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査読付きジャーナル論文投稿セミナー『東南アジア研究』と『アジア経済』への投稿案内, 参加者: 小坂康之, 小林知, 山本博之, 橋口善浩, 川上桃子, 司会進行: 藤田幸一, Seminar on Preparing a Paper for Refereed Journals: Invitation to Submit Papers to Tonan Ajia Kenkyu and Ajia Keizai

Kato, Makoto, Kawakita, Atsushi, Goto, Ryutaro, Okamoto, Tomoko, Kobayashi, Chisato, Imada, Yume, Nakase, Yuta, Nishioka, Tatsuki, Chanthavong, Bakham, Keothumma, Khamsing, Kosaka, Yasuyuki (2021): Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem. Journal of Natural History 54 (33-34): 2125-2176, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1837977, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1837977

特集2: フィールド医学 = Special Issue 2: Field Medicine, 本誌公刊にあたっては、京都大学学士山岳会、京都大学「霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス」・リーディング大学院からの助成をうけました。

本稿は, 高所プロジェクトの提唱してきた「糖尿病アクセル仮説」の一部について検証した科学論文 (Glucose intolerance associated with hypoxia in people living at high altitudes in the Tibetan highland. BMJ open 2016) のレビューである。耐糖能障害がライフスタイルと低酸素血症といかに関連するかを, 中国からインドにわたるチベット高原 (2900-4800m) の1258人の住民において研究された。社会経済的要因, 高度3500m 以上在住, および低酸素血症が, 高所住民の耐糖能異常の増加に大きく関与していることが報告された。低酸素血症, 多血症, 耐糖能異常の3者には密接な関係があり, 加齢とライフスタイル変化がその関係を促進している (糖尿病アクセル仮説) ことが検証された。, The association between glucose intolerance and high altitudes (2900-4900m) was clarified in Tibetan highlanders. The hypothesis was verified that dwelling at high altitudes have vulnerability to diabetes accelerated by lifestyle change or aging. 1258 subjects (40-87 years) were examined; farmers in Domkhar (2900-3800m), nomads in Haiyan, Ryuho, and Changthang (3000-4800m), and urban dwellers in Leh and Jiegu (3300-3700m). The prevalence of glucose intolerance was higher in urban dwellers and in farmers compared with nomads. Dwelling at a higher altitude was significantly associated with fasting hyperglycemia (odds ratios for >4500 and 3500-3999m were 3. 59 and 2. 07 vs 1.0, 特集2: 総合地球環境学研究所「高所プロジェクト」特集 = Special Issue 2: The High Altitude Project in Research Institute for Humanity and Nature

The prevalence of hypertension in 2800 people in Ladakh was studied cross-sectionally from 2007 to 2011. We found 37.0% crude prevalence rate in the total subjects. The associated factors with hypertension were aging, overweight, dwelling at higher altitude, engagement in modernized sedentary occupation, and rural-to-urban migration. There was the interaction of both altitude and lifestyle change for the effect of hypertension., 特集2: 総合地球環境学研究所「高所プロジェクト」特集 = Special Issue 2: The High Altitude Project in Research Institute for Humanity and Nature

The prevalence of hypertension in 2800 people in Ladakh was studied cross-sectionally from 2007 to 2011. We found 37.0% crude prevalence rate in the total subjects. The associated factors with hypertension were aging, overweight, dwelling at higher altitude, engagement in modernized sedentary occupation, and rural-to-urban migration. There was the interaction of both altitude and lifestyle change for the effect of hypertension., 特集2: 総合地球環境学研究所「高所プロジェクト」特集 = Special Issue 2: The High Altitude Project in Research Institute for Humanity and Nature

