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4. Effect of oxygen potential and fluxing components on phase relations during sintering of iron ore

Author

Mcbow I., Kongoli F., Budd R., Llubani S., and Yazawa A.

Subjects
sinter, phase relations, melting, CaO, FeO, Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, sintering process, primary melts, liquidus, Fe/CaO, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997
Abstract

The optimal operation of the blast furnace depends considerably on the properties of the sinter fed into the furnace. As a result, the optimization of the sintering processes has a direct effect on the overall effectiveness of the iron making processes. In order to produce a good sinter special care needs to be taken in order to assure it has a good permeability and reducibility and it is able to retain these properties for a certain time. If the sinter starts to melt down early in the upper part of the blast furnace, where its solid state reduction is essential, permeability decreases, the gas channels get blocked, reductibility diminishes and serious problems may also follow. Among the factors that influences the above mentioned sinter properties are the oxygen potential and fluxing components. Nevertheless, their effect on the phase relations during sintering and sinter reduction conditions has not yet entirely clarified and confusion exists in literature. This quantification becomes even more important today where many new minor components such as Al2O3 and MgO enter the sinter through raw materials. This work quantifies the effect of oxygen potential and fluxing components such as alumina and magnesia on the liquidus and phase relations of the sinter primary melts in the iron rich portion of CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 system at sintering conditions. This is carried out by the means of new type of industrial diagrams in the form of Fe/CaO vs. SiO2 that can directly help the optimization of the sintering processes.

Published
2010
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5. Anode Slime Gained During Electrolysis Process of Secondary Copper Anodes

Author

Nurten Deva, Rizaj, M., Duman, I., and Kongoli, F.

Subjects
electrorefining, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, copper, anode slime, pgm, lcsh:TP155-156, silver, gold, lcsh:Chemical engineering
Abstract

The aim of this research is to get a better understanding of the electrolytic refining process in order to yield the anode slime. Three types of secondary copper anodes are electro refined in an electrolytic system, where the electrolyte is an acid of copper sulphate solution. As a result of the electro-refining process the anode slime has been gained as secondary product. The experimental research analysis of anode slime composition is done by two methods: X-Ray Fluorescent (XRF) method which is realized with the help of Thermoscientic Nitro XL 3t device and as second method X-Rays Diffractometry (XRD) is used, which is realized with the help of D8 Advance Bruker AXS equipment. The anode slime introduces a multi-component secondary product of electrolytic refining process of metals composed of insoluble components of Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, etc. The composition of the anode slimes varies according to the composition of the anodes. The qualitative preparation of raw material – anode slime of secondary Cu and its rational utilization will result in the optimization of the process of gaining metals for which it is dedicated. This study has shown that the anode slime contains gold, silver and platinum group of metals and these metals can be recovered.

Published
2019

8. Yazawa international symposium: metallurgical and materials processing: principles and technologies, proceedings of the international symposium held in San Diego, California, 2-6 March 2003. Volume 3: aqueous and electrochemical processing.

Author

Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., Yamauchi C., Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., and Yamauchi C.

Abstract

Volume 3 of the conference in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa includes papers from five sessions on mainly theoretical and experimental aspects of aqueous and electrochemical processing with regard to copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, rare earth elements, other non-ferrous and ferrous metals and a few nonmetallic materials. Processes covered include flotation, leaching, ion exchange, solvent extraction, precipitation, electrodeposition, electrowinning and electrorefining. There is an author index., Volume 3 of the conference in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa includes papers from five sessions on mainly theoretical and experimental aspects of aqueous and electrochemical processing with regard to copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, rare earth elements, other non-ferrous and ferrous metals and a few nonmetallic materials. Processes covered include flotation, leaching, ion exchange, solvent extraction, precipitation, electrodeposition, electrowinning and electrorefining. There is an author index.

Published
2003

11. A new type of multicomponent phase diagram for the evaluation of process parameters and operating conditions in non-ferrous pyrometallurgy.

Author

Kongoli F., EPD 2000. Nashville, Tennessee 12-Mar-0016-Mar-00, McBow I., Kongoli F., EPD 2000. Nashville, Tennessee 12-Mar-0016-Mar-00, and McBow I.

Abstract

The liquidus surface of multicomponent slags is an important parameter in non-ferrous smelting and converting which cannot be quantified by existing ternary liquidus diagrams; this surface is affected by multiple factors such as temperature, gaseous potentials and the content of each component in the slag. A thermodynamic model is used to deduce a new type of representation of this surface, a practical two-dimensional diagram which adequately describes the liquidus temperature of multicomponent slags and which can easily be used in the industry. The six-component FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slag system is the focus of the study., The liquidus surface of multicomponent slags is an important parameter in non-ferrous smelting and converting which cannot be quantified by existing ternary liquidus diagrams; this surface is affected by multiple factors such as temperature, gaseous potentials and the content of each component in the slag. A thermodynamic model is used to deduce a new type of representation of this surface, a practical two-dimensional diagram which adequately describes the liquidus temperature of multicomponent slags and which can easily be used in the industry. The six-component FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slag system is the focus of the study.

Published
2000

12. Thermodynamic modelling of cobalt behaviour in the matte phase during nickel/copper smelting and converting processes.

