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1. A 2000-year record of arsenic variability from a South Pole ice core

Author

Korotkikh, Elena V., Mayewski, Paul A., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Maasch, Kirk, Simoes, Jefferson C., Handley, Michael J., Sneed, Sharon B., Dixon, Daniel A., and Potocki, Mariusz

Subjects
Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

Using a South Pole ice core covering the last ~2050 years we present a high-resolution (4-27 samples/year), continuous record of natural and anthropogenic arsenic (As) deposition. Our results show that volcanic emissions (notably from Mt. Erebus) are a significant source of As for South Pole, and human activities potentially contributed to As deposition as early as 225 C.E. The most significant anthropogenic source As enrichment in the record, starting in 1975 C.E., is linked to increased copper production in Chile and at least partially to coal combustion from throughout the Southern Hemisphere. East and West Antarctic ice core delivered deposition differences are a result of differences in the atmospheric circulation patterns that transport As to these regions., Comment: 23 pages (including Supporting information)

Published
2019

2. Seasonal variability in a 1600 year-long ice core chemical record, Pamir Mountains, Central Asia

Author

Rodda, Charles, Mayewski, Paul, Kurbatov, Andrei, Aizen, Elena, Aizen, Vladimir, Korotkikh, Elena, Takeuchi, Nozomu, Fujita, Koji, Kawamura, Kenji, and Tsushima, Akane

Subjects
Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

Targeted ultra-high resolution Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of an ice core drilled in the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia (CA) records changes in seasonal patterns of atmospheric circulation and moisture delivery to CA over the past 1600 years. Fe, Ca, and Mg signals in the LNC3 Pamir ice core reflect variable delivery of these elements during the pre-Medieval Warm Period (pre-MWP), Medieval Warm Period (MWP), and during the onset of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in CA. During the pre-MWP, hiatuses between dust seasons are observed due to a lengthened accumulation season, and dust delivery limited to a short period at the end of the accumulation season when modern summer-style northerly airflow occurred. During the MWP, dust delivery to CA decreased, though Fe-intensity in the core indicates episodic northerly air incursion. By the onset of the LIA, dust availability increased due to regional drying and strengthening winds, and strong westerlies blocked meridional flow reducing Fe-rich dust input from the north. CA has experienced recent warming, desiccation, weakening winds, and glacier loss. Major climate circulation drivers (Westerlies, Icelandic Low, Siberian High) continue to display LIA-style patterns, and annual temperatures are approaching those of the MWP. While none of the preceding climate periods in CA history can serve as an absolute wholesale proxy for conditions that are likely to prevail in the near future continued Northern Hemisphere westerlies weakening in a changing climate may enhance meridional flow and bring more moisture into the Aral Sea catchment from the Arctic., Comment: 19 pages, 6297 words (including references)

Published
2019

6. The Ross Sea Dipole – temperature, snow accumulation and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, over the past 2700 years

Author

Bertler, Nancy AN, Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B, Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T, Lee, James E, Brook, Ed J, Severinghaus, Jeffrey P, Fudge, Taylor J, Keller, Elizabeth D, Baisden, W Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard CA, Neff, Peter D, Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A, Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A, Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Edwin D, Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J, Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G, Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja, Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R, Haines, Skylar, Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L, Hogan, Chad M, Johnson, Katelyn M, Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P, Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M, Menking, James A, Naish, Timothy R, Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C, Pyne, Alexander R, Pyne, Rebecca L, Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P, Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B, Steig, Eric J, Tuohy, Andrea, Venugopal, Abhijith Ulayottil, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A, Winton, V Holly L, Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, and Zhang, Xin

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Geology, Climate Action, Paleontology, Climate change science
Abstract

Abstract. High-resolution, well-dated climate archives provide anopportunity to investigate the dynamic interactions of climate patternsrelevant for future projections. Here, we present data from a new, annuallydated ice core record from the eastern Ross Sea, named the Roosevelt IslandClimate Evolution (RICE) ice core. Comparison of this record with climatereanalysis data for the 1979–2012 interval shows that RICE reliably capturestemperature and snow precipitation variability in the region. Trends over thepast 2700 years in RICE are shown to be distinct from those in WestAntarctica and the western Ross Sea captured by other ice cores. For most ofthis interval, the eastern Ross Sea was warming (or showing isotopicenrichment for other reasons), with increased snow accumulation and perhapsdecreased sea ice concentration. However, West Antarctica cooled and thewestern Ross Sea showed no significant isotope temperature trend. Thispattern here is referred to as the Ross Sea Dipole. Notably, during theLittle Ice Age, West Antarctica and the western Ross Sea experienced colderthan average temperatures, while the eastern Ross Sea underwent a period ofwarming or increased isotopic enrichment. From the 17th century onwards, thisdipole relationship changed. All three regions show current warming, withsnow accumulation declining in West Antarctica and the eastern Ross Sea butincreasing in the western Ross Sea. We interpret this pattern as reflectingan increase in sea ice in the eastern Ross Sea with perhaps the establishmentof a modern Roosevelt Island polynya as a local moisture source for RICE.

