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Objectives: To determine the effect of 1-h education session, compared with no education, on physiotherapists' (PTs) inter-rater reliability in two lumbar spine motor control tests (MCTs): waiter's bow (WB) and sitting knee extension (SKE). To determine whether reliability at baseline and the effect of education are affected by PT's clinical experience, knowledge and experience of MCTs, and post-graduate education in manual therapy.Design: Randomized controlled trial.Participants: 54 PTs. Intervention: The experimental group (EG) took part in a 1-h group education session. Control group (CG) had no intervention.Measurements: At baseline and after EG had completed the education session, therapists rated 40 SKE and 40 WB video recordings.Analysis: Changes in Fleiss' kappa were compared between groups. Differences >0.1 in kappa values were considered meaningful. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of therapist's characteristics on inter -rater reliability at baseline and changes in inter-rater reliability.Results: Education had significant and meaningful effect on reliability compared with no education. WB kappa values improved from 0.36 to 0.63 in the experimental group and from .39 to .46 in the control group. SKE kappa values improved from .50 to .71 in the EG and from 0.49 to 0.57 in the CG. None of PTs' characteristics affected reliability at baseline or education effects.Conclusion: The effect of 1-h group education session for physiotherapists on inter-rater reliability in MCTs is significant and meaningful. Provision of education for PTs in performing observational tests would improve inter-rater reliability, resulting in improved treatment planning and outcome evaluation.

Dieren kunnen ziekteverwekkers bij zich dragen waar mensen ook ziek van kunnen worden. De ziekten die hierdoor worden veroorzaakt, noemen we zoönosen. In 2021 onderzochten het RIVM, de NVWA en WFSR (Wageningen Food Safety Research) hoe vaak een aantal van deze ziekteverwekkers voorkwamen bij melkvee op 185 Nederlandse melkveebedrijven. Ook hebben 107 melkveehouders, gezinsleden en medewerkers aan dit onderzoek meegedaan om te kijken of zij deze ziekteverwekkers ook bij zich dragen. Bij de onderzochte koeien en kalveren komen een aantal ziekteverwekkers vaak voor. Ze zitten in de darmen van de dieren en dus ook in de mest. Melk kan tijdens het melken in aanraking komen met mest en op die manier besmet raken. Mensen kunnen de kans op een besmetting verkleinen door geen rauwe melk of rauwe melkproducten, zoals kaas, te consumeren. Het vlees kan tijdens de slacht besmet raken. Het is daarom belangrijk om rundvlees goed gaar te eten. Het RIVM heeft gekeken of dezelfde ziekteverwekkers in de ontlasting of in de neus van deze mensen voorkwamen. De meeste van deze ziekteverwekkers veroorzaken bij mensen diarree, maar soms kunnen infecties ernstiger verlopen. Daarnaast is er naar ESBL-producerende bacteriën en MRSA gekeken, omdat belangrijke groepen antibiotica daar niet tegen werken. Van de onderzochte ziekteverwekkers kwam Campylobacter het meest voor bij het melkvee: op 91 procent van de bedrijven. Bij de veehouders en gezinsleden werd Campylobacter bij 1 persoon gevonden. Het hoge percentage bij de dieren is dus niet direct terug te zien bij de veehouders. Daarnaast kwamen de Listeria en STEC-bacteriën regelmatig voor bij melkvee; namelijk op 34 procent (Listeria) en 21 procent (STEC) van de bedrijven. Twee deelnemers van de veehouders en gezinsleden droegen Listeria bij zich en één deelnemer STEC. ESBL-producerende bacteriën zijn op 8 procent van de bedrijven gevonden en bij 3 deelnemers. Het percentage bij de deelnemers is ongeveer hetzelfde als bij de Nederlands

Anthropogenic hydrologic alternations are a threat to flood dependent wetland ecosystems like The Mara Wetland in Tanzania, which plays an important role in regulating the quality, timing and magnitude of the flow of water into Lake Victoria and provides natural resources and habitat for a variety of species. Baseline information on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the seasonal inundation is critical to manage potential threats such as dam construction and local climate change, but is challenging to acquire due to the heterogeneity of the landscape caused by the interspersion of open water and emergent vegetation. In this study, intra- and inter-annual inundation pattern of the Mara Wetland are reproduced for 2017–2019 using remotely sensed data. A Random Forest (RF) algorithm is trained bi-seasonally, using eight Sentinel-2 bands, five water- and vegetation-indices and a Digital Surface Model (DSM) to classify the land cover of the wetland region in a semi-automated way, by processing a total of 73 Sentinel-2 scenes based on wet- and dry-state training images for 2017. The scenes are classified into seven classes; three wetland- and four dryland-classes. The overall classification accuracy achieved (based on an independent validation set) is 98.6%. The inundation extents are used in combination with available hydrological field-data to estimate the water balance. The seasonal expansion and contraction of the wetland follows a consistent bi-modal regime, and the results from the water balance affirm the importance of river-flow during the dry-season and local precipitation for the seasonal fluctuations in water-availability.