Author

Kongoli F., EPD 1999 San Diego, California 28-Feb-9904-Mar-99, Kongoli F., and EPD 1999 San Diego, California 28-Feb-9904-Mar-99

Abstract

The behaviour of cobalt as a by-product directly affects the quality of the final products as well as the revenues gained from the overall process. A model is presented which predicts the thermodynamic properties and phase relations of the ternary and multicomponent Co-containing matte. It is based on the optimised parameters of Co-S, Co-Fe and Co-Ni binary systems. The model predicts thermodynamic properties and phase relations over a wide range of composition and temperatures. It can be used with models for other phases, such as Co-containing slag, to predict various aspects of Co behaviour in these phases as well as matte/slag, metal/slag and matte/metal/slag distribution in the Ni/Cu smelting and converting processes., The behaviour of cobalt as a by-product directly affects the quality of the final products as well as the revenues gained from the overall process. A model is presented which predicts the thermodynamic properties and phase relations of the ternary and multicomponent Co-containing matte. It is based on the optimised parameters of Co-S, Co-Fe and Co-Ni binary systems. The model predicts thermodynamic properties and phase relations over a wide range of composition and temperatures. It can be used with models for other phases, such as Co-containing slag, to predict various aspects of Co behaviour in these phases as well as matte/slag, metal/slag and matte/metal/slag distribution in the Ni/Cu smelting and converting processes.

Published
1999

13. Model predictions of the liquidus surface of multi-component iron silicate smelting slags containing magnesia and calcia

Author

Kongoli, F., Grimsey, Eric, Pelton, A.D., Kongoli, F., Grimsey, Eric, and Pelton, A.D.

Abstract

Non-ferrous smelting slags can contain magnesia, which substantially increases the liquidus temperature. One option to counter this increase is to flux with calcia. In this work, experimental liquidus measurements including new measurements on industrial slags have been compared with a FACT-based thermodynamic model, which predicts the liquidus surface of multi-component iron silicate smelting slags containing both magnesia and calcia. The predictions, which agree well with experimental results, are summarized in both isothermal and non-isothermal diagrams to give a quantitative description of the liquidus surface.

Published
1998

22. Yazawa international symposium: metallurgical and materials processing: principles and technologies, proceedings of the international symposium held in San Diego, California, 2-6 March 2003. Volumes 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B and 3.

Author

Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., Yamauchi C., Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., and Yamauchi C.

Abstract

The conference was held in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa. Volume 1, in two parts (1A and 1B), includes 108 papers on materials processing fundamentals and new technologies, covering fundamental aspects of pyrometallurgy, melts, slags and alloys, as well as materials and waste processing. Volume 2, also in two parts (2A and 2B), has 58 papers on high-temperature metals production, covering lead-zinc, nickel, copper, waste treatment, and iron- and steelmaking. Volume 3 has 35 papers on aqueous and electrochemical processing. Each volume has an author index., The conference was held in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa. Volume 1, in two parts (1A and 1B), includes 108 papers on materials processing fundamentals and new technologies, covering fundamental aspects of pyrometallurgy, melts, slags and alloys, as well as materials and waste processing. Volume 2, also in two parts (2A and 2B), has 58 papers on high-temperature metals production, covering lead-zinc, nickel, copper, waste treatment, and iron- and steelmaking. Volume 3 has 35 papers on aqueous and electrochemical processing. Each volume has an author index.

23. Yazawa international symposium: metallurgical and materials processing: principles and technologies, proceedings of the international symposium held in San Diego, California, 2-6 March 2003. Volumes 2A and 2B: high-temperature metal production.

Author

Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., Yamauchi C., Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., and Yamauchi C.

Abstract

Volume 2 of the conference in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa is largely concerned with particular pyrometallurgical processes and with process experience at Japanese and other Far Eastern or South American plants. The volume includes 3 plenary papers and sessions on lead-zinc (5 papers), nickel (6 papers), copper (28 papers in four sessions), recycling, waste treatment and environmental issues (8 papers), general non-ferrous production (3 papers), and iron-and steelmaking (5 papers). There is an author index., Volume 2 of the conference in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa is largely concerned with particular pyrometallurgical processes and with process experience at Japanese and other Far Eastern or South American plants. The volume includes 3 plenary papers and sessions on lead-zinc (5 papers), nickel (6 papers), copper (28 papers in four sessions), recycling, waste treatment and environmental issues (8 papers), general non-ferrous production (3 papers), and iron-and steelmaking (5 papers). There is an author index.

24. Yazawa international symposium: metallurgical and materials processing: principles and technologies, proceedings of the international symposium held in San Diego, California, 2-6 March 2003. Volumes 1A and 1B: materials processing fundamentals and new technologies.

Author

Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., Yamauchi C., Kongoli F., eds., Itagaki K., Sohn H.Y., and Yamauchi C.