Published
2018

7. The Ross Sea Dipole – Temperature, Snow Accumulation and Sea Ice Variability in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, over the Past 2,700 Years

Author

Bertler, Nancy AN, Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B, Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T, Lee, James E, Brook, Ed J, Severinghaus, Jeffrey P, Fudge, Taylor J, Keller, Elizabeth D, Baisden, W Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard CA, Neff, Peter D, Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A, Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A, Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Ed D, Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J, Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G, Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja A, Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R, Haines, Skylar A, Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L, Hogan, Chad M, Johnson, Katelyn M, Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P, Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M, Menking, James A, Naish, Timothy R, Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C, Pyne, Alexander R, Pyne, Rebecca L, Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P, Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B, Steig, Eric J, Tuohy, Andrea, Venugopal, Abhijith Ulayottil, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A, Winton, Victoria HL, Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, and Zhang, Xin

Subjects
Climate Action
Abstract

Abstract. High-resolution, well-dated climate archives provide an opportunity to investigate the dynamic interactions of climate patterns relevant for future projections. Here, we present data from a new, annually-dated ice core record from the eastern Ross Sea. Comparison of the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) ice core records with climate reanalysis data for the 1979–2012 calibration period shows that RICE records reliably capture temperature and snow precipitation variability of the region. RICE is compared with data from West Antarctica (West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core) and the western (Talos Dome) and eastern (Siple Dome) Ross Sea. For most of the past 2,700 years, the eastern Ross Sea was warming with perhaps increased snow accumulation and decreased sea ice extent. However, West Antarctica cooled whereas the western Ross Sea showed no significant temperature trend. From the 17th Century onwards, this relationship changes. All three regions now show signs of warming, with snow accumulation declining in West Antarctica and the eastern Ross Sea, but increasing in the western Ross Sea. Analysis of decadal to centennial-scale climate variability superimposed on the longer term trend reveal that periods characterised by opposing temperature trends between the Eastern and Western Ross Sea have occurred since the 3rd Century but are masked by longer-term trends. This pattern here is referred to as the Ross Sea Dipole, caused by a sensitive response of the region to dynamic interactions of the Southern Annual Mode and tropical forcings.

Published
2017

8. Alpine ice and the annual political economy of the Angevin Empire, from the death of Thomas Becket to Magna Carta, c. AD 1170-1216

Author

Loveluck, Christopher P., More, Alexander F., Spaulding, Nicole E., Clifford, Heather, Handley, Michael J., Hartman, Laura, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Mayewski, Paul A., Sneed, Sharon B., and McCormick, Michael

Subjects
Pollution -- Analysis -- Economic aspects, Atmospheric circulation -- Analysis -- Economic aspects, Lead industry -- Analysis -- Economic aspects, Advertising executives -- Analysis -- Economic aspects, Geoarchaeology -- Economic aspects -- Analysis, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

High-resolution analysis of the ice core from Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland, allows yearly and sub-annual measurement of pollution for the period of highest lead production in the European Middle Ages, c. AD 1170-1220. Here, the authors use atmospheric circulation analysis and other geoarchaeological records to establish that Britain was the principal source of that lead pollution. The comparison of annual lead deposition at Colle Gnifetti displays a strong similarity to trends in lead production documented in the English historical accounts. This research provides unique new insight into the yearly political economy and environmental impact of the Angevin Empire of Kings Henry II, Richard the Lionheart and John. Keywords: Colle Gnifetti, Britain, Angevin, ice core, geoarchaeology, lead, silver, Pipe rolls, Introduction Twenty years ago, Brannvall et al. (1999) published the first high-resolution evidence demonstrating that the largest-scale lead pollution in Northern Europe prior to the modern era occurred between c. [...]

Published
2020
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9. Alpine ice-core evidence for the transformation of the European monetary system, AD 640-670

Author

Loveluck, Christopher P., McCormick, Michael, Spaulding, Nicole E., Clifford, Heather, Handley, Michael J., Hartman, Laura, Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., More, Alexander F., Sneed, Sharon B., and Mayewski, Paul A.

Subjects
European history -- Economic aspects, Silver coins -- Usage -- History, Silver mining -- History, Coins, Silver industry, Pollution, Advertising executives, Monetary systems, Archaeology, Silver, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

The seventh-century AD switch from gold to silver currencies transformed the socioeconomic landscape of North-west Europe. The source of silver, however, has proven elusive. Recent research, integrating ice-core data from the Colle Gnifetti drill site in the Swiss Alps, geoarchaeological records and numismatic and historical data, has provided new evidence for this transformation. Annual ice-core resolution data are combined with lead pollution analysis to demonstrate that significant new silver mining facilitated the change to silver coinage, and dates the introduction of such coinage to c. AD 660. Archaeological evidence and atmospheric modelling of lead pollution locates the probable source of the silver to mines at Melle, in France.Keywords: Europe, Colle Gnifetti, early medieval, ice core, lead pollution, silver coinage, IntroductionDuring the second half of the seventh century AD, the coin-using regions of North-west Europe switched from gold to silver currencies. This change was a key element in the social [...]