現在のインド北東部アルナーチャル・プラデーシュ州が位置する地域の開発は、20 世紀半ばから始まった。この地域の地誌には伝統文化に関する記述が多い一方、政府による開発政策については専門的な記述が散見されるだけである。そこで本稿は、アルナーチャル・プラデーシュ州の開発史を、地元の老人の語りから描くことを目的とした。同州ローワー・スバンシリ県ディード村のトコ・リバ氏、ウエスト・シアン県ドジ村のグンケン・バグラ氏、アッパー・スバンシリ県リグ村のロムガ・ドゥロム氏は、1947 年のインド独立以降に政府の指導で進められた水田稲作導入の歴史を詳細に記憶していた。開発政策の一環として進められた水田稲作の導入、共同作業による水田稲作の実験、アッサム州での鉄や塩の購入についての3 者の語りは、政府側の視点による地誌の記述を補完するものであった。また高収量品種が配布されてから住民は自発的に水田稲作を始めるようになったこと、60年間の試行錯誤を経て独自の稲作技術を作り上げたことは、3 者の語りに共通しており、アルナーチャル・プラデーシュ州における緑の革命の展開が明らかになった。老人の語る同州の開発史は、地誌や政府刊行物の一面的な記述を相対化し、開発現場のリアリティを伝えるものであり、今後の地域行政や地域文化を考える際に重要である。, Regional development in Eastern Himalaya has been progressed by the Indian government since 1940s. Geographical documents of this region focused more on the traditional culture than on the development policies and their impacts on the communities. This paper aims to depict the local experience of regional development in eastern Himalaya from the oral history of the elderly people in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Mr. Toko Riba at Deed village in Lower Subansiri District, Mr. Gunken Bagra at Doji village in West Siang District, Mr. Romga Durom at Ligu village in Upper Subansiri District remembered the detailed process of introducing paddy rice cultivation promoted by Indian government since 1940s. The three informants narrated that the high-yield rice variety led the people to start paddy rice cultivation, and that they have developed their original cultivation techniques after several decades of trial and errors. The record on oral history of regional development will be useful in considering the future perspective of local governance and cultural conservation., 特集2: 総合地球環境学研究所「高所プロジェクト」特集 = Special Issue 2: The High Altitude Project in Research Institute for Humanity and Nature

豊かな生物相の存在で知られるアルナーチャル・プラデーシュ州において, 標高に応じた植生帯別に, 住民による植物資源利用を記述した. まず標高900m以下の熱帯林帯と, 標高900mから1800mまでの亜熱帯林帯では, 焼畑耕作民と水田耕作民が, 野生のカルダモンのつぼみ, 野生のサンショウの仲間の葉と果実, 野生バナナのつぼみ, イラクサ科やクマツヅラ科の野草などを食用に, タケやラタンを日用品の材料として採集していた. 次に標高1800mから2800mまでの温帯広葉樹林帯では, 畑作や水田耕作に従事する人々が, 野生のクルミ, グミ, カキなどを食用に, コナラの落葉を畑地のマルチかつ肥料とし, アカネ科の樹木とヤドリギの葉の茶を飲用していた. 標高2800mから3500mまでの温帯針葉樹林帯と, 標高3500m以上に分布する亜高山帯では, 牧畜民がモミを建材に, シャクナゲを薪に, バラ科の果実を食用とし, 家畜は放牧地のイネ科やカヤツリグサ科の草本を食むだけでなく, カシやカエデなどの樹木の葉が与えられることもあった. 熱帯林帯での養蚕, 亜熱帯から温帯林帯にかけての染色と織物, 亜高山帯での薬用植物や香料植物の採集のように, 従来の知識や技術が現在も活用されている事例が確認された. ヒマラヤから日本まで続く照葉樹林帯とその周辺の植物資源の管理のために, 研究者が地域住民や行政担当者と共同して, 有益な情報を誰もが利用できる形でまとめる必要がある., This paper reports the ways of plant resource use and management in Arunachal Pradesh which harbors a diversity of biological resources along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalaya. In the tropical forest below 900 m and the sub-tropical forest between 900 m and 1800 m, swidden cultivators and paddy rice cultivators collected flower buds of cardamom and wild bananas, leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum trees and leaves of Urticaceae and Verbenaceae herbs as vegetables and spices, and utilized a variety of bamboos and rattans as the materials for handicrafts. In the temperate broadleaf forest between 1800 m and 2800 m, local people covered the upland fields with the fallen leaves of deciduous oak tree for weed control and soil improvement, protected the wild stands of walnut, persimmon and oleaster for their edible fruits, and consumed the local tea made of the leaves of wild Rubiaceae and Loranthaceae tree. In the temperate coniferous forest between 2800 m and 3500 m and sub-alpine vegetation above 3500 m, pastoral people utilized fir tree as timber, Rhododendron as firewood, Rosaceae berries as fruits, whereas livestock fed on grasses and sedges as well as leaves of oak and maple trees. Taking advantage of the recent trend in re-evaluating the local natural resources, traditional knowledge and technique were preferably utilized in silkworm breeding in the lowland, natural dyeing and weaving in the mid-altitude land, and medicinal and aromatic plant collection in highland. It is necessary to record and share the local ecological knowledge through the collaboration among researchers, local villagers and policy makers for plant resource management in Asia.