RIVM rapport:Dieren kunnen ziekteverwekkers bij zich dragen waar mensen ook ziek van kunnen worden. De ziekten die hierdoor worden veroorzaakt, noemen we zoönosen. In 2021 onderzochten het RIVM, de NVWA en WFSR (Wageningen Food Safety Research) hoe vaak een aantal van deze ziekteverwekkers voorkwamen bij melkvee op 185 Nederlandse melkveebedrijven. Ook hebben 107 melkveehouders, gezinsleden en medewerkers aan dit onderzoek meegedaan om te kijken of zij deze ziekteverwekkers ook bij zich dragen. Bij de onderzochte koeien en kalveren komen een aantal ziekteverwekkers vaak voor. Ze zitten in de darmen van de dieren en dus ook in de mest. Melk kan tijdens het melken in aanraking komen met mest en op die manier besmet raken. Mensen kunnen de kans op een besmetting verkleinen door geen rauwe melk of rauwe melkproducten, zoals kaas, te consumeren. Het vlees kan tijdens de slacht besmet raken. Het is daarom belangrijk om rundvlees goed gaar te eten. Het RIVM heeft gekeken of dezelfde ziekteverwekkers in de ontlasting of in de neus van deze mensen voorkwamen. De meeste van deze ziekteverwekkers veroorzaken bij mensen diarree, maar soms kunnen infecties ernstiger verlopen. Daarnaast is er naar ESBL-producerende bacteriën en MRSA gekeken, omdat belangrijke groepen antibiotica daar niet tegen werken. Van de onderzochte ziekteverwekkers kwam Campylobacter het meest voor bij het melkvee: op 91 procent van de bedrijven. Bij de veehouders en gezinsleden werd Campylobacter bij 1 persoon gevonden. Het hoge percentage bij de dieren is dus niet direct terug te zien bij de veehouders. Daarnaast kwamen de Listeria en STEC-bacteriën regelmatig voor bij melkvee; namelijk op 34 procent (Listeria) en 21 procent (STEC) van de bedrijven. Twee deelnemers van de veehouders en gezinsleden droegen Listeria bij zich en één deelnemer STEC. ESBL-producerende bacteriën zijn op 8 procent van de bedrijven gevonden en bij 3 deelnemers. Het percentage bij de deelnemers is ongeveer hetzelfde als bij de Nederlandse bevo, Animals can carry pathogens that can also cause disease in humans. Such diseases are known as zoonoses. In 2021, RIVM, the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit, NVWA) and WFSR (Wageningen Food Safety Research) investigated how regularly some of these pathogens occur in dairy cattle. This study involved dairy cattle at 185 Dutch dairy farms as well as 107 livestock farmers, family members and employees. A number of pathogens occur frequently on the investigated dairy cattle farms. They are present in the animals’ intestines and therefore end up in the manure as well. Dairy can become contaminated during milking when it comes into contact with manure. Humans can lower the risk of infection by not consuming raw milk or raw milk products, such as cheese. Meat can become contaminated during slaughter. It is therefore important to only eat beef that has been thoroughly cooked. RIVM assessed whether the same pathogens also occurred in the faeces or nose of the investigated persons. Most of these pathogens usually cause diarrhoea in humans, but the infections can sometimes be more severe. RIVM also tested for the presence of bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as these bacteria are resistant to important groups of antibiotics. Of the investigated pathogens, Campylobacter was found most frequently, namely in dairy cattle on 91% of the farms. Among livestock farmers and family members, Campylobacter was found in 1 person. The high percentage of Campylobacter in animals is not reflected in the farmers. In addition, Listeria and shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria were found regularly in dairy cattle, namely on 34% (Listeria) and 21% (STEC) of the dairy cattle farms. Two human participants carried Listeria and one participant carried STEC. ESBL-producing bacteria were found on 8% of the dairy cattle farms and in 3 human partici

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: Low back pain is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Exercise therapy is widely recommended to treat persistent non-specific low back pain. While evidence suggests exercise is, on average, moderately effective, there remains uncertainty about which individuals might benefit the most from exercise. METHODS: In parallel with a Cochrane review update, we requested individual participant data (IPD) from high-quality randomised clinical trials of adults with our two primary outcomes of interest, pain and functional limitations, and calculated global recovery. We compiled a master data set including baseline participant characteristics, exercise and comparison characteristics, and outcomes at short-term, moderate-term and long-term follow-up. We conducted descriptive analyses and one-stage IPD meta-analysis using multilevel mixed-effects regression of the overall treatment effect and prespecified potential treatment effect modifiers. RESULTS: We received IPD for 27 trials (3514 participants). For studies included in this analysis, compared with no treatment/usual care, exercise therapy on average reduced pain (mean effect/100 (95% CI) -10.7 (-14.1 to -7.4)), a result compatible with a clinically important 20% smallest worthwhile effect. Exercise therapy reduced functional limitations with a clinically important 23% improvement (mean effect/100 (95% CI) -10.2 (-13.2 to -7.3)) at short-term follow-up. Not having heavy physical demands at work and medication use for low back pain were potential treatment effect modifiers-these were associated with superior exercise outcomes relative to non-exercise comparisons. Lower body mass index was also associated with better outcomes in exercise compared with no treatment/usual care. This study was limited by inconsistent availability and measurement of participant characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides potentially useful information to help treat patients and design future studies of exercise inte