Published
2018
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12. Prefacing unexplored archives from Central Andean surface-to-bedrock ice cores through a multifaceted investigation of regional firn and ice core glaciochemistry

Author

Clifford, Heather M., primary, Potocki, Mariusz, additional, Rodda, Charles, additional, Dixon, Daniel, additional, Birkel, Sean, additional, Handley, Michael, additional, Korotkikh, Elena, additional, Introne, Douglas, additional, Schwanck, Franciele, additional, Tavares, Flavia A., additional, Bernardo, Ronaldo T., additional, Lindau, Filipe G. L., additional, Gomez, Oscar Vilca, additional, Jara-Infantes, Harrison, additional, Urviola, Victor Bustínza, additional, Perry, L. Baker, additional, Maurer, Jonathan, additional, Seimon, Anton, additional, Schwikowski, Margit, additional, Casassa, Gino, additional, Hou, Shugui, additional, Kurbatov, Andrei V., additional, Miner, Kimberley R., additional, Simões, Jefferson C., additional, and Mayewski, Paul A., additional

Published
2022
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13. Prefacing unexplored archives from Central Andean surface-to-bedrock ice cores through a multifaceted investigation of regional firn and ice core glaciochemistry.

Author

Clifford, Heather M., Potocki, Mariusz, Rodda, Charles, Dixon, Daniel, Birkel, Sean, Handley, Michael, Korotkikh, Elena, Introne, Douglas, Schwanck, Franciele, Tavares, Flavia A., Bernardo, Ronaldo T., Lindau, Filipe G. L., Gomez, Oscar Vilca, Jara-Infantes, Harrison, Urviola, Victor Bustínza, Perry, L. Baker, Maurer, Jonathan, Seimon, Anton, Schwikowski, Margit, and Casassa, Gino

Subjects
ICE cores, CORE drilling, ICE caps, AIR masses, BEDROCK, ALPINE glaciers, DUST
Abstract

Shallow firn cores, in addition to a near-basal ice core, were recovered in 2018 from the Quelccaya ice cap (5470 m a.s.l) in the Cordillera Vilcanota, Peru, and in 2017 from the Nevado Illimani glacier (6350 m a.s.l) in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia. The two sites are ~450 km apart. Despite meltwater percolation resulting from warming, particle-based trace element records (e.g. Fe, Mg, K) in the Quelccaya and Illimani shallow cores retain well-preserved signals. The firn core chronologies, established independently by annual layer counting, show a convincing overlap indicating the two records contain comparable signals and therefore capture similar regional scale climatology. Trace element records at a ~1–4 cm resolution provide past records of anthropogenic emissions, dust sources, volcanic emissions, evaporite salts and marine-sourced air masses. Using novel ultra-high-resolution (120 μm) laser technology, we identify annual layer thicknesses ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 cm in a section of 2000-year-old radiocarbon-dated near-basal ice which compared to the previous annual layer estimates suggests that Quelccaya ice cores drilled to bedrock may be older than previously suggested by depth-age models. With the information collected from this study in combination with past studies, we emphasize the importance of collecting new surface-to-bedrock ice cores from at least the Quelccaya ice cap, in particular, due to its projected disappearance as soon as the 2050s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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18. Giant dust particles at Nevado Illimani: a proxy of summertime deep convection over the Bolivian Altiplano

Author

Lindau, Filipe G. L., primary, Simões, Jefferson C., additional, Delmonte, Barbara, additional, Ginot, Patrick, additional, Baccolo, Giovanni, additional, Paleari, Chiara I., additional, Di Stefano, Elena, additional, Korotkikh, Elena, additional, Introne, Douglas S., additional, Maggi, Valter, additional, Garzanti, Eduardo, additional, and Andò, Sergio, additional

Published
2021
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19. Recent Climate and Ice-Sheet Changes in West Antarctica Compared with the Past 2,000 Years

Author

Steig, Eric J, Ding, Qinghua, White, James W, Kuttel, Marcel, Rupper, Summer B, Neumann, Thomas Allen, Neff, Peter D, Gallant, Ailie J. E, Mayewski, Paul A, Taylor, Kendrick C, Hoffmann, Georg, Dixon, Daniel A, Schoenemann, Spruce W, Markle, Bradley R, Fudge, Tyler J, Schneider, David P, Schauer, Andrew J, Teel, Rebecca P, Vaughn, Bruce H, Burgener, Landon, Williams, Jessica, and Korotkikh, Elena

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology, Geophysics
Abstract

Changes in atmospheric circulation over the past five decades have enhanced the wind-driven inflow of warm ocean water onto the Antarctic continental shelf, where it melts ice shelves from below1-3. Atmospheric circulation changes have also caused rapid warming4 over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and contributed to declining sea-ice cover in the adjacent Amundsen-Bellingshausen seas5. It is unknown whether these changes are part of a longer-term trend. Here, we use waterisotope (Delta O-18) data from an array of ice-core records to place recent West Antarctic climate changes in the context of the past two millennia. We find that the δ18O of West Antarctic precipitation has increased significantly in the past 50 years, in parallel with the trend in temperature, and was probably more elevated during the 1990s than at any other time during the past 200 years. However, Delta O-18 anomalies comparable to those of recent decades occur about 1% of the time over the past 2,000 years. General circulation model simulations suggest that recent trends in Delta O-18 and climate in West Antarctica cannot be distinguished from decadal variability that originates in the tropics. We conclude that the uncertain trajectory of tropical climate variability represents a significant source of uncertainty in projections of West Antarctic climate and ice-sheet change.