Abstract

Volume 1 of the conference in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa mainly covers, with regard to extractive processing, fundamental aspects of pyrometallurgy and melts. It contains 2 plenary papers and sessions on kinetics and thermodynamics (6 papers), metals and sulphide systems (7 papers), slags and fluxes (7 papers), elemental losses and distributions (8 papers), alloy properties (5 papers), experimental techniques (7 papers), non-ferrous processing (21 papers), iron- and steelmaking (15 papers), recycling, waste treatment and environmental issues (13 papers), materials processing (11 papers) and casting and aluminium processing (6 papers). There is an author index., Volume 1 of the conference in honour of Professor Akira Yazawa mainly covers, with regard to extractive processing, fundamental aspects of pyrometallurgy and melts. It contains 2 plenary papers and sessions on kinetics and thermodynamics (6 papers), metals and sulphide systems (7 papers), slags and fluxes (7 papers), elemental losses and distributions (8 papers), alloy properties (5 papers), experimental techniques (7 papers), non-ferrous processing (21 papers), iron- and steelmaking (15 papers), recycling, waste treatment and environmental issues (13 papers), materials processing (11 papers) and casting and aluminium processing (6 papers). There is an author index.

25. The effect of minor components and flux additions on the liquidus temperatures of the multicomponent iron silicate slags.

Author

Kongoli F., McBow I., Kongoli F., and McBow I.

Abstract

The effects of several minor components and additions such as Al2O3, MgO and CaO were analysed in terms of a thermodynamic model. The model predictions were verified against all experimental liquidus data, including those in the spinel saturation area, and appear to be within experimental error limits. A series of simple isothermal and non-isothermal diagrams, based on the model predictions, were constructed in order to facilitate the description of individual and synergic effects of minor components and flux additions. These diagrams can be used directly by process operators to define the optimum combination of minor components and other conditions under which the fluxes can be used to achieve the desired slag liquidus temperatures., The effects of several minor components and additions such as Al2O3, MgO and CaO were analysed in terms of a thermodynamic model. The model predictions were verified against all experimental liquidus data, including those in the spinel saturation area, and appear to be within experimental error limits. A series of simple isothermal and non-isothermal diagrams, based on the model predictions, were constructed in order to facilitate the description of individual and synergic effects of minor components and flux additions. These diagrams can be used directly by process operators to define the optimum combination of minor components and other conditions under which the fluxes can be used to achieve the desired slag liquidus temperatures.

26. Thermochemical modelling of Ni-Co-Cu-Fe-S mattes for the simulation of Ni/Co smelting processes.

Author

Kongoli F., Pelton A.D., Kongoli F., and Pelton A.D.

Abstract

Thermodynamic computer modelling has been carried out using the quasichemical model with a small set of parameters obtained from critical evaluation and optimisation of data for binary metal-sulphur and metal-metal solutions. Very good agreement between predicted and experimental thermodynamic properties of ternary and quaternary mattes was obtained over a wide range of compositions and temperatures. No additional adjustable ternary or quaternary parameters were required. An example of the application of the matte database in conjunction with a similar slag database to simulate equilibria during smelting processes is presented., Thermodynamic computer modelling has been carried out using the quasichemical model with a small set of parameters obtained from critical evaluation and optimisation of data for binary metal-sulphur and metal-metal solutions. Very good agreement between predicted and experimental thermodynamic properties of ternary and quaternary mattes was obtained over a wide range of compositions and temperatures. No additional adjustable ternary or quaternary parameters were required. An example of the application of the matte database in conjunction with a similar slag database to simulate equilibria during smelting processes is presented.

27. Liquidus relationships of calcium ferrite and ferrous calcium silicate slag in continuous copper converting.

Author

Kongoli F., Budd R., Llubani S., McBow I., Takeda Y., Yamaguchi K., Yazawa A., Kongoli F., Budd R., Llubani S., McBow I., Takeda Y., Yamaguchi K., and Yazawa A.

Abstract

Although ferrous calcium silicate slag is an extension of calcium ferrite slags, for which it was proposed some years ago as an alternative, the phase relations between the two have never been completely clarified. In this study, their liquidus relations are quantified for some regions of common composition and existing experimental data are reviewed and discussed in relation to the solidification procedure. An original physical model is then used to predict diagrams of the liquidus surface of both slags. It is shown that the ternary liquidus diagrams normally used for FeOx-SiO2-CaO system are not suitable for industrial slags. New model diagrams of Fe/CaO versus SiO2 and Fe/SiO2 versus CaO, as well as Fe/CaO versus temperature and Fe/SiO2 versus temperature, are proven much more convenient for ferrite and ferrous calcium silicate slags. Using these diagrams, the effect of SiO2 and CaO on the melting temperature is quantified, the effect of Cu2O quantified and relationships predicted for Fe/CaO versus Cu2O and Fe/SiO2 versus CaO at various Cu contents. The results show good agreement with the experimental data. It is also shown that, in the presence of liquid Cu, Cu2O is dissolved in the slag to an extent that depends on the degree of oxidation of the system, which may lower the liquidus temperature. Discussions are presented that take into account plant observations, and important conclusions are drawn for copper smelting and converting., Although ferrous calcium silicate slag is an extension of calcium ferrite slags, for which it was proposed some years ago as an alternative, the phase relations between the two have never been completely clarified. In this study, their liquidus relations are quantified for some regions of common composition and existing experimental data are reviewed and discussed in relation to the solidification procedure. An original physical model is then used to predict diagrams of the liquidus surface of both slags. It is shown that the ternary liquidus diagrams normally used for FeOx-SiO2-CaO system are not suitable for industrial slags. New model diagrams of Fe/CaO versus SiO2 and Fe/SiO2 versus CaO, as well as Fe/CaO versus temperature and Fe/SiO2 versus temperature, are proven much more convenient for ferrite and ferrous calcium silicate slags. Using these diagrams, the effect of SiO2 and CaO on the melting temperature is quantified, the effect of Cu2O quantified and relationships predicted for Fe/CaO versus Cu2O and Fe/SiO2 versus CaO at various Cu contents. The results show good agreement with the experimental data. It is also shown that, in the presence of liquid Cu, Cu2O is dissolved in the slag to an extent that depends on the degree of oxidation of the system, which may lower the liquidus temperature. Discussions are presented that take into account plant observations, and important conclusions are drawn for copper smelting and converting.