Dirang Circle locates in the west of Arunachal Pradesh, north East part of India. Monpa ethnic people live there. Monpa ethnic is classified into two groups having different life styles. One group is mainly nomad, Brokpa. The another group is mainly agriculturist, Unpa. Brokpa people live at more than about 3000m altitude in mountains of Arunachal Pradesh. They go to higher mountain to do stock farming during summer seasons and live at their village (lower altitude) during winter season. Whereas, the Unpa people live at about 1500-2500m altitude, and settle in house and do farming throughout the year. Health check up was carried out two times (November 2009 and August 2010) in 6 places of Dirang Circle. 109 Brokpa and 174 Unpa people joined in the health check up. We investigated correlation between SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure) and age in Bropka and Unpa. As the results, we found significant correlation between SBP and age both in Brokpa (r=0.36, p

ヒマラヤ・チベット高所のグローバリゼーションの浸透の異なる地域を比較することによって, 生活習慣病と老化の変容の実態が明らかになってきた. 高所環境適応への長期の歴史との密接な関連の中で, 生活習慣病の変容が, 今まさに起こっていること. また, 最近のグローバル化のライフスタイルの変化による, 健康や老化の変容への影響が非常に大きいことである. さらに, 今後の課題としては, 高所の特徴である低酸素に対する進化的身体的適応が, 生活習慣病の発症や老化の変容に予防的に働くのか, あるいは, 促進しているのか. 高所への文化的適応としての高地文明と, グローバル化による生活の変化の中で, どのように, 老人のQOL の向上につなげていくべきかを追求していく必要がある., Elderly highlanders have had long-term adaptation to the harsh environment of hypoxia and low food resources; however, rapid changes in life styles associated with the progress of global modernization and urbanization might overwhelm high altitude adaptation with lifestyle-related diseases and the change of ageing in elderly highlanders in Himalaya/Tibet. Worthy of study is the question of whether elderly highlanders who have had evolutionary adaptation to hypoxic environments are vulnerable to lifestyle-related diseases associated with globalism.