Published
2013
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22. Supplementary material to "Giant dust particles at Nevado Illimani: a proxy of summertime deep convection over the Bolivian Altiplano"

Author

Lindau, Filipe Gaudie Ley, primary, Simões, Jefferson Cardia, additional, Delmonte, Barbara, additional, Ginot, Patrick, additional, Baccolo, Giovanni, additional, Paleari, Chiara Ileana, additional, Di Stefano, Elena, additional, Korotkikh, Elena, additional, Introne, Douglas S., additional, Maggi, Valter, additional, Garzanti, Eduardo, additional, and Andò, Sergio, additional

Published
2020
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23. Giant dust particles at Nevado Illimani: a proxy of summertime deep convection over the Bolivian Altiplano

Author

Lindau, Filipe Gaudie Ley, primary, Simões, Jefferson Cardia, additional, Delmonte, Barbara, additional, Ginot, Patrick, additional, Baccolo, Giovanni, additional, Paleari, Chiara Ileana, additional, Di Stefano, Elena, additional, Korotkikh, Elena, additional, Introne, Douglas S., additional, Maggi, Valter, additional, Garzanti, Eduardo, additional, and Andò, Sergio, additional

Published
2020
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25. A 2000 Year Saharan Dust Event Proxy Record from an Ice Core in the European Alps

Author

Clifford, Heather M., primary, Spaulding, Nicole E., additional, Kurbatov, Andrei V., additional, More, Alexander, additional, Korotkikh, Elena V., additional, Sneed, Sharon B., additional, Handley, Mike, additional, Maasch, Kirk A., additional, Loveluck, Christopher P., additional, Chaplin, Joyce, additional, McCormick, Michael, additional, and Mayewski, Paul A., additional

Published
2019
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26. Next generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: insights from the Black Death

Author

More, Alexander F., Spaulding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Subjects
Europe, lead, pandemic, Colle Gnifetti, Black Death, ice core
Abstract

Current policies to reduce lead pollution in the air are based on the assumption that pre-industrial levels of lead in the air were negligible, safe or non-existent. This trans-disciplinary article shows that this is not the case, using ‘next-generation’ laser technology in climate science, in combination with detailed historical and archaeological records in as many as 7 languages, from all over Europe.We show that lead levels in the air have been elevated for the past 2000 years, except for a single 4-year period. This 4-year period corresponds with the largest known pandemic ever to ravage western Europe (the Black Death), resulting in a 40-50% reduction in population. This unprecedented historic population collapse was accompanied by dramatic economic collapse that halted lead mining and smelting, and related emissions in the air.This trans-disciplinary study is a collaboration led by Harvard University and the Climate Change Institute at the University of Maine, and researchers from the University of Heidelberg (Germany) and the University of Nottingham (UK). It uses next-generation technology and expertise in history, climate science, archaeology and toxicology, brought to bear in a highly detailed contribution to planetary health, with crucial implications for public health and environmental policy, and the history of human exposure to lead.

Published
2017

27. The Role of Historical Context in Understanding Past Climate, Pollution and Health Data in Trans‐disciplinary Studies: Reply to Comments on More et al., 2017

Author

More, Alexander F., primary, Spaulding, Nicole E., additional, Bohleber, Pascal, additional, Handley, Michael J., additional, Hoffmann, Helene, additional, Korotkikh, Elena V., additional, Kurbatov, Andrei V., additional, Loveluck, Christopher P., additional, Sneed, Sharon B., additional, McCormick, Michael, additional, and Mayewski, Paul A., additional

Published
2018
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28. The Ross Sea Dipole-temperature, snow accumulation and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, over the past 2700 years