28. Investigation of the potential of several plants for phytoremediation of nickel-contaminated soils and for nickel phytoextraction.

Author

Cullaj A., Hasko A., Kongoli F., McBow I., Cullaj A., Hasko A., Kongoli F., and McBow I.

Abstract

Field surveys were carried out in five Ni-containing sites in Albania to identify Ni-tolerant species that have spontaneously grown in contaminated soils. Atomic absorption spectrometry measurements were made on 145 different plants and 16 were identified as having a hyperability to accumulate Ni, based on the fact that they contained more than 10 000 mg Ni per kg. Seven taxa were of the Alyssum genus and one of the Bornmuellera genus of Cruciferae. The highest Ni accumulation was present in aerial parts of Alyssum murale, var. chlorocarpum Hausskn (25 500 mg/kg or 2.5%) and Alyssum markgrafii O.E. Schulz (23 700mg/kg or 2.37%). These plants are suggested as the most promising species for phytoremediation and phytoextraction purposes., Field surveys were carried out in five Ni-containing sites in Albania to identify Ni-tolerant species that have spontaneously grown in contaminated soils. Atomic absorption spectrometry measurements were made on 145 different plants and 16 were identified as having a hyperability to accumulate Ni, based on the fact that they contained more than 10 000 mg Ni per kg. Seven taxa were of the Alyssum genus and one of the Bornmuellera genus of Cruciferae. The highest Ni accumulation was present in aerial parts of Alyssum murale, var. chlorocarpum Hausskn (25 500 mg/kg or 2.5%) and Alyssum markgrafii O.E. Schulz (23 700mg/kg or 2.37%). These plants are suggested as the most promising species for phytoremediation and phytoextraction purposes.

29. Quantification of the liquidus surface of lime ferrite slags at several oxygen potentials.

Author

Kongoli F., Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03, McBow I., Yazawa A., Kongoli F., Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03, McBow I., and Yazawa A.

Abstract

Lime ferrite (calcium ferrite) slag has advantages in modern copper converting and smelting over conventional silicate slags including lower viscosity and higher magnetite solubility. However, the liquidus surface has been measured experimentally only at low oxygen potentials rather than at the intermediate values typical of process conditions, and the effects of oxygen potential and silica are not understood. In this work the liquidus surface is quantified by means of a new thermophysicochemical model and a new type of liquidus surface diagram is introduced. These diagrams can be used to select the lowest liquidus temperature of slags for minimum cost and can help design fluxing strategies. The effects of the oxygen potential and silica are also quantified., Lime ferrite (calcium ferrite) slag has advantages in modern copper converting and smelting over conventional silicate slags including lower viscosity and higher magnetite solubility. However, the liquidus surface has been measured experimentally only at low oxygen potentials rather than at the intermediate values typical of process conditions, and the effects of oxygen potential and silica are not understood. In this work the liquidus surface is quantified by means of a new thermophysicochemical model and a new type of liquidus surface diagram is introduced. These diagrams can be used to select the lowest liquidus temperature of slags for minimum cost and can help design fluxing strategies. The effects of the oxygen potential and silica are also quantified.

30. Effect of the oxygen potential on the viscosity of copper smelting slags.

Author

Kongoli F., Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03, Llubani S., McBow I., Kongoli F., Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03, Llubani S., and McBow I.

Abstract

Viscosity is an important parameter in copper smelting and converting processes. It affects, for example, the settling of matte or metal droplets in the slag and the distribution of elements. However, there is confusion over conflicting measured viscosity data of several authors, especially for slags of high ferric ion content and close to magnetite precipitation. Existing data on the viscosity of copper smelting slags have been reviewed and the effect of oxygen potential has been clarified through a coupled quantification of viscosity and liquidus temperature. It was found that an increase in the oxygen potential only slightly decreased the viscosity of the fully liquid slag, also that an increase of Fe/SiO2 ratio continuously decreases the viscosity of the fully liquid slag even at intermediate oxygen potentials and closer to magnetite precipitation. Work is continuing on a multicomponent predictive viscosity model., Viscosity is an important parameter in copper smelting and converting processes. It affects, for example, the settling of matte or metal droplets in the slag and the distribution of elements. However, there is confusion over conflicting measured viscosity data of several authors, especially for slags of high ferric ion content and close to magnetite precipitation. Existing data on the viscosity of copper smelting slags have been reviewed and the effect of oxygen potential has been clarified through a coupled quantification of viscosity and liquidus temperature. It was found that an increase in the oxygen potential only slightly decreased the viscosity of the fully liquid slag, also that an increase of Fe/SiO2 ratio continuously decreases the viscosity of the fully liquid slag even at intermediate oxygen potentials and closer to magnetite precipitation. Work is continuing on a multicomponent predictive viscosity model.