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Spider mites are one of the most challenging pests in the greenhouse, and their management is more and more challenging due to resistance to pesticides. Spider mites prefer young leaves at the outer canopy, stay at the bottom of leaves, and can crawl to nearby plants. Typical symptoms are small yellow and white spots on the upper side of the leaf due to chlorophyll depletion, leading to bronzing of the leaves. The challenge is to detect the spider mite damage in an early stage, as it is hardly possible to detect the actual spider mites underneath the leaves. Based on a structured requirement list, the following camera systems were identified as detection system candidates. Three multispectral cameras and one RGB camera were further investigated in the research. A lab study with hyperspectral imaging was performed that identified discriminating wavebands between healthy and diseased leaves. The wavebands 700, 716 and 747 nm were selected and used in the multispectral systems. Using Fisher LDA, accuracies up to 0.88 could be reached at pixel level with these multispectral cameras. However, none of the setups could meet the spatial resolution to detect spider mite damage at early stage on the leaves. Second step was to perform color image analysis. An identical accuracy of 0.88 with sufficient spatial resolution was reached. Based on these results, a high resolution RGB camera was mounted on a measurement cart. Experiments were performed in a greenhouse compartment with an ongoing spider mite damage infestation in a tomato crop. The results show the automated pipeline for spider mite damage detection in a time series of four recordings over three months, having an accuracy of 0.90. Heat maps of the infestation rate are presented to the grower and are used for input in models for integrated pest management and to support the decision on the release of beneficial insects.

In dit onderzoek is de invloed van explanation prompts in een samenwerkingstaak op de leerling prestaties en het competentiegevoel van groep 7/8 leerlingen onderzocht. Explanation prompts zijn hints die leerlingen stimuleren om elkaar uitleg te geven. 138 leerlingen hebben in tweetallen een wereldoriëntatietaak over Tanzania gemaakt. De helft van de leerlingen werd toegewezen aan de EP-groep en maakte de taak met explanation prompts. De andere helft van de leerlingen werd toegewezen aan de controlegroep en maakte de taak zonder explanation prompts. Zowel voorafgaand als na het maken van de taak hebben de leerlingen individueel een toets gemaakt over Tanzania. Daarnaast hebben de leerlingen een vragenlijst ingevuld over hun competentiegevoel met betrekking tot het maken van de taak. De resultaten wijzen uit dat de explanation prompts de leerling prestaties verhogen, indien de leerlingen alle prompts hadden uitgevoerd. De prompts hadden daarentegen geen invloed op het competentiegevoel van de leerlingen. Voor de praktijk betekent dit dat ontwerpers van samenwerkingstaken prompts zouden kunnen toevoegen, om het leren groep 7/8 leerlingen te stimuleren. Vervolgonderzoek zou de invloed van de prompts kunnen verklaren door na te gaan hoe de prompts de interactiepatronen tussen leerlingen beïnvloeden.

Introduction: Changes in movement variability and complexity may reflect an adaptation strategy to fatigue. One unresolved question is whether this adaptation is hampered by the presence of low back pain (LBP). This study investigated if changes in movement variability and complexity after fatigue are influenced by the presence of LBP. It is hypothesised that pain free people and people suffering from LBP differ in their response to fatigue. Methods: The effect of an isometric endurance test on lumbar movement was tested in 27 pain free participants and 59 participants suffering from LBP. Movement variability and complexity were quantified with %determinism and sample entropy of lumbar angular displacement and velocity. Generalized linear models were fitted for each outcome. Bayesian estimation of the group-fatigue effect with 95% highest posterior density intervals (95%HPDI) was performed. Results: After fatiguing %determinism decreased and sample entropy increased in the pain free group, compared to the LBP group. The corresponding group-fatigue effects were 3.7 (95%HPDI: 2.3-7.1) and -1.4 (95%HPDI: -2.7 to -0.1). These effects manifested in angular velocity, but not in angular displacement. Discussion: The effects indicate that pain free participants showed more complex and less predictable lumbar movement with a lower degree of structure in its variability following fatigue while participants suffering from LBP did not. This may be physiological responses to avoid overload of fatigued tissue, increase endurance, or a consequence of reduced movement control caused by fatigue.