Author

Bertler, N, Conway, H, Dahl-Jensen, D, Emanuelsson, D, Winstrup, M, Vallelonga, P, Lee, J, Brook, E, Severinghaus, J, Fudge, T, Keller, E, Troy Baisden, W, Hindmarsh, R, Neff, P, Blunier, T, Edwards, R, Mayewski, P, Kipfstuhl, S, Buizert, C, Canessa, S, Dadic, R, Kjær, H, Kurbatov, A, Zhang, D, Waddington, E, Baccolo, G, Beers, T, Brightley, H, Carter, L, Clemens-Sewall, D, Ciobanu, V, Delmonte, B, Eling, L, Ellis, A, Ganesh, S, Golledge, N, Haines, S, Handley, M, Hawley, R, Hogan, C, Johnson, K, Korotkikh, E, Lowry, D, Mandeno, D, Mckay, R, Menking, J, Naish, T, Noerling, C, Ollive, A, Orsi, A, Proemse, B, Pyne, A, Pyne, R, Renwick, J, Scherer, R, Semper, S, Simonsen, M, Sneed, S, Steig, E, Tuohy, A, Ulayottil Venugopal, A, Valero-Delgado, F, Venkatesh, J, Wang, F, Wang, S, Winski, D, Holly, W, Whiteford, A, Xiao, C, Yang, J, Zhang, X, Bertler, Nancy A. N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Troy Baisden, W., Hindmarsh, Richard C. A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Edwin D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja, Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar, Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C., Pyne, Alexander R., Pyne, Rebecca L., Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P., Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B., Steig, Eric J., Tuohy, Andrea, Ulayottil Venugopal, Abhijith, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A., Holly, Winton, Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, Zhang, Xin, Bertler, N, Conway, H, Dahl-Jensen, D, Emanuelsson, D, Winstrup, M, Vallelonga, P, Lee, J, Brook, E, Severinghaus, J, Fudge, T, Keller, E, Troy Baisden, W, Hindmarsh, R, Neff, P, Blunier, T, Edwards, R, Mayewski, P, Kipfstuhl, S, Buizert, C, Canessa, S, Dadic, R, Kjær, H, Kurbatov, A, Zhang, D, Waddington, E, Baccolo, G, Beers, T, Brightley, H, Carter, L, Clemens-Sewall, D, Ciobanu, V, Delmonte, B, Eling, L, Ellis, A, Ganesh, S, Golledge, N, Haines, S, Handley, M, Hawley, R, Hogan, C, Johnson, K, Korotkikh, E, Lowry, D, Mandeno, D, Mckay, R, Menking, J, Naish, T, Noerling, C, Ollive, A, Orsi, A, Proemse, B, Pyne, A, Pyne, R, Renwick, J, Scherer, R, Semper, S, Simonsen, M, Sneed, S, Steig, E, Tuohy, A, Ulayottil Venugopal, A, Valero-Delgado, F, Venkatesh, J, Wang, F, Wang, S, Winski, D, Holly, W, Whiteford, A, Xiao, C, Yang, J, Zhang, X, Bertler, Nancy A. N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Troy Baisden, W., Hindmarsh, Richard C. A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Edwin D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja, Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar, Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C., Pyne, Alexander R., Pyne, Rebecca L., Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P., Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B., Steig, Eric J., Tuohy, Andrea, Ulayottil Venugopal, Abhijith, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A., Holly, Winton, Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, and Zhang, Xin

Abstract

High-resolution, well-dated climate archives provide an opportunity to investigate the dynamic interactions of climate patterns relevant for future projections. Here, we present data from a new, annually dated ice core record from the eastern Ross Sea, named the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) ice core. Comparison of this record with climate reanalysis data for the 1979-2012 interval shows that RICE reliably captures temperature and snow precipitation variability in the region. Trends over the past 2700 years in RICE are shown to be distinct from those in West Antarctica and the western Ross Sea captured by other ice cores. For most of this interval, the eastern Ross Sea was warming (or showing isotopic enrichment for other reasons), with increased snow accumulation and perhaps decreased sea ice concentration. However, West Antarctica cooled and the western Ross Sea showed no significant isotope temperature trend. This pattern here is referred to as the Ross Sea Dipole. Notably, during the Little Ice Age, West Antarctica and the western Ross Sea experienced colder than average temperatures, while the eastern Ross Sea underwent a period of warming or increased isotopic enrichment. From the 17th century onwards, this dipole relationship changed. All three regions show current warming, with snow accumulation declining in West Antarctica and the eastern Ross Sea but increasing in the western Ross Sea. We interpret this pattern as reflecting an increase in sea ice in the eastern Ross Sea with perhaps the establishment of a modern Roosevelt Island polynya as a local moisture source for RICE

Published
2018

29. The Ross Sea Dipole - temperature, snow accumulation and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, over the past 2700 Years

Author

Bertler, Nancy A.N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Baisden, W. Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard C.A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Ed D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja A., Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar A., Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C., Pyne, Alexander R., Pyne, Rebecca L., Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P., Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B., Steig, Eric J., Tuohy, Andrea, Ulayottil Venugopal, Abhijith, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A., Winton, Victoria H.L., Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, Zhang, Xin, Bertler, Nancy A.N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Baisden, W. Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard C.A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Ed D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja A., Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar A., Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C., Pyne, Alexander R., Pyne, Rebecca L., Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P., Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B., Steig, Eric J., Tuohy, Andrea, Ulayottil Venugopal, Abhijith, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A., Winton, Victoria H.L., Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, and Zhang, Xin

Abstract

High-resolution, well-dated climate archives provide an opportunity to investigate the dynamic interactions of climate patterns relevant for future projections. Here, we present data from a new, annually-dated ice core record from the eastern Ross Sea. Comparison of the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) ice core records with climate reanalysis data for the 1979–2012 calibration period shows that RICE records reliably capture temperature and snow precipitation variability of the region. RICE is compared with data from West Antarctica (West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core) and the western (Talos Dome) and eastern (Siple Dome) Ross Sea. For most of the past 2,700 years, the eastern Ross Sea was warming with perhaps increased snow accumulation and decreased sea ice extent. However, West Antarctica cooled whereas the western Ross Sea showed no significant temperature trend. From the 17th Century onwards, this relationship changes. All three regions now show signs of warming, with snow accumulation declining in West Antarctica and the eastern Ross Sea, but increasing in the western Ross Sea. Analysis of decadal to centennial-scale climate variability superimposed on the longer term trend reveal that periods characterised by opposing temperature trends between the Eastern and Western Ross Sea have occurred since the 3rd Century but are masked by longer-term trends. This pattern here is referred to as the Ross Sea Dipole, caused by a sensitive response of the region to dynamic interactions of the Southern Annual Mode and tropical forcings.

