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How far Jupiter's cloud-level zonal winds penetrate into its interior, a question related to the origin of the winds, has long been a major puzzle about Jupiter. There exist two different views: the shallow scenario in which the cloud-level winds are confined within the thin weather layer at cloud top and the deep scenario in which the cloud-level winds manifest thermal convection in the deep interior. We interpret, using two different models corresponding to the two scenarios, the high-precision measurements of Jupiter's equatorially antisymmetric gravitational field by the Juno spacecraft. We demonstrate, based on the thermal-gravitational wind equation, that both the shallow and deep cloud-level winds models are capable of explaining the measured odd gravitational coefficients within the measured uncertainties, reflecting the nonunique nature of the gravity inverse problem. We conclude that the high-precision Juno gravity measurements cannot provide an answer to the long-standing question about the origin of Jupiter's cloud-level zonal winds.

The Cassini Grand Finale provided a unique opportunity to study Saturn's deep zonal flow. In this paper, we present a comprehensive deep zonal flow model for Saturn using a joint inversion of observed gravity and zonal flow-induced Ohmic dissipation in the semi-conducting region, under the assumption that the planet's cloud-level wind is limited to a shallow weather layer. Our model unveils a strong equatorially symmetric zonal flow (O (100) m s−1) and a weaker antisymmetric zonal flow (O (1) m s−1) beneath the cloud-level winds. Furthermore, we show that the maximum depth of the deep zonal flow is around 7800 km, surpassing previous results derived from gravity alone and with the assumption that the rapid cloud-level winds extend deep into the planet's interior. The meridional profile of the deep zonal flow differs significantly from the cloud-level zonal winds and predicts a strong westward zonal flow in the region with latitude around ±23°, where the observed cloud-top winds remain eastward. We also demonstrate that the zonal flow inside and outside the tangent cylinder exhibits significant differences in speed and scale. Moreover, our findings suggest that the coupling between the deep zonal flow and cloud-level winds varies across latitudes, with the shallow-wind model applicable to polar regions within the tangent cylinder and the deep-wind model more relevant to equatorial regions outside the tangent cylinder. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for the planet's deep zonal flow in future studies of Saturn's atmospheric dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass gasification combined with CO2 absorption‐enhanced reforming (AER) in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) reactor is numerically studied via the multiphase particle‐in‐cell (MP‐PIC) method featuring thermochemical and polydispersity sub‐models. A novel bubble detection algorithm is proposed for efficiently characterizing bubble morphology. The effects of several crucial operating parameters on the microscale particle behaviors, mesoscale bubble dynamics, and macroscale reactor performance of the AER gasification process are analyzed. Compared with conventional gasification, AER gasification reduces the CO2 concentration by 33.58% but elevates the H2 concentration by 32.13%. Higher operating temperature and steam‐to‐biomass (S/B) ratio promote H2 generation but deteriorate gasification performance. A lower operating pressure improves gas–solid contact efficiency and gasification performance as the increased operating pressure inhibits bubble dynamics and particle kinematics. Compared with pure sand as bed material, the mixed bed material (CaO:sand = 1:1) significantly improves gasification performance by enhancing H2 generation and CO2 removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics industry is not only the link connecting economic activities, but also an important thrust to stimulate domestic demand. Under the development background of the new era, the high-quality development of logistics industry has become an indispensable force for high-quality economic development. Reasonable and effective evaluation is an important prerequisite to promote its high-quality development. Guided by the concept of high-quality development, it innovatively adds the dimension of logistics development resource cost. Based on the data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2011 to 2019, in view of the limitations of projection pursuit, genetic algorithm and projection pursuit are organically combined, which were used to measure the high-quality development level of China's regional logistics and analyze its spatial distribution characteristics. The reliability and accuracy of the evaluation results are improved, and the spatial information nature is analyzed by spatial exploration The results showed that the most important dimensions affecting the high-quality development of the logistics industry were logistics carrying capacity and technological innovation support. During the study period, there were significant differences in the high-quality development of regional logistics. The average annual logistics industry in the three provinces of Guangdong, Shandong and Jiangsu had relatively high level of high-quality development. By contrast, the development level of the three provinces of Tibet, Qinghai and Hainan was relatively low. In general, although the high-quality development of the logistics industry was increasing year by year, showing a trend of high level in the eastern region, followed by central region, low level in the western region, the gap had not been effectively shortened. In addition, the high-quality development of the regional logistics industry had a significant positive geographical correlation, showing a trickle drop effect in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing soil salinization seriously impairs plant growth and development, resulting in crop loss. The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway is indispensable to the mitigation of Na + toxicity in plants under high salinity. However, whether natural variations of SOS2 contribute to salt tolerance has not been reported. Here a natural variation in the SlSOS2 promoter region was identified to be associated with root Na+/K+ ratio and the loss of salt resistance during tomato domestication. This natural variation contains an ABI4-binding cis-element and plays an important role in the repression of SlSOS2 expression. Genetic evidence revealed that SlSOS2 mutations increase root Na+/K+ ratio under salt stress conditions and thus attenuate salt resistance in tomato. Together, our findings uncovered a critical but previously unknown natural variation of SOS2 in salt resistance, which provides valuable natural resources for genetic breeding for salt resistance in cultivated tomatoes and other crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]