31. The potential of several plants for phytoremediation of nickel-contaminated soils and for nickel phytoextraction.

Author

Cullaj A., Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03, Hasko A., Kongoli F., Cullaj A., Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03, Hasko A., and Kongoli F.

Abstract

The potential has been investigated of many plants to accumulate nickel, in order to identify species which offer the best potential for phytoremediation of nickel-mining-contaminated serpentine soils in Albania. Field surveys have been made of five nickel-contaminated sites to identify plants that have spontaneously grown. Using atomic absorption spectrometry measurements on 145 plants, 16 species were identified as containing more than 10 000 mg Ni per kg dried weight. Seven are of the genus Alyssum and one of Bornmuellera. The highest accumulations found were 2.55% in Alyssum murale var. chlorocarpum Hausskn and Alyssum markgrafii O.E. Schulz with 2.37%. Seeds of five species were also assessed for germination potential; the highest was achieved for the A. murale variety with 63%. Cultivation of selected Alyssum genotypes can lead to adequate hyper-accumulation for phytoremediation of polluted soils and/or for commercial extraction of metal values., The potential has been investigated of many plants to accumulate nickel, in order to identify species which offer the best potential for phytoremediation of nickel-mining-contaminated serpentine soils in Albania. Field surveys have been made of five nickel-contaminated sites to identify plants that have spontaneously grown. Using atomic absorption spectrometry measurements on 145 plants, 16 species were identified as containing more than 10 000 mg Ni per kg dried weight. Seven are of the genus Alyssum and one of Bornmuellera. The highest accumulations found were 2.55% in Alyssum murale var. chlorocarpum Hausskn and Alyssum markgrafii O.E. Schulz with 2.37%. Seeds of five species were also assessed for germination potential; the highest was achieved for the A. murale variety with 63%. Cultivation of selected Alyssum genotypes can lead to adequate hyper-accumulation for phytoremediation of polluted soils and/or for commercial extraction of metal values.

32. Slags and fluxes in pyrometallurgical processes.

Author

Kongoli F., Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03, Kongoli F., and Yazawa international symposium held San Diego, California 02-Mar-0306-Mar-03

Abstract

Slags and fluxes can increase the efficiency of the smelting, converting and refining processes and improve the quality of the final products. A good slag should have appropriate physicochemical properties such as low liquidus temperature, optimal viscosity, maximum ability to attract undesirable elements, and minimum ability to attract desirable elements. A good flux, properly used, can improve the physicochemical properties of the slag, since by modifying its chemical composition it could decrease the liquidus temperature and improve viscosity. However, the properties of multicomponent slags and the effects of fluxes are mostly known only empirically and confusion exists in the literature and industrial practice. Quantification of the thermophysicochemical properties is important in the design of modern smelting and converting processes. Recent work in this area is reviewed and it is shown how some fluxes can become "anti-fluxes" when used outside the correct context. Pitfalls in the use and interpretation of new sorts of phase diagrams and in measurement of the liquidus temperature, and the importance of the oxygen potential, are all discussed., Slags and fluxes can increase the efficiency of the smelting, converting and refining processes and improve the quality of the final products. A good slag should have appropriate physicochemical properties such as low liquidus temperature, optimal viscosity, maximum ability to attract undesirable elements, and minimum ability to attract desirable elements. A good flux, properly used, can improve the physicochemical properties of the slag, since by modifying its chemical composition it could decrease the liquidus temperature and improve viscosity. However, the properties of multicomponent slags and the effects of fluxes are mostly known only empirically and confusion exists in the literature and industrial practice. Quantification of the thermophysicochemical properties is important in the design of modern smelting and converting processes. Recent work in this area is reviewed and it is shown how some fluxes can become "anti-fluxes" when used outside the correct context. Pitfalls in the use and interpretation of new sorts of phase diagrams and in measurement of the liquidus temperature, and the importance of the oxygen potential, are all discussed.

33. Composition and characteristics of slags from continuous converting of copper matte and concentrate.

Author

Tsymbulov L., Kongoli F., McBow I., Pigarev S., Tsymbulov L., Kongoli F., McBow I., and Pigarev S.