Published
2018

30. The Ross Sea Dipole - temperature, snow accumulation and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, over the past 2700 years

Author

Bertler, Nancy A. N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Baisden, W. Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard C. A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjaer, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Edwin D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja, Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar, Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Simonsen, Marius, Wang, Shimeng, Bertler, Nancy A. N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Baisden, W. Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard C. A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjaer, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Edwin D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja, Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar, Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Simonsen, Marius, and Wang, Shimeng

Published
2018

31. The Ross Sea Dipole – Temperature, Snow Accumulation and Sea Ice Variability in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, over the Past 2,700 Years

Author

Bertler, Nancy A. N., primary, Conway, Howard, additional, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, additional, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., additional, Winstrup, Mai, additional, Vallelonga, Paul T., additional, Lee, James E., additional, Brook, Ed J., additional, Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., additional, Fudge, Taylor J., additional, Keller, Elizabeth D., additional, Baisden, W. Troy, additional, Hindmarsh, Richard C. A., additional, Neff, Peter D., additional, Blunier, Thomas, additional, Edwards, Ross, additional, Mayewski, Paul A., additional, Kipfstuhl, Sepp, additional, Buizert, Christo, additional, Canessa, Silvia, additional, Dadic, Ruzica, additional, Kjær, Helle A., additional, Kurbatov, Andrei, additional, Zhang, Dongqi, additional, Waddington, Ed D., additional, Baccolo, Giovanni, additional, Beers, Thomas, additional, Brightley, Hannah J., additional, Carter, Lionel, additional, Clemens-Sewall, David, additional, Ciobanu, Viorela G., additional, Delmonte, Barbara, additional, Eling, Lukas, additional, Ellis, Aja A., additional, Ganesh, Shruthi, additional, Golledge, Nicholas R., additional, Haines, Skylar A., additional, Handley, Michael, additional, Hawley, Robert L., additional, Hogan, Chad M., additional, Johnson, Katelyn M., additional, Korotkikh, Elena, additional, Lowry, Daniel P., additional, Mandeno, Darcy, additional, McKay, Robert M., additional, Menking, James A., additional, Naish, Timothy R., additional, Noerling, Caroline, additional, Ollive, Agathe, additional, Orsi, Anaïs, additional, Proemse, Bernadette C., additional, Pyne, Alexander R., additional, Pyne, Rebecca L., additional, Renwick, James, additional, Scherer, Reed P., additional, Semper, Stefanie, additional, Simonsen, Marius, additional, Sneed, Sharon B., additional, Steig, Eric J., additional, Tuohy, Andrea, additional, Ulayottil Venugopal, Abhijith, additional, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, additional, Venkatesh, Janani, additional, Wang, Feitang, additional, Wang, Shimeng, additional, Winski, Dominic A., additional, Winton, Victoria H. L., additional, Whiteford, Arran, additional, Xiao, Cunde, additional, Yang, Jiao, additional, and Zhang, Xin, additional

Published
2017
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32. The Ross Sea Dipole – Temperature, Snow Accumulation and Sea Ice Variability in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, over the Past 2,700 Years

Author

Bertler, Nancy A. N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Baisden, W. Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard C. A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Ed D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja A., Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar A., Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C., Pyne, Alexander R., Pyne, Rebecca L., Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P., Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B., Steig, Eric J., Tuohy, Andrea, Venugopal, Abhijith Ulayottil, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A., Winton, Victoria H. L., Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, Zhang, Xin, Bertler, Nancy A. N., Conway, Howard, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Emanuelsson, Daniel B., Winstrup, Mai, Vallelonga, Paul T., Lee, James E., Brook, Ed J., Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., Fudge, Taylor J., Keller, Elizabeth D., Baisden, W. Troy, Hindmarsh, Richard C. A., Neff, Peter D., Blunier, Thomas, Edwards, Ross, Mayewski, Paul A., Kipfstuhl, Sepp, Buizert, Christo, Canessa, Silvia, Dadic, Ruzica, Kjær, Helle A., Kurbatov, Andrei, Zhang, Dongqi, Waddington, Ed D., Baccolo, Giovanni, Beers, Thomas, Brightley, Hannah J., Carter, Lionel, Clemens-Sewall, David, Ciobanu, Viorela G., Delmonte, Barbara, Eling, Lukas, Ellis, Aja A., Ganesh, Shruthi, Golledge, Nicholas R., Haines, Skylar A., Handley, Michael, Hawley, Robert L., Hogan, Chad M., Johnson, Katelyn M., Korotkikh, Elena, Lowry, Daniel P., Mandeno, Darcy, McKay, Robert M., Menking, James A., Naish, Timothy R., Noerling, Caroline, Ollive, Agathe, Orsi, Anaïs, Proemse, Bernadette C., Pyne, Alexander R., Pyne, Rebecca L., Renwick, James, Scherer, Reed P., Semper, Stefanie, Simonsen, Marius, Sneed, Sharon B., Steig, Eric J., Tuohy, Andrea, Venugopal, Abhijith Ulayottil, Valero-Delgado, Fernando, Venkatesh, Janani, Wang, Feitang, Wang, Shimeng, Winski, Dominic A., Winton, Victoria H. L., Whiteford, Arran, Xiao, Cunde, Yang, Jiao, and Zhang, Xin

