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This paper presents the research, development and application of Industry 4.0 in Intralogistics in the last five years. The progress made in Intralogistics, using Industry 4.0, is presented. An overview of the basic principles and elements of Industry 4.0 as well as its impact in the field of Intralogistics is given. Intralogistics is a field that is still being researched and has great potential for further development. Finally, the aim of this paper is to focus on sustainability parameters, technology and elements that still need to be worked on.

A new optimization model of Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) containing three objective and four constraint functions is presented in this paper. Majority of the researchers and publications in material handling field had performed optimization of different decision variables, but with single objective function only. Most common functions are: minimum travel time, maximum throughput capacity, minimum cost, maximum energy efficiency, etc. To perform the simultaneous optimization of objective functions (minimum: "investment expenses", "cycle times", "CO2 footprint") the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) was used. The NSGA II is a tool for finding the Pareto optimal solutions on the Pareto line. Determining the performance of the system is the main goal of our model. Since AS/RS are not flexible in terms of layout and organizational changes once the system is up and running, the proposed model could be a very helpful tool for the warehouse planners in the early stages of warehouse design.

Контејнерски транспорт данас у оквиру светске глобализације привреде има веома важну улогу у превозу робе са константном тенденцијом раста. Предности контејнерског транспорта препознате су још 80-их година прошлог века, а односе се на целу привреду, па чак и друштво у целини. Повећава се број привредних субјеката укључених у процес, побољшана је коорднација и управљање транспортом, омогућено је остваривање учинака економије обима у модалитету превоза "од врата до врата", а све је то довело до смањења трошкова и повећања добити. Транспортни трошкови и транзитно време представљају два најчешће разматрана проблема приликом транспорта контејнера. Такође, ни емисија угљен-диоксида више се не може игнорисати: компаније имају моралну обавезу да послују на одржив начин, а купци постају све више и више свесни огромног утицаја на животну средину. Основни циљ докторске дисертације је поставка концепта којим се повезује више различитих видова транспорта и стварање новог генеричког знања за доношење најповољније одлуке у смислу више усвојених разнородних критеријума: транспортни трошкови, транзитно време, емисија угљен-диоксида. У раду је генерисан математички модел који пружа прилику да посматрамо, поред најповољнијег, и цео спектар потенцијалних решења, дајући нам могућност њиховог рангирања, посматрајући три разнородна критеријума истовремено. Такође, развијен је и посебан програмски пакет за процес унапређења пословања логистичких компанија кроз континуално праћење непрекидних промена на тржишту. Предност модела је да се може применити на различите чворове и контејнерске робне токове у транспортним мрежама узимајући у обзир концепт којим се повезује више различитих видова транспорта. У практичном домену, добијени резултати пружају могућност компанијама да доносе одлуке о транспортним рутама узимајући у обзир сва три посматрана критеријума истовремено, остављајући могућност одлуке у зависности од тежинских коефицијената који су у посматраном моменту најважнији., Container transport today plays a very important role in the transport of goods with a constant tendency of growth in the context of global economic globalization. The advantages of container transport have been recognized since the 1980s, and they relate to the whole economy and even society as a whole. Increased number of business entities involved in the process, improved coordination and transport management, enabled the achievement of economies of scale in door-to-door modality, all of which led to cost savings and profit increases. Transportation costs and transit time are the two most commonly considered problems in container transport. Also, carbon dioxide emissions can no longer be ignored: on the one hand, companies have a moral obligation to operate in a sustainable way, and on the other hand, as customers become more and more aware of the enormous impacts on the environment. The main goal of the doctoral dissertation is the concept of multimodalism and the creation of a new generic knowledge for making the optimal decision in terms of more adopted heterogeneous criteria: transport costs, transit time, carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper a mathematical model is generated and provides the opportunity to observe, in addition to the optimal, full spectrum of possible solutions, giving us the possibility of their ranking, observing the three heterogeneous criteria at the same time. Also, a special software package for the process of improving the operations of logistics companies has been developed through the continuous monitoring of uninterrupted changes in the market. The advantage of the model is that it can be applied to different nodes and container merchandise flows in intermodal networks, taking into account concept of multimodalism by itself. In the practical domain, the expected results provide companies with the ability to make decisions about transport routes, taking into account all three optimized criteria, leaving the possibility of decisio