Abstract

Results are presented of an investigation into the slags obtained in a newly developed process of continuous converting to blister copper of a mixture of Ni-containing copper matte and concentrates. X-ray, SEM, EPMA and other methods were used to obtain the results. The slags are within the FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-Cu2O-NiO system and are found to be prone to saturate trevorite (NiFe2O4)-based spinels whose content depends significantly on the consumption of fluxing components and on changes of total concentration in the slag of (Fe+Ni) and (SiO2+CaO). It is found that these slags are homogeneous in the range of SiO2/CaO ratios from 0.25 to 1.0 under the condition that (Fe+Ni) total concentrations in slag are 25-27%. It is shown that the dependence of the liquidus temperature on the SiO2/CaO ratio is characterised by a minimum at 1 325 degrees C with SiO2/CaO of 2. It is determined that the increase in the slag liquidus temperature reaches the maximum (1 330 degrees C) with Cu content in matte of 60%. It is demonstrated that Cu in these slags is mainly present in a soluble form and that Cu dissolved in a silicate melt is present both in association with oxygen (oxide solubility) and outside this association (metallic solubility). Based on the obtained results, several guiding, practical industrial conclusions are drawn for a successful operation of a new continuous process., Results are presented of an investigation into the slags obtained in a newly developed process of continuous converting to blister copper of a mixture of Ni-containing copper matte and concentrates. X-ray, SEM, EPMA and other methods were used to obtain the results. The slags are within the FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-Cu2O-NiO system and are found to be prone to saturate trevorite (NiFe2O4)-based spinels whose content depends significantly on the consumption of fluxing components and on changes of total concentration in the slag of (Fe+Ni) and (SiO2+CaO). It is found that these slags are homogeneous in the range of SiO2/CaO ratios from 0.25 to 1.0 under the condition that (Fe+Ni) total concentrations in slag are 25-27%. It is shown that the dependence of the liquidus temperature on the SiO2/CaO ratio is characterised by a minimum at 1 325 degrees C with SiO2/CaO of 2. It is determined that the increase in the slag liquidus temperature reaches the maximum (1 330 degrees C) with Cu content in matte of 60%. It is demonstrated that Cu in these slags is mainly present in a soluble form and that Cu dissolved in a silicate melt is present both in association with oxygen (oxide solubility) and outside this association (metallic solubility). Based on the obtained results, several guiding, practical industrial conclusions are drawn for a successful operation of a new continuous process.

35. Investigation of the potential of several plants for phytoremediation of nickel contaminated soils and for nickel phytoextraction.

Author

Cullaj, A., Hasko, A., McBow, I., and Kongoli, F.

Subjects
*PHYTOREMEDIATION, *NICKEL in soils, *SOIL remediation, *SOIL pollution, *HEAVY metals, *BIOREMEDIATION, *INDUSTRIAL sites, *BIOTECHNOLOGY, *ENVIRONMENTAL protection
Abstract

Several industrial sites suffer from the contamination of soils from heavy metals, which are emitted among others by anthropogenic mining and metallurgical activities. Effective and economic physicochemical technologies for remediation of these sites remain complicated and costly. A new alternative remediation technique is the so-called phytoremediation. This is based on the ability of some plants to accumulate very high concentrations of metals from soils and thus providing the basis for a remediation of the contaminated sites. This technique as an emerging branch of natural biotechnology, has several advantages compared to the sophisticated physicochemical techniques of soil remediation. It is not only environmentally friendly but also its costs are quite low since it is solar driven. Furthermore plants can accumulate metals to such levels that the mineral recovery maybe feasible even in conventional Ni refinery or smelting operations. In this work, the potential of many plants to accumulate nickel has been investigated in order to identify the species which offer the best phytoremedial potential for nickel contaminated soils in Albania. Field surveys have been made in five nickel-containing sites in order to identify the nickel tolerant species that have spontaneously grown in contaminated soils. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry measurements were carried out on 145 different plants collected. 16 of them were identified as having an hyper ability to accumulate nickel since they contained more than 10 000mg Ni per kg (DW). Seven taxa are of Alyssum genus and one of Bornmuellera genus of Cruciferae. The highest accumulation of nickel was present in aerial parts of Alyssum murale var. chlorocarpum Hausskn (25 500mg/kg or 2.5%) and Alyssum markgrafii O.E. Schulz (23 700mg/kg or 2.37%). The seeds germinated are more evidenced at A.m. var. chlorocarpum, about 63%. These plants are suggested as the most promising species to be used for phytoremediation purposes in nickel contaminated soils and phytoextraction of nickel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004

36. Re-use of muds from glazing and pressing lines of ceramic tile industry in wall and floor type formulations

Author

Kara, Alpagut, Kayacı, Burcu, Kayacı, Kaan, Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kara, Alpagut, and Kayacı, Kaan

Subjects
Floor Tile, Wall Tile, Mud, Microstructure, Fast Firing
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241785700044, Turkey is the fifth biggest ceramic tile exporter in the world. Considering the expectation that the Turkish tile sector continues to expand, further studies both on the improvement and the development of tile formulations are necessary in order to make the producers advantaged in the world market while maintaining the capital and running costs at reasonably competitive levels as well. In addition to such studies, waste management in tile manufacturing has also recently become an important issue. Accordingly, the industrial use of wastes in the traditional ceramic industry has been intensively investigated in the recent years. This work describes part of a detailed research project carried out jointly on the possible re-use of muds (raw production waste) from glazing and pressing lines of a local tile company in the development of new wall and floor tile formulations. In order to achieve this, the waste material was firstly investigated in function of chemical and mineralogical compositions. Then, the particular focus was given to the presence of the waste material in increasing amounts on the thermal behaviour and physicomechanical properties of the re-formulated tile bodies. During the studies, SEM in combination with EDS, and thermal analysis techniques such as non-contact dilatometry were widely employed. The results indicated that it was possible to use the waste materials in the commercial tile production without deteriorating the relevant technological properties., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

