consideration. As a result of the discourse during seminars at the Centre for Research Methodology in Security Sciences at the WSB University and the comparison of the cognitive positions of many philosophers of science, it was assumed that the research process is initiated by the identification of a scientific problem and its clarification by the researcher into the research process as a research problem. In the literature on the subject and in promotional works, one can sometimes see a rather arbitrary approach to the process of organizing and conducting research in security sciences. Arbitrary transfer of selected fragments from various cognitive theories to the field of security sciences without adapting them to the research problem, purpose and subject of research causes a certain methodological chaos. Many authors, despite recognizing the primacy of the scientific problem and the resulting research problem, suggest that the research process is initiated by a research goal that is, in fact, secondary to the adopted research problem.

The Washington State ClimeTime Network has been designed to build capacity for climate science learning, as well as broader NGSS implementation. As a network, we acknowledge the diversity of scientific histories and practices and continue to explore these variations to deepen our teaching and learning of climate science. This paper provides visions of what we mean by climate science centered learning, principles for fostering climate science learning, and guidance for capacity-building to achieve systemic implementation of climate science learning.

Preparing literacy teachers for culturally relevant teaching is increasingly critical amidst growing student diversity and pandemic-associated learning needs. However, despite the prevalence of existing reporting on culturally relevant literacy teaching, there remains a disconnect between the theoretical conception and realized implementation of this work in literacy classrooms. Operationalizing the praxis of culturally relevant literacy teaching has remained elusive due to the contextualized and adaptive nature of the practice. This literature review aims to demystify this praxis by particularizing and grounding the theories and ideas that support culturally relevant teacher practices in literacy and offer examples for preservice and in-service practice. We conducted a rapid review of 72 articles to explore how culturally relevant literacy teaching has been included in teacher preparation and teaching. Findings include six categories of culturally relevant literacy practices in preservice teacher education and three in in-service teaching. Results point toward a needed shift away from a curricular focus of this work to one that is pedagogical and student-centered.

Objective: Environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds is hypothesized to increase risk of cardiovascular disease through effects on obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. We examined the relationship between serum concentrations of persistent organochlorine pesticides and biologic markers of inflammation and cardiometabolic disease, measured over a decade later, in a cohort of middle-aged and primarily immigrant Latina women living in an underserved agricultural community in California. Material and methods: We used data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas-Maternal Cognition Study (CHAMACOS-MCS). We included 468 women who had concentrations of organochlorine pesticides measured in serum collected in 2009–2011 and complete follow-up data in 2022–2024 (blood draw, anthropometry, personal interview). We used Bayesian hierarchical regression models (BHM) to examine the independent effects of five highly correlated pesticides with continuous and binary measures of cardiometabolic disease and inflammation. Results: Participants averaged 49.0 (±5.5) years at follow-up. In BHM models, a 10-fold increase in p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and β-hexacyclohexane (β-HCH) was positively associated with BMI (DDT: adj-β = 1.26, 95 % Credible Interval (CrI): 0.33, 2.20; β-HCH: adj-β = 1.56, 95 %CrI: 0.45, 2.67) and waist circumference (DDT: adj-β = 2.75, 95 %CrI: 0.65, 4.85; β-HCH: adj-β = 3.74, 95 %CrI: 1.24, 6.23). Although credible intervals crossed the null, consistent positive associations were observed for DDT and β-HCH with blood pressure and for DDT with insulin resistance. Trans-nonachlor was positively associated with triglycerides (log-TRIG: adj-β = 0.08, 95 %CrI: 0.02, 0.13). β-HCH was positively associated with inflammatory markers (log-hsCRP: adj-β = 0.11, 95 %CrI: 0.03, 0.19; log-IL-6: adj-β = 0.08, 95 %CrI: 0.03, 0.14). Conclusion: With over a decade of follow-up, we extend evidence on previously reported associations of DDT and β-HCH with several measures of obesity. In addition, we provide new evidence suggesting associations with biomarkers of blood pressure, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and inflammation, supporting the hypothesis that exposure may have long-term influences on cardiovascular disease risk.