近年, 帰化植物の渡来によって農業生産や自然環境に悪影響の及ぶ事例が世界中で報告されている. 本稿では, ヒマラヤ・チベット高地における帰化植物の分布とその渡来経路, 生業活動や自然環境への影響を明らかにし, 帰化植物の渡来に対する適切な管理の方法を考察した. アルナーチャルの幹線道路沿いに分布する主な帰化植物は, 標高1600m以下ではホテイアオイ, ツルギク属の1種, ヒマワリヒヨドリ, 標高1600m以上ではフジバカマ属の1種, ハキダメギク, セイヨウタンポポであった. ワルナスビ, カッコウアザミ, シロバナセンダングサは標高にかかわらず広域に分布していた. ディランにおいて帰化植物の生育場所を調査した結果, 24種のうち20種が道路脇に生育していた. そのほか屋敷地, 畑地, 草地に生育する種も確認されたが, 水辺や林地では帰化植物は分布していなかった. またヒマラヤ・チベット高地におけるこれまでの現地調査により, アルナーチャルでは32種, ラダーク地方では8種, 青海省では9種の帰化植物が記録された. そしてアルナーチャルでは中南米原産, ラダーク地方と青海省ではヨーロッパ原産の種が最も多かった. これらの帰化植物は, アッサムとチベットを結ぶ交易や, インド独立後の道路建設などをきっかけに, チベット, アッサム, ミャンマーを経由して侵入したと推察された. ヒマワリヒヨドリ, カッコウアザミ, フジバカマ属の1 種, ツルギク属の1種は農作物の収量低下や在来植物の減少を引き起こす一方, カッコウアザミやベニバナボロギクは有用植物として住民によって利用されていた. 以上のことから, アルナーチャルにおいて帰化植物の渡来への対策をはかるためには, その渡来経路や, 生業活動と自然環境への影響を分析する必要があると考えられた. しかし長期的に見れば植生は気候や生業活動によって変化するものであり, また古い時代に渡来したと推察される帰化植物の中には有用植物とされている種も確認されたため, 帰化植物を一律に悪者として排除するのではなく, 状況に応じて対策を変えることが重要である., It has recently been reported from all over the world that the invasion of alien plants causes a negative impact on agricultural production and natural environment. This paper clarified the distribution, spreading route and impact of alien plants, and argued the way of management against their invasion in the Himalaya-Tibetan Highland. The dominant alien plants growing along the main roads in Arunachal Pradesh were water hyacinth, Mikania micrantha, Eupatorium odoratum below the altitude of 1600m, and Eupatorium adenophorum, Galinsoga quadriradiata, dandelion above the altitude of 1600m. Solanum carolinense, Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa var. minor also grew in the land with wide range of altitude. Among 24 alien plants recorded in Dirang, 20 species were found at roadsides. Although homestead, agricultural field and grassland also harbored several species, there were no ones in waterside and forest. Through the field survey since 2007, a total of 32 alien plant species were recorded at Arunachal Pradesh, 8 species at Ladakh, 9 species at Qinghai Province. The species recorded at Arunachal Pradesh were mostly originated in Central and South America, whereas the ones at Ladakh and Qinghai Province were mostly originated in Europe. It is suggested that the alien plants intruded into Arunachal Pradesh from Tibet, Assam and Myanmar through trading activities between Assam and Tibet, road construction after the independence of India in 1947, and the World War Second. Eupatorium odoratum, Ageratum conyzoides, Eupatorium adenophorum, Mikania micrantha were the noxious weeds in agricultural fields as well as degrading the growth of native useful plants. On the other hand, the leaf of Ageratum conyzoides was used as medicine, and the young shoot of Crassocephalum crepidioides was eaten as vegetable. It is necessary to analyze the spreading route and impact of alien plants for preparing measures against their invasion in Arunachal Pradesh. However, considering that vegetation has always changed due to climatic condition and human disturbance in the long term, it is also important to find a way of co-existence with alien plants if they are not too much harmful.

Dirang Circle located the east part of Arunachal Pradesh north East part of India. Monpa tribe lives there. Monpa tribe is classified into two tribe, one is a Brokpa, the other one is Unpa. Brokpa is Nomads. They live at about 3000m and over altitude and do farming in higher mountain during summer season and live in their own village during winter season. Unpa is agricultural people. They live at about 2000m altitude and settle in house and farming whole year. Unpa people grow rice, corn, buckwheat and vegetables. Their life-style is very different. But both Brokpa and Unpa peoples cherish the time they spend with family. In Monpa erea, Tibetan Buddhism has an important role. When the puja is taken in Gompa 2 or 3 times a month, many elderly come to Gompa. Everyone enjoy listening rama's word, talking with friends and family, and taking lunch that was cooked by themselves and share it with friends. Gonpa is place of exchange. Good traditional system and local knowledge exist in Monpa's life. We may find the key for solving problems of medical care for elderly, environmental issues.