Published
2017

34. The role of historical context in understanding past climate, pollution and health data in trans-disciplinary studies: reply to comments on More et al. 2017

Author

More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, Mayewski, Paul A., More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Abstract

Understanding the context from which evidence emerges is of paramount importance in reaching robust conclusions in scientific inquiries. This is as true of the present as it is of the past. In a trans‐disciplinary study such as More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) and many others appearing in this and similar journals, a proper analysis of context demands the use of historical evidence. This includes demographic, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data—common in many studies of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on human health—and, as in this specific case, also geoarchaeological evidence. These records anchor climate and pollution data in the geographic and human circumstances of history, without which we lose a fundamental understanding of the data itself. This article addresses Hinkley (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000105) by highlighting the importance of context, focusing on the historical and archaeological evidence, and then discussing atmospheric deposition and circulation in the specific region of our study. Since many of the assertions in Bindler (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000135) are congruent with our findings and directly contradict Hinkley (2018), this reply refers to Bindler (2018), whenever appropriate, and indicates where our evidence diverges.

35. Next generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: insights from the Black Death

Author

More, Alexander F., Spaulding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, Mayewski, Paul A., More, Alexander F., Spaulding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Abstract

Current policies to reduce lead pollution in the air are based on the assumption that pre-industrial levels of lead in the air were negligible, safe or non-existent. This trans-disciplinary article shows that this is not the case, using ‘next-generation’ laser technology in climate science, in combination with detailed historical and archaeological records in as many as 7 languages, from all over Europe. We show that lead levels in the air have been elevated for the past 2000 years, except for a single 4-year period. This 4-year period corresponds with the largest known pandemic ever to ravage western Europe (the Black Death), resulting in a 40-50% reduction in population. This unprecedented historic population collapse was accompanied by dramatic economic collapse that halted lead mining and smelting, and related emissions in the air. This trans-disciplinary study is a collaboration led by Harvard University and the Climate Change Institute at the University of Maine, and researchers from the University of Heidelberg (Germany) and the University of Nottingham (UK). It uses next-generation technology and expertise in history, climate science, archaeology and toxicology, brought to bear in a highly detailed contribution to planetary health, with crucial implications for public health and environmental policy, and the history of human exposure to lead.

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36. The role of historical context in understanding past climate, pollution and health data in trans-disciplinary studies: reply to comments on More et al. 2017

Author

More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, Mayewski, Paul A., More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Abstract

Understanding the context from which evidence emerges is of paramount importance in reaching robust conclusions in scientific inquiries. This is as true of the present as it is of the past. In a trans‐disciplinary study such as More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) and many others appearing in this and similar journals, a proper analysis of context demands the use of historical evidence. This includes demographic, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data—common in many studies of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on human health—and, as in this specific case, also geoarchaeological evidence. These records anchor climate and pollution data in the geographic and human circumstances of history, without which we lose a fundamental understanding of the data itself. This article addresses Hinkley (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000105) by highlighting the importance of context, focusing on the historical and archaeological evidence, and then discussing atmospheric deposition and circulation in the specific region of our study. Since many of the assertions in Bindler (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000135) are congruent with our findings and directly contradict Hinkley (2018), this reply refers to Bindler (2018), whenever appropriate, and indicates where our evidence diverges.

37. The role of historical context in understanding past climate, pollution and health data in trans-disciplinary studies: reply to comments on More et al. 2017

Author

More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, Mayewski, Paul A., More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Abstract

Understanding the context from which evidence emerges is of paramount importance in reaching robust conclusions in scientific inquiries. This is as true of the present as it is of the past. In a trans‐disciplinary study such as More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) and many others appearing in this and similar journals, a proper analysis of context demands the use of historical evidence. This includes demographic, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data—common in many studies of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on human health—and, as in this specific case, also geoarchaeological evidence. These records anchor climate and pollution data in the geographic and human circumstances of history, without which we lose a fundamental understanding of the data itself. This article addresses Hinkley (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000105) by highlighting the importance of context, focusing on the historical and archaeological evidence, and then discussing atmospheric deposition and circulation in the specific region of our study. Since many of the assertions in Bindler (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000135) are congruent with our findings and directly contradict Hinkley (2018), this reply refers to Bindler (2018), whenever appropriate, and indicates where our evidence diverges.

38. The role of historical context in understanding past climate, pollution and health data in trans-disciplinary studies: reply to comments on More et al. 2017

Author

More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, Mayewski, Paul A., More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Abstract

Understanding the context from which evidence emerges is of paramount importance in reaching robust conclusions in scientific inquiries. This is as true of the present as it is of the past. In a trans‐disciplinary study such as More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) and many others appearing in this and similar journals, a proper analysis of context demands the use of historical evidence. This includes demographic, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data—common in many studies of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on human health—and, as in this specific case, also geoarchaeological evidence. These records anchor climate and pollution data in the geographic and human circumstances of history, without which we lose a fundamental understanding of the data itself. This article addresses Hinkley (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000105) by highlighting the importance of context, focusing on the historical and archaeological evidence, and then discussing atmospheric deposition and circulation in the specific region of our study. Since many of the assertions in Bindler (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000135) are congruent with our findings and directly contradict Hinkley (2018), this reply refers to Bindler (2018), whenever appropriate, and indicates where our evidence diverges.