Актуальність теми обумовлена зростаючою кількістю дорожньо-транспортних пригод та не­обхідністю підвищення рівня безпеки на доро­гах. Національні ініціативи з безпеки дорожньо­го руху є важливою складовою державної полі­тики, спрямованої на зниження аварійності та збереження людських життів. Ефективна імпле­ментація цих заходів дозволяє суттєво поліпши­ти ситуацію на дорогах та сприяти сталому роз­витку транспортної інфраструктури. Стаття присвячена аналізу національних іні­ціатив у сфері безпеки дорожнього руху в Укра­їні та їх імплементації в контексті європейських стандартів. Основною метою дослідження є ви­значення ключових напрямів та механізмів під­вищення рівня безпеки дорожнього руху, шля­хом адаптації європейського досвіду. Особлива увага приділяється аналізу нормативно-право­вих актів, які регулюють безпеку дорожнього руху, таких як Закон України «Про дорожній рух» і постанови Кабінету Міністрів України, а також рекомендаціям щодо їх вдосконалення. Національні ініціативи, які імплементуються в Україні, розглядаються в контексті міжнародного співробітництва та впровадження європейських стандартів. Стаття також досліджує питання впливу новітніх технологій та інформаційних систем на покращення безпеки, як-от використання GPS та автоматизованих систем збору даних про дорожні ситуації. Особлива увага приділена ролі національних спостережних органів, які займаються моніторингом дорожньо-транспортних пригод та розробкою стратегій покращення безпеки дорожнього руху. Проаналізовано досвід країн Європейського Союзу щодо створення та функціонування таких органів, зокрема Франції, Німеччини та Італії, та надано рекомендації щодо адаптації цих моделей в Україні. Висновки статті підкреслюють важливість комплексного підходу до підвищення безпеки на дорогах, що включає спільні зусилля держави, громадськості та міжнародних партнерів, а також інтеграцію передових технологій. Результати дослідження можуть бути корисними для формування нових національних стратегій у сфері безпеки дорожнього руху та підвищення ефективності існуючих заходів.

ABSTRACT: Minimizing the utilization of antibiotics in animal production is crucial to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistances. Thus, research on alternatives is needed to maintain productivity, sustainability, and animal health. To gain a comprehensive understanding of probiotics’ modes of action on performance, intestinal microbiota, and gut health in poultry, 3 probiotic strains (Enterococcus faecalis CV1028 [EntF], Bacteroides fragilis GP1764 [BacF], and Ligilactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 [LacS]) were tested in 2 in vivo trials. Trial 1 comprised of a negative control group fed basal diet (BD) and 3 treatment groups that received BD with EntF, BacF and LacS. Trial 2 included a negative control group, a positive control group with Zinc-Bacitracin as antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), and 2 groups treated with a blend of probiotics (EntF+BacF+LacS) during 0 to 10 or 0 to 35 d, respectively. Wheat-soybean-rye based diets without exogenous enzymes were used as a challenge model to induce intestinal mild- or moderate-inflammatory process in the gut.In Trial 1, individually administered probiotics improved FCR at 8 d compared to Control, but these positive effects were lost in the following growing periods probably due to the high grade of challenging diet and a too low dose of probiotics. In Trial 2, both Probiotic treatments, administered only 10 or 35 d, significantly improved FCR to the same extent as of the Antibiotic group at the end of the trial. Although the performance between antibiotic and probiotic mixture showed similar values, microbiota analysis revealed different microbial composition at 7 d, but not at 21 d. This suggests that modes of action of the AGP and the tested probiotic blend differ on their effects on microbiome, and that the changes observed during the first days’ posthatch are relevant on performance at the end of the study. Therefore, the probiotics administration only during the first 10 d posthatch was proven sufficient to induce similar performance improvements to those observed in birds fed antibiotic growth promoters throughout the whole experimental trial.

Whether formally articulated or tacitly held, all librarians have beliefs about how undergraduate students learn. Framing learning beliefs as a component of a teaching philosophy, this study explored how librarians described how undergraduate students learned best. Thirteen librarians from three doctoral universities in Texas were interviewed. Teaching librarians in this study believed that students learn in different ways; that students need to interact with others, act, and reflect in order to learn; and that students learn when certain conditions are met. The learning beliefs identified align with learning theories and the science of learning, but the threshold concepts theory underlying the ACRL "Framework" did not appear to influence how librarians conceptualized the learning process. These findings are a starting point for librarians considering how to articulate their own beliefs about learning.

Substance use increases throughout adolescence, and earlier substance use may increase risk for poorer health. However, limited research has examined whether stress responses relate to adolescent substance use, especially among adolescents from ethnic minority and high-adversity backgrounds. The present study assessed whether blunted emotional and cortisol responses to stress at age 14 related to substance use by ages 14 and 16, and whether associations varied by poverty status and sex. A sample of 277 Mexican-origin youth (53.19% female; 68.35% below the poverty line) completed a social-evaluative stress task, which was culturally adapted for this population, and provided saliva samples and rated their anger, sadness, and happiness throughout the task. They also reported whether they had ever used alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, and vaping of nicotine at age 14 and again at age 16. Multilevel models suggested that blunted cortisol reactivity to stress was associated with alcohol use by age 14 and vaping nicotine by age 16 among youth above the poverty line. Also, blunted sadness and happiness reactivity to stress was associated with use of marijuana and alcohol among female adolescents. Blunted stress responses may be a risk factor for substance use among youth above the poverty line and female adolescents.