37. Desulfurization in the ladle furnace using industrial slags

Author

Geveci, Ahmet, Keskinkilic, Ender, Topkaya, Yavuz Ali, Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, and Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi

Subjects
steelmaking, desulfurization, industrial slags
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241814600025, Generally accepted formula related to sulfur slag-metal distribution ratio is given by the following equation: [GRAPHICS] According to the above equation it can be deduced that sulfur distribution between slag and metal is governed mainly by metal composition (f(s) term), slag composition (slag basicity and in turn sulfide capacity), oxygen potential of the system (f(s) term) and temperature (related to equilibrium constant, K). In this study, the results of ladle furnace operations conducted in Erdemir-Iron and Steel Works Co. (Turkey) in relation to sulfur removal, have been given. Typical ladle furnace slag analyses of 4937K quality steel have been presented. Activity coefficient of FetO, gamma(FetO), have been calculated with the relation obtained from the literature. Activity calculations have been performed with the program written in Mathcad. The changes in activity of FetO in the slag phase, a(FetO), have also been studied in relation to the sulfur removal: The relation between % Decrease a (FetO) and %DeS (measured) have been investigated for 4937K runs and some other types of steel produced in the Erdemir Plant. Related to ladle operations %desulfurization defined as [(%(S) under bar (initial) - %(S) under bar (final))/%(S) under bar (initial)]*100 values have been presented for different steel qualities., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

38. Usage of aluminum dross for slag treatment in secondary steelmaking to decrease amount of reducible oxides in ladle furnace

Author

Geveci, Ahmet, Aydemir, Onur, Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, and Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi

Subjects
slag treatment, aluminum dross, steelmaking
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241814600029, In this work it is aimed to assess the plant analytical data which appeared during efforts to decrease the effect of carry-over slag (basic oxygen furnace slag) that can not be prevented to leak during tapping of steel in the ladles. While the amount changes, carry-over slag that escaped to ladle, consists of appreciable amount of reducible oxides ("FetO" and MnO) which act as oxygen source for steel bath. By using aluminum dross, containing %30-35 metallic aluminum, which is a non-recoverable process outcome (discard) for most of the aluminum factories, slag reduction behavior will be analyzed together with other parameters such as reaction time, initial amount of total Fe+MnO, amount of reducing agent and reducing effect of soluble aluminum in steel bath while obtaining a slag composition which promotes higher desulphurization capacity and inclusion removal for liquid steel., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

39. Utilizing of borax solid wast es in roof tile and brick bodies

Author

Kaya, Güray, Karasu, Bekir, Karacaoğlu, Erkul, Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Bölümü, and Karasu, Bekir

Subjects
Characterization, Borax Solid Wastes, Utilizing, Recycling, Roof File And Brick Bodies
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241785700049, Boron minerals are widely employed in various fields such as ceramic, glass, cement, metallurgy, etc. Although boron deposits of the world are limited, the production level of boron-based products is continuously increased. Turkiye possesses approximately 73% of total world boron resources. Etibor Kirka Borax Company of Turkiye produces tincal concentrates and borax pentahydratcs. During such productions considerable amounts of concentration and derivation wastes appear. Having considered the increased rate of production it is quite obvious that the level of relevant wastes will also be raised. With this study it was aimed to utilize these wastes in roof tile and brick bodies and to convert them into a form environmentally and human friendly. Newly produced products were undergone to several standard tests for the determination of their shrinkage, water absorption, strength values and coloring parameters. Additionally, micro structural studies were conducted., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

40. Using de-watering sieve waste of borax to enhance the properties of floor tile

Author

Kurama, Semra, Kara, Alpagut, Kurama, H., Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kurama, Semra, and Kara, Alpagut

Subjects
Borax Waste, Floor Tile, Recycling
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241809100038, Incorporation of de-watering sieve waste of borax (TSW) from Etibor Kirka Borax Company (Turkey) on the mechanical and physical properties of a commercial floor tile composition was investigated. In order to achieve this aim, TSW was partially employed in place of feldspar in the standard composition up to 20 wt %. The formulated compositions were wet milled, dried, shaped and then fired at 1190 degrees C for a total firing time of 38 minutes (from cold to cold) under industrial conditions. It was found that using of TSW up to 15 wt % improved the physical and mechanical properties of final product. The results indicated a good prospect for TSW as a co-flux in floor tile formulations., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

41. Utilization of refractory brick wastes in concrete production as aggregates

Author

Kavas, Taner, Karasu, Bekir, Arslan, Zlenr, Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Bölümü, and Karasu, Bekir