Aim: To investigate the association of comprehensive health of elderly highlanders in Qinghai in China with biological and cultural adaptation to hypoxic environment. Methods: Activities of daily living (ADL), screening-based depression, quality of life (QOL) and checking-up of metabolic syndrome including community-based oral glucose tolerance test were assessed in 393 community-dwelling elderly subjects in Haiyuan and 219 Tibetan highlanders in YuShyu. Results: Tibetan elderly highlanders were more disabled in ADL, but had higher QOL than Han elderly ones in Haiyuan. Blood pressure measurements, rate of hypertension and hemoglobin concentrations in Tibetan elderly highlanders were lower than Han ones in Haiyuan. Despite of lower ADLs, subjective QOLs in Tibenatn elderly was higher than Han elderly in Haiyuan. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher and scores in ADL was lower in Tibetan elderly in YuShyu than those in Haiyuan. Conclusion: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in elderly highlanders in Haiyuan was not still high even now, however, that in YuShyu was increasing. Further investigation on physiological adaptability to hypoxic environment and human ageing phenomena in global context may open new research frontier for ageing science.

The Himalayan people have developed the ethnic foods to adapt to the harsh conditions and environment. The in-take of such foods has been in the systems for centuries and people have adapted such foods to protect and sustain them. People living in high altitude (>2500) are adapted to cereals and food grains grown in dry and cold climates, with less vegetables and more meat products. More diversity of food items ranging from rice, maize to vegetable, milk to meat is prevalent in the elevation less than 2500 to 1000 m. Ethnic foods possess protective properties, antioxidant, antimicrobial, probiotics, bio-nutrients, and some important health-benefits compounds. Due to rapid urbanisation, development, introduction of commercial ready-to-eat foods have adverse effects on production and consequently consumption of such age-old cultural ethnic foods is declining. The people should be ascertained about the worth indigenous knowledge they possess, and biological significance of their foods. Detailed health status in terms of consumption of both fermented and non-fermented foods and their cultural adaption need to be carried out urgently.

This paper presents the results of an investigation on water-borne infectious diseaseconducted among the people of Attapeu province from 2003 to 2008. Regardless of the lastcholera epidemic in Attapeu province, Lao PDR in the year 1999, the local peoples'awareness of cholera was remarkably low, as demonstrated by the knowledge survey ondiarrheal diseases performed in the province in 2006. In the case study material, derivedfrom continuous field observations on malaria among permanent residents in relocatedvillages in Sanxay district from 2004 to 2008, the infection rate among febrile cases was ashigh as 45% in the early resettlement period, while it was proved that the rate fell later to1.9-14%. Judging from the environmental condition of this settlement area, this papermakes clear the persistent threat of malaria. Furthermore, among the villagers, hookworminfection was highly prevalent. However, liver fluke infections were scarce and noascariasis was found from parasitic stool examination in 2007. Water quality analysis ofthe water sources resulted in remarkably safe water from tube wells from 2003 to 2008.

インド・ラダックの医学の問題をレビューし, 予備調査の結果や情報収集とあわせて今後の課題を概説した. インド・ラダックでは, 高血圧と脳梗塞の問題, 貧困と野菜の不足と胃癌の問題, 塵肺, 硅肺の問題がある. 社会・経済的グローバリゼーションに伴うライフスタイルの変化が, 疾病, 老化のあり方とともに, 老人のwell-being にどう影響するかを今後, 医学, 文化, 生態の各学問分野の連携により, 環境や生態のバックグラウンドとの因果関係を調べていく必要がある., The health problem in Ladakh in India was reviewed. There were the problems on hypertension, stroke, gastric cancer associated with poverty and low intake of vegetable, pneumoconiosis, and silicosis. Now, rapid lifestyle changes with socio-economic globalization are occurring and effects will be prominent. The influence of changing lifestyles on these diseases and quality of life in the elderly should be studied from interdisciplinary and comprehensive perspectives, including medicine, geography, agriculture, anthropology, meteorology, ecology and economics.