PurposeYouth are vulnerable to poor mental health outcomes during emerging adulthood. This study examined COVID-19 pandemic effects among young Latino adults and changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms.MethodsUsing data from 309 individuals, predominantly of Mexican origin, we examined anxiety and depressive symptoms (before and during COVID) to determine whether mental health worsened during this period. We also examined associations between specific pandemic-related stressors and mental health. Analyses used paired T-tests and linear regressions. Participant sex was included as a moderator. We corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method.ResultsDuring the 2-year time period, depressive symptoms increased while anxiety symptoms decreased. There were no significant stressor by sex interactions; however, exploratory analyses signaled that pandemic-related stressors had stronger mental health effects for young women.DiscussionYoung adults' depressive and anxiety symptoms changed during the pandemic, and pandemic-related stressors were associated with increases in mental health symptoms.

BackgroundWe previously reported associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer neurodevelopment in early childhood and at school age, including poorer cognitive function and more behavioral problems, in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a birth cohort study in an agriculture community.ObjectiveWe investigated the extent to which early-life exposure to OP pesticides is associated with behavioral problems, including mental health, in youth during adolescence and early adulthood.MethodsWe measured urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs), nonspecific OP metabolites, in urine samples collected from mothers twice during pregnancy (13 and 26 wk) and at five different times in their children (ages 6 months to 5 y). We assessed maternal report and youth report of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition (BASC-2), when the youth were ages 14, 16, and 18 y. Because there was evidence of nonlinearity, we estimated associations across quartiles of DAPs and modeled repeated outcome measures using generalized estimating equations.ResultsThere were 335 youths with prenatal maternal DAP measures and 14-. 16-, or 18-y BASC-2 scores. Prenatal maternal DAP concentrations (specific gravity-adjusted median, Q1-Q3=159.4, 78.7-350.4 nmol/L) were associated with higher T-scores (more behavior problems) from maternal report, including more hyperactivity [fourth vs. first quartile of exposure β=2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 4.45], aggression (β=1.90; 95% CI: 0.15, 3.66), attention problems (β=2.78; 95% CI: 0.26, 5.30), and depression (β=2.66; 95% CI: 0.08, 5.24). Associations with youth report of externalizing problems were null, and associations with depression were suggestive (fourth vs. first quartile of exposure β=2.15; 95% CI: -0.36, 4.67). Childhood DAP metabolites were not associated with behavioral problems.DiscussionWe found associations of prenatal, but not childhood, urinary DAP concentrations with adolescent/young adult externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. These findings are consistent with prior associations we have reported with neurodevelopmental outcomes measured earlier in childhood in CHAMACOS participants and suggests that prenatal exposure to OP pesticides may have lasting effects on the behavioral health of youth as they mature into adulthood, including their mental health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11380.

The article is devoted to the comparative characteristics of the organization of storage of goods in customs warehouses under the «customs warehouse» regime. A general scientific method of comparison was used to identify disparities between the volumes of customs payment receipts in the regional section by individual customs offices. An algorithm for determining the maximum term of storage of goods in a customs warehouse depending on the applied customs regime has been built. The grouping of customs offices by the area of customs warehouses in terms of their types was carried out on the basis of the register of enterprises that were granted permission to open and operate customs warehouses for 2022–2023. The possible options for placement of goods in the current customs warehouses at the customs of Ukraine are given, which allowed establishing the specialization of customs by types of customs warehouses. A statistical analysis of the structure and dynamics of customs payments by customs in 2021 and 2022 was carried out, which made it possible to determine the most effective and ineffective customs in terms of revenue to the State Budget of Ukraine. The comparative characteristics of the normative regulation of the order of organization of storage of goods in the customs warehouse under the conditions of the «customs warehouse» regime and other customs regimes in accordance with the Customs Code of Ukraine are given. It was put forward to test the hypothesis that one of the important factors affecting the receipt of customs payments to the State Budget of Ukraine is the area of customs warehouses. The coefficient of determination was applied as a method of correlation-regression analysis, which confirmed the existence of a significant relationship between the area of customs warehouses and expected customs payments to the State Budget of Ukraine. It has been established that among the factors affecting the receipt of customs payments, 38 percent is accounted for by the area of customs warehouses, and 62 percent by other factors.

We study the bilinear forms on the space of measurable $p$-integrable functions which are generated by skew-symmetric matrices with unbounded coefficients. We give an example showing that if a skew-symmetric matrix contains a locally unbounded $L^q$-elements, then the corresponding quadratic forms can be alternating. These questions are closely related to the existence issues of the Nuemann boundary value problem for $p$-Laplace elliptic equations with non-symmetric and locally unbounded anisotropic diffusion matrices.