Subjects
Aggregate, Refractory Brick Waste, Thermomechanical Properties, Mechanical Properties
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241809100043, The refractory bricks of a rotary cement furnace containing of alumina and magnesium chromite were studied in order to determine whether they could be used in the concrete production as aggregates. Three mortars were prepared by mixing 1 part cement, 3 part aggregate materials, 0.5 part water by weight and mechanical, chemical, thermomechanical and microstructural characteristics were evaluated. The compressive and bending strength of samples were determined after 2 and 28 days curing. Resistance to chemicals were established by calculating the weight gain of mortars stored in 2 % HCl solution for 1 h and 24 h. Thermomechanical characteristics were determined by measuring the compressive strength of heat treated specimens at temperatures of 400 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 800 degrees C. Consequently, magnesium chromite containing waste brick aggregates have given the best results., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

42. Usability of industrial ashes in cement production as pozzolanic materials

Author

Kavas, Taner, Karasu, Bekir, Arslan, Özlem, Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Bölümü, and Karasu, Bekir

Subjects
Properties, Ash, Cementitious Paste
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241785700046, In the present study the utilization of coal ashes that appear at the end of firing process of brick production in cement pastes was examined. Ashes with three different particle sizes of 75 gm, 106 pm and 150 gm were used to replace ordinary Portland cement (PC) as 5 % and 15 % by weight. Seven samples were prepared and physical, mechanical, chemical and microstructural analyses were carried out. The compressive and bending strength values of samples were determined at the ages of 2, 7 and 28 days. It was found that cementitious pastes with finer particle sizes possessed the highest compressive and bending strength values at all curing ages. Both values after 2 and 7 days cure increased with an increase in ash content, no matter what the particle sizes of ashes were. However, strength decreased after 28 days cure as a result of ash addition of 15 %, although it was still above that of the PC., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

43. Use of borax solid wastes in diopside based glass-ceramic floor tile glazes

Author

Karasu, Bekir, Kaya, Güray, Özdemir, Özge, Kongoli, F, Reddy, RG, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Bölümü, and Karasu, Bekir

Subjects
Opaque Floor Tile Glazes, Characterization, Borax Solid Wastes, Evaluation
Abstract

Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials -- AUG 27-31, 2006 -- San Diego, CA, WOS: 000241785700048, Boron raw materials are amongst the most important natural sources for many industrial branches and their values become increasingly raised with the discovery of boron usage in many new technological fields. All the countries in the world are unfortunately not as lucky as Turkiye and USA where major boron deposits are mainly located. It is widely known fact that on one side, boron is very precious component with its technological importance, on the other; only its limited sources are available. Therefore, even its wastes have to be evaluated and regained. In the present work wastes of Etibor Kirka Borax Company of Turkiye were used in the production of opaque frits which was suitable for floor tile glazes. Standard and newly produced frit based glazes were applied on the pre-engobed floor tile bodies and single firing was employed. Final products were examined according to the certain standard tests and their microstructurcs were also investigated. All the results confirmed the evaluation of boron wastes in opaque floor tile glazes., Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Acad Mexicana Ciencias Mat, Amer Foundry Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, APMI Int, ASM Int, Asociac Argentina Mat, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Austrian Soc Met & Mat, Beijing Gen Res Inst Min & Met, Benelux Met, Brazilian Assoc Mat & Met, Brunei Darussalam Inst Chem, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Chem Soc Pakistan, Chem Soc Peru, Chilean Chem Soc, Chinese Soc Met, Cobalt Dev Inst, Colegio Ingenieros Chile, CSIRO, Czech Soc New Mat & Technologies, Danish Ceram Soc, Danish Chem Soc, Danish Met Soc, Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Engn Conf Int, Eurometaux, European Ceram Soc, Federat European Mat Soc, Georgian Ceram Soc, German Soc Min, Met, Resource & Environm Technol, Gintsvetmet Inst, Gipronickel Inst, JS, Hellen Ceram Soc, Indian Inst Met, Inst Nonferrous & Rare Met, Inst Mat Engn Australasian, Inst Mat, Minerals & Min, Inst Met & Technol, Inst NonFerrous Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Integrated Chemists Philippines, Int Aluminium Inst, Int Energy Fdn, Int Lead Zinc Res Org Inc, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Israel Chem Soc, Japan Inst Met, Jordanian Chem Soc, Korean Acad Sci & Technol, Korean Chem Soc, Korean Inst Chem Engineers, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Malaysian Inst Chem, Mat Res Soc, Mat Soc Portugal, Met Sco CIM, Min Engn Int, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Nonferrous Met Soc China, N Amer Thermal Anal Soc, Polish Assoc Met Engineers & Technicians, Portugese Chem Soc, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Ceram Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Chimie, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Royal Chimie, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, Soc Chem Engn Japan, S African Inst Min & Met, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, Technol Inst VZW, Amer Ceram Soc, Chem Soc Thailand, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Canadian Min Journal, Ferrous Met Journal, Ind Minerals, Journal Tech Elect Mat, Magnesium Monthly Review, Mat Engn News, Mineral & Met Proc, Mineral Proc Journal, Min Journal, Nonferrous Met Journal, Ore & Met Publishing House, European Journal Min Proc & Environm Protect, Ausmelt, FLOGEN Technologies Inc, Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Korea Zinc Co Ltd, LS Nikko Copper, Outokumpu Technol, Posco, Umicore Precious Met Refining, Xstrata Technol

Published
2006

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