Domkhar consists of three villages located in the northwestern part of Ladakh, at altitudes between 2900 and 4000 meters above sea level. We visited there in July, 2008 and conducted medical check-ups for the elderly and interviewed with them. About 73% of elderly residents over 60 years old who took our medical checkups had blood pressures of 140/90 mmHg or higher. Knee pain was the most common symptom supposed to be associated with heavy physical activities in the mountain. The average arterial blood oxygen saturation was 91.4±3.6 % among males and 88.7±4.8 % among females. The average hemoglobin level was 15.9±2.8 g/dl among males and 13.9±2.9 g/dl among females. Three out of 17 residents had a casual blood sugar 140 mg/dl or more. The average subjective quality of life (QOL) measured by visual analogue scale was 52.7±18.0 in health, 82.2±10.0 in family relationship, 82.7±9.9 in friendship, 62.4±21.3 in economics and 69.4±19.0 in happiness. We should pay more attention to the impact of changing lifestyle and environments on prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases and QOL in the elderly in highland worlds.

青海省高地住民の漢人とチベット人を比較すると, 糖尿病, 高血圧を含めた生活習慣病と多血症を特徴とする慢性高山病の発症の違いがあるとともに, 生活習慣病と慢性高山病との関連の仕方においても違いを認めた. 進化的な低酸素適応の違いが, 生活習慣病の現れ方の違いに影響を与えている可能性がある. 高血圧の頻度において, 青海省では, 漢人よりチベット人で高血圧が少なかった一方, 観光地化されたシャングリラのチベット人で高血圧は多く, 近年の急激なライフスタイルの変化により, 高血圧の罹患においても, 高地住民は脆弱である可能性がある. シャングリラと同様に, 青海省のチベット人は, 生活機能障害や身体の障害において, 漢人や日本人より障害が大きいにもかかわらず, 主観的Quality of life(QOL)においては, 健康度を除いて, 家族関係, 友人関係, 経済状態, 幸福度において明らかに高く, その原因のひとつとして, スピリチュアルな要素が重要と思われた. 社会・経済的グローバリゼーションに伴うライフスタイルの変化が, 主観的なQOLと客観的なQOLにどう影響しているかを調べながら, チベット人の高いQOLを支える価値観や, それを支える高地の「老人智」を追求していく必要がある., There was the close association of polycythemia with life-style related diseases (high blood pressure and glucose intolerance) in high-altitude elderly people. Han people had higher hemoglobin concentration after adjustment of age, sex and life-style related diseases compared with Tibetan people. The difference of hemoglobin concentration may be due to Tibetans undergoing a much longer period of adaptation than Han people. The further and longitudinal study may be needed to disclose the association between the different ways of hypoxic adaptation with susceptibility to life-style related diseases. It should be also disclosed that how life-style related diseases would aggravate the risk of CMS. The prevention of life-style related diseases may be important for the prevention of CMS in highlanders. We have reported that subjective quality of life of elderly highlanders is higher in spite of having more disorders and they have characteristic sense of value compared with that of the elderly population in Japan. There may be characteristic" wisdom of the aged", i.e. wisdom for the sustainable livelihood, sense of value with high quality of life and community-networks for supporting and respecting elderly people in the harsh high-altitude environments. "Wisdom of the aged" will be studied further in various perspectives.