39. The role of historical context in understanding past climate, pollution and health data in trans-disciplinary studies: reply to comments on More et al. 2017

Author

More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, Mayewski, Paul A., More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Abstract

Understanding the context from which evidence emerges is of paramount importance in reaching robust conclusions in scientific inquiries. This is as true of the present as it is of the past. In a trans‐disciplinary study such as More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) and many others appearing in this and similar journals, a proper analysis of context demands the use of historical evidence. This includes demographic, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data—common in many studies of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on human health—and, as in this specific case, also geoarchaeological evidence. These records anchor climate and pollution data in the geographic and human circumstances of history, without which we lose a fundamental understanding of the data itself. This article addresses Hinkley (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000105) by highlighting the importance of context, focusing on the historical and archaeological evidence, and then discussing atmospheric deposition and circulation in the specific region of our study. Since many of the assertions in Bindler (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000135) are congruent with our findings and directly contradict Hinkley (2018), this reply refers to Bindler (2018), whenever appropriate, and indicates where our evidence diverges.

40. The role of historical context in understanding past climate, pollution and health data in trans-disciplinary studies: reply to comments on More et al. 2017

Author

More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, Mayewski, Paul A., More, Alexander F., Spauding, Nicole E., Bohleber, Pascal, Handley, Michael J., Hoffmann, Helene, Korotkikh, Elena V., Kurbatov, Andrei V., Loveluck, Christopher P., Sneed, Sharon B., McCormick, Michael, and Mayewski, Paul A.

Abstract

Understanding the context from which evidence emerges is of paramount importance in reaching robust conclusions in scientific inquiries. This is as true of the present as it is of the past. In a trans‐disciplinary study such as More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) and many others appearing in this and similar journals, a proper analysis of context demands the use of historical evidence. This includes demographic, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data—common in many studies of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on human health—and, as in this specific case, also geoarchaeological evidence. These records anchor climate and pollution data in the geographic and human circumstances of history, without which we lose a fundamental understanding of the data itself. This article addresses Hinkley (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000105) by highlighting the importance of context, focusing on the historical and archaeological evidence, and then discussing atmospheric deposition and circulation in the specific region of our study. Since many of the assertions in Bindler (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000135) are congruent with our findings and directly contradict Hinkley (2018), this reply refers to Bindler (2018), whenever appropriate, and indicates where our evidence diverges.

41. A New Approach for Ultra-High-Resolution Ice Core Data Processing.

Author

Clifford, Heather, Spaulding, Nicole, Royer, Mark, Sneed, Sharon, Korotkikh, Elena, Handley, Michael, Kurbatov, Andrei, Chawathe, Sudarshan, Bohleber, Pascal, McCormick, Michael, More, Alexander, Loveluck, Christohper, and Mayewski, Paul

Published
2018

43. Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death.

Author

More AF, Spaulding NE, Bohleber P, Handley MJ, Hoffmann H, Korotkikh EV, Kurbatov AV, Loveluck CP, Sneed SB, McCormick M, and Mayewski PA

Abstract

Contrary to widespread assumptions, next-generation high (annual to multiannual) and ultra-high (subannual) resolution analyses of an Alpine glacier reveal that true historical minimum natural levels of lead in the atmosphere occurred only once in the last ~2000 years. During the Black Death pandemic, demographic and economic collapse interrupted metal production and atmospheric lead dropped to undetectable levels. This finding challenges current government and industry understanding of preindustrial lead pollution and its potential implications for human health of children and adults worldwide. Available technology and geographic location have limited previous ice core investigations. We provide new high- (discrete, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS) and ultra-high resolution (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LA-ICP-MS) records of atmospheric lead deposition extracted from the high Alpine glacier Colle Gnifetti, in the Swiss-Italian Alps. We show that contrary to the conventional wisdom, low levels at or approaching natural background occurred only in a single 4 year period in ~2000 years documented in the new ice core, during the Black Death (~1349-1353 C.E.), the most devastating pandemic in Eurasian history. Ultra-high chronological resolution allows for the first time detailed and decisive comparison of the new glaciochemical data with historical records. Historical evidence shows that mining activity ceased upwind of the core site from ~1349 to 1353, while concurrently on the glacier lead (Pb) concentrations-dated by layer counting confirmed by radiocarbon dating-dropped to levels below detection, an order of magnitude beneath figures deemed low in earlier studies. Previous assumptions about preindustrial "natural" background lead levels in the atmosphere-and potential impacts on humans-have been misleading, with significant implications for current environmental, industrial, and public health policy, as well as for the history of human lead exposure. Trans-disciplinary application of this new technology opens the door to new approaches to the study of the anthropogenic impact on past and present human health., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study., (©2017. The Authors.)

Published
2017
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