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Objective: To explore the factors that encompass maternal self-efficacy in providing food for the home. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 mothers of nutritionally at risk children in an urban area of East Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was based on Social Cognitive Theory, Family Stress Models, and Ecological Frameworks. Data collection was coded and analyzed using the Grounded Theory Method. Results: Most mothers felt secure in providing food for their families knowing that their relatives and neighbors would support them if they lacked the money to buy food; however, most of them did not supply appropriate meals in terms of nutrient content, variety, and timing. Conclusions and Implications: Maternal self-efficacy was mainly characterized by practical issues concerning the preparation of food at home and a lack of knowledge of health and nutrition. Family-based interventions are needed to enhance competence in providing nutritious food from available resources.

Background: Many children in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) have reduced cognitive abilities, but few studies have explored the influencing factors. Objective: To determine the determinants of children's low cognitive development at 4 to 6-year-old. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study in year 2021. The data was obtained from Bogor Longitudinal Study of Child Growth and Development (BLSCGD) that started from year 2012. For this analysis, we considered 165 of children aged 4-6 years. The dependent variable in this analysis was cognitive development as measured by the Indonesian Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) with the indicators of full-scale IQ (FSIQ), verbal IQ (VIQ), and performance IQ (PIQ). The independent variables were determinants of children's cognitive development at 4-6 years, consisted of socio-demographic factors, determinants from early life (0-23 months), as well as determinants from current conditions. Multivariate analysis done with the logistic regression test. Results: Bivariate analysis revealed that paternal education level was significantly associated with FSIQ and inadequate calorie intake in infancy and poor child stimulation were significantly associated with VIQ. In the final model of multivariate analysis, low paternal education level retained a significant association with FSIQ. Psychosocial stimulation was significantly associated with VIQ and inadequate calorie intake during infancy was significantly associated with PIQ. Conclusion: Low paternal education level and inadequate psychosocial stimulation are risk factors for reduced child cognitive development in 4-6-year-olds. Inadequate calorie intake in infancy even though not statistically significant it has high OR values for low VIQ and PIQ, thus the results showed the importance of calory intake in infancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Social cognitive theory provides the opportunity for program development to enhance healthy personal behvioural characteristics. We devised study to employ social cognitive theory to reduce snacking habits and sedentary activity among overweight adolescents .Methods and Study Design: Eight junior high schools in Makassar city were randomly assigned as intervention and control schools. A total of 238 overweight students aged 11-15 years (BMI z-score >=1 SD, according to a 2007 report from the WHO) were recruited. Adolescents from the intervention schools attended 12 weekly 75-min nutrition education group sessions, which focused on behavioural modification assisted by trained facilitators; furthermore, their parents received weekly nutrition education leaflets. Adolescents from the control schools, but not their parents, received leaflets on evidenced-based nutrition information. The BMI z-scores, waist circumference, snacking habits, sedentary activity, and the adolescents' self-efficacy data were assessed prior to and after 3 months of intervention. The outcomes were analysed on an intent-to-treat basis.Results: Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed a higher reduction in BMI z-scores (-0.08; p<0.05) and waist circumference (-1.5; p<0.05) at 3 months. Significant between-group differences were also observed for decreased snacking habits, but not for sedentary activity. Additionally, the programme improved self-efficacy for reducing these behaviours. Mean compliance and satisfaction with the programme were 95% and 92%, respectively.Conclusions: These high reduction rates suggest that the programme is promising and may address the problem of overweightness in adolescents. Additional studies are required to develop the programme in community settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is one of the major problems among female adolescents in Indonesia. Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation was a cost-effective measure to tackle adolescent anemia. However, adherence to the supplementation is low. This study was aimed to explore the determinants of t highschool females' adherence to consume iron-folic acid tablets. Using cross sectional design with 274 subjects. After obtaining consent the data were collected, coded and analysed using SPSS23. The inclusion criteria were high school female from 18 schools which had iron tablets program. The majority of subjects was 14-16 y old (73.7%). The majority of schools gave iron tablets to students without organizing taking iron tablets together (63.5%). The adherence to consume iron and folic acid tablets in this study was 45.6% (n=125). Almost half of highschool female (36.1%) cited they did not think that iron tablets are necessary while 12.4% cited experiencing side effects. Factors that were correlated (p<0.005) were school organizing taking iron tablets together, the student's age, knowledge, motivation, self efficacy, prior Hb level examination, and teacher educating the benefits of iron tablets to students (OR=9.5, CI=5.4-16.8, OR=0.43, CI=0.23-0.78, OR=2.12, CI=1.29-3.48, OR=6.55, CI=3.77-11.4, OR=6.39, CI=3.7-10.9 respectively). The most important factors which determined highschool female's adherence were school organizing students to take iron tablets together at school (OR=7.2, CI=3.5-14.6, p=0.000), student's motivation (OR=5.3, CI=2.5-11.3, p=0.000), and class teacher educating students on anemia and IFA (OR=2.3, CI=1.2-4.6) meanwhile student's knowledge, self efficacy, and prior Hb level examinations were confounding factor.