ヒマラヤの植生は, 有用資源としての価値や植物学上の重要性から, 多くの人々の関心を集めてきた. しかし近年, 商品作物栽培の拡大や森林の減少による, ヒマラヤの植生への影響が懸念される. そこで本稿は, まずヒマラヤ東部に位置するインド北東部の植生研究の動向を概観する. 次に, 2007年の夏に筆者が現地で観察した現存植生の事例を報告する. 最後に, インド北東部の植生研究における今後の課題を挙げる. インド北東部の植生に関する先行研究は, 生態学, 農学, 民族植物学的研究に大別された. そして, その多くが保護林や焼畑耕作地の植生を対象としていた. この傾向の背景には, 従来の自然保護の思想において, 自然破壊の要因となる焼畑耕作から自然環境を守るために保護林の設置が重要だ, とされてきたことがあると推察された. 一方, 筆者によるインド北東部アルナチャール・プラデーシュ州とナガランド州の現地調査では, 保護林や焼畑耕作地以外にも, 興味深い植生が観察された. 例えば, ディラン西部の標高約3500メートルの山地において, モミ林を拓いてつくられたヤクの放牧地にはさまざまな高山植物が生育し, その中には住民に利用されて種も記録された. また, 標高約2000メートルのディラン近郊のコナラ林では, 落葉を畑地の肥料とするため村人の管理によって植生が維持されていた. さらに, 標高約1500メートルのジロやコヒマ近郊の水田では, 食用となる野草が採集され, また土壌改良や畦の補強を目的として畦に樹木が植栽されていた. このように, インド北東部の植生に関する先行研究が対象としてこなかった「人里植生」も, 住民の利用や管理のもとで植物資源の維持に重要な役割を果たしているため, 今後の詳細な調査が必要であると考えられた., Himalayan vegetation has attracted worldwide interests for long time. This paper describes the old trend and future perspective of the studies on the vegetation in northeast India, an easternmost part of Himalayan region, where the authors visited in July and August 2007. The early studies on the vegetation in northeast India were mainly conducted from the viewpoints of ecology, agronomy, and ethnobotany. Those early studies mostly focused on the vegetation of protected forests or shifting cultivation fields. The trend of the early studies seemed to reflect the old paradigm on nature conservation, which insisted "untouched virgin wilderness" should be protected from destructive human activities such as shifting cultivation. On the other hand, field observation and interview in the state of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland in northeast India showed that "human-managed vegetation" harbored multiple plant resources. For example, at the grazing lands for yak rearing created by cutting Abies forest at 3500m a.s.l. near Bhutan, various alpine plants grew and some of them had use for local livelihoods. In addition, deciduous Quercus forest at 2000m a.s.l. around Dilang was managed by local people in order to collect the fallen leaves used as organic fertilizers in upland fields. Furthermore, paddy field vegetation near Ziro and Kohima played important roles in local diet, soil improvement, and protection of paddy dikes. Thus, "human-managed vegetation" in northeast India has importance in terms of both local livelihoods and plant resources management, and will be paid more attention to in the future studies.

The association between glucose intolerance and high altitudes (2900-4900m) was clarified in Tibetan highlanders. The hypothesis was verified that dwelling at high altitudes have vulnerability to diabetes accelerated by lifestyle change or aging. 1258 subjects (40-87 years) were examined; farmers in Domkhar (2900-3800m), nomads in Haiyan, Ryuho, and Changthang (3000-4800m), and urban dwellers in Leh and Jiegu (3300-3700m). The prevalence of glucose intolerance was higher in urban dwellers and in farmers compared with nomads. Dwelling at a higher altitude was significantly associated with fasting hyperglycemia (odds ratios for >4500 and 3500-3999m were 3. 59 and 2. 07 vs 1.0 ; <3500m) by multiple logistic regression analysis with adjustment of age, sex, and confounding factors. Further hypoxemia and polycythemia were closely associated with glucose intolerance. Socioeconomic factors, hypoxemia, and the effects of altitudes over 3500m play a major role in the high prevalence of glucose intolerance in highlanders. Tibetan highlanders may be vulnerable to glucose intolerance, with polycythemia as a sign of poor hypoxic adaptation, accelerated by lifestyle change and aging.

Regional development in Eastern Himalaya has been progressed by the Indian government since 1940s. Geographical documents of this region focused more on the traditional culture than on the development policies and their impacts on the communities. This paper aims to depict the local experience of regional development in eastern Himalaya from the oral history of the elderly people in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Mr. Toko Riba at Deed village in Lower Subansiri District, Mr. Gunken Bagra at Doji village in West Siang District, Mr. Romga Durom at Ligu village in Upper Subansiri District remembered the detailed process of introducing paddy rice cultivation promoted by Indian government since 1940s. The three informants narrated that the high-yield rice variety led the people to start paddy rice cultivation, and that they have developed their original cultivation techniques after several decades of trial and errors. The record on oral history of regional development will be useful in considering the future perspective of local governance and cultural conservation.