In this paper, a theoretical analysis and a practical study of the transient processes occurring when the LED modules are switched on are carried out. Light-emitting diode (LED) modules are a parallel, serial or mixed connection of individual light-emitting diodes in a discrete or integrated design. The non-uniformity of the voltage drop at the moment of switching on series-connected LEDs or series-connected LED cells containing parallel-connected LEDs is shown. This may be the reason for a short-term electrical breakdown of their p-n junctions. The obtained results can be useful for predicting the durability and reliability of LED devices.

LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of B-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission for primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) selected LiteBIRD in May 2019 as a strategic large-class (L-class) mission, with an expected launch in the late 2020s using JAXA’s H3 rocket. LiteBIRD is planned to orbit the Sun–Earth Lagrangian point L2, where it will map the cosmic microwave background polarization over the entire sky for three years, with three telescopes in 15 frequency bands between 34 and 448 GHz, to achieve an unprecedented total sensitivity of 2.2 μK-arcmin, with a typical angular resolution of 0.5◦ at 100 GHz. The primary scientific objective of LiteBIRD is to search for the signal from cosmic inflation, either making a discovery or ruling out well-motivated inflationary models. The measurements of LiteBIRD will also provide us with insight into the quantum nature of gravity and other new physics beyond the standard models of particle physics and cosmology. We provide an overview of the LiteBIRD project, including scientific objectives, mission and system requirements, operation concept, spacecraft and payload module design, expected scientific outcomes, potential design extensions, and synergies with other projects.

BackgroundThe prevalence of liver disorders and metabolic syndrome has increased among youth. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, could contribute to the development of these conditions.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess whether lifetime exposure to glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), is associated with elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome among young adults.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study (n=480 mother-child dyads) and a nested case-control study (n=60 cases with elevated liver transaminases and 91 controls) using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). We measured glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in urine samples collected during pregnancy and at child ages 5, 14, and 18 y from cases and controls. We calculated glyphosate residue concentrations: [glyphosate + (1.5×AMPA)]. We estimated the amount of agricultural-use glyphosate applied within a 1-km radius of every residence from pregnancy to age 5 y for the full cohort using California Pesticide Use Reporting data. We assessed liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome at 18 y of age.ResultsUrinary AMPA at age 5 y was associated with elevated transaminases [relative risk (RR) per 2-fold increase=1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.53] and metabolic syndrome (RR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.38, 3.11). Urinary AMPA and glyphosate residues at age 14 y were associated with metabolic syndrome [RR=1.80 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.93) and RR=1.88 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.42), respectively]. Overall, a 2-fold increase in urinary AMPA during childhood was associated with a 14% and a 55% increased risk of elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome, respectively. Living near agricultural glyphosate applications during early childhood (birth to 5 y of age) was also associated with metabolic syndrome at age 18 y in the case-control group (RR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.02).DiscussionChildhood exposure to glyphosate and AMPA may increase risk of liver and cardiometabolic disorders in early adulthood, which could lead to more serious diseases later in life. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11721.

BackgroundBecause fine particulate matter [PM, with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5)] is a ubiquitous environmental exposure, small changes in cognition associated with PM2.5 exposure could have great societal costs. Prior studies have demonstrated a relationship between in utero PM2.5 exposure and cognitive development in urban populations, but it is not known whether these effects are similar in rural populations and whether they persist into late childhood.ObjectivesIn this study, we tested for associations between prenatal PM2.5 exposure and both full-scale and subscale measures of IQ among a longitudinal cohort at age 10.5 y.MethodsThis analysis used data from 568 children enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a birth cohort study in California's agricultural Salinas Valley. Exposures were estimated at residential addresses during pregnancy using state of the art, modeled PM2.5 surfaces. IQ testing was performed by bilingual psychometricians in the dominant language of the child.ResultsA 3-μg/m3 higher average PM2.5 over pregnancy was associated with -1.79 full-scale IQ points [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.98, -0.58], with decrements specifically in Working Memory IQ (WMIQ) and Processing Speed IQ (PSIQ) subscales [WMIQ -1.72 (95% CI: -2.98, -0.45) and PSIQ -1.19 (95% CI: -2.54, 0.16)]. Flexible modeling over the course of pregnancy illustrated mid-to-late pregnancy (months 5-7) as particularly susceptible times, with sex differences in the timing of susceptible windows and in which subscales were most affected [Verbal Comprehension IQ (VCIQ) and WMIQ in males; and PSIQ in females].DiscussionWe found that small increases in outdoor PM2.5 exposure in utero were associated with slightly lower IQ in late childhood, robust to many sensitivity analyses. In this cohort there was a larger effect of PM2.5 on childhood IQ than has previously been observed, perhaps due to differences in PM composition or because developmental disruption could alter the cognitive trajectory and thus appear more pronounced as children get older. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10812.