Prethodna decenija donela je pravi procvat u oblasti automatskih skladišnih sistema (SBS/RS) baziranih na šatl tehnologiji u mnogim industrijama. Njihova superiornost u odnosu na 'mini-load' automatske skladišne sisteme ogleda se prvenstveno u mogućnosti većeg protoka skladišnih jedinica kroz sistem, velikoj fleksibilnosti proširenja sistema i mnogo boljoj energetskoj efikasnosti, koja je rezultat manje potrošnje energije i sposobnosti regeneracije velike količine energije. Sveobuhvatan pregled literature SBS/RS prikazan u ovom radu ukazuje na glavne specifičnosti, ključne pretpostavke i aproksimacije u razvijenim modelima za procenu vrednosti performansi sistema ili strategijama za upravljanje sistemom, i ističe najvažnije zaključke izvedene iz dobijenih rezultata. Predstavljeni pristupi u modeliranju sistema mogu biti koristan alat za projektante SBS/RS prilikom procene efikasnosti sistema u početnoj fazi projektovanja., The last decade brought the blooming of the shuttle-based automated storage and retrieval system (SBS/RS) in many industrial applications. They proved the superiority over the mini-load automated storage and retrieval system mainly due to higher throughput capacity, high flexibility of future extension, much better energy efficiency resulting from lower energy consumption and high energy regeneration capability. A comprehensive literature review on SBS/RS given in the paper pointed out main specifics and crucial approximations and assumptions of the developed system performance estimation models or control strategies, as well as the main conclusions resulting from the obtained results. Presented modeling approaches could be a valuable tool for SBS/RS designers and other related decision makers to estimate the system efficiency in the starting phase of SBS/RS design activities.

Рационалност и ефикасност у снабдевању убојним средствима огледа се у сврсисходном, организованом и оптималном коришћењу свих расположивих ресурса како у миру, тако и у рату..., Rationality and efficiency in the ammunition supply is reflected in the purposeful, organized and optimal use of all available resources both in peace and in war. Economy, as an unavoidable principle obliges consumers of ammunition, as well as other elements of the ammunition supply to use them to achieve the most favorable results...

In the following paper, a new multi-objective optimization model for optimizing performances, costs and energy consumption of an automated storage and retrieval system with double-deep storage rack, will be presented. While majority of literature considers single objective function at a time, this model simultaneously optimizes three objective functions (minimum: investment costs, cycle time, CO2 emission) for a double-deep AS/RS. Analyses are performed in regard to different fillgrade factor of SR. For optimization, NSGA II algorithm is used as a tool to find Pareto optimal solutions. Since AS/RS require high initial investments, and are not flexible in terms of layout or other organizational changes once to system is built, this model could potentially be a very useful tool for warehouse designers in initial stages of planning.

U radu su predstavljene neke osnovne smernice za projektovanje automatskih skladišta u farmaceutskoj industriji: vrsteskladištenog materijala, uslovi čuvanja materijala, osnovne karakteristike podsistema za prijem materijala, osnovne karakteristike podsistema za komisioniranje i zahtevani ambijentalni uslovi. Predstavljen je analitički model za određivanje očekivanih vremena ciklusa dizalice kod automatskih skladišta opsluživanih dizalicama sa regalima dvostruke dubine, budući da je ovo, verovatno, najčešće korišćena tehnologija skladištenja u podsistemu glavnog skladišta u farmaceutskim fabrikama. Usled izuzetne važnosti ispunjenja savremenih zahteva za distribucijom malih, frekventnih porudžbina, predstavljeni su analitički modeli za određivanje očekivanih vremena ciklusa kod automatskih skladišta za male terete opsluživanih dizalicama i automatskih skladišta za male terete opsluživanih skladišnim vozilima, koja definišu protok transportnih jedinica kroz sistem. Svi navedeni modeli mogu poslužiti projektantima i inženjerima koji se ovim problemima bave u praksi, kao i proizvođačima ovih sistema, da odrede meru uspešnosti projektnih rešenja, odnosno, da garantuju potencijalnim korisnicima najvažnije performanse sistema., The paper addresses some basic guidelines for the automated storage and retrieval systems design in pharmaceutical industry: types of pharmaceutical materials, materials storage keeping conditions, receiving subsystem main characteristics, order picking subsystem main characteristics and requested environment conditions. Analytical travel time model for the estimation of cycle times for the unit-load double-deep automated storage and retrieval systems is presented as it is the most common automated storage and retrieval systems type in main warehouse subsystem in pharmaceutical industry. Due to the great importance of very frequent small orders distribution in oday's logistic, analytical travel time model for the computation of travel cycle times for mini-load multi-shuttle automated storage and retrieval system and shuttle based storage and retrieval systems are presented. All models could help designers, professionals in practice even a producers of these systems to estimate successions of offered solutions or to guarantee most important system performance achievement.

U predstavljenom radu, diskutovano je i vršena je evaluacija višeciljne optimizacije automatskih skladišnih sistema. S obzirom da je većina istraživača u oblasti manipulacije materijalom i logistici, vršila optimizaciju promenljivih samo sa jednom funkcijom cilja (najčešće je to funkcija minimalno vreme ciklusa, maksimalni intenzitet opsluživanja, minimalna cena, tj. troškovi, maksimalna energetska efikasnost, itd.), predložen je model višeciljne optimizacije (sa trima funkcijama cilja: minimalni troškovi - minimalno vreme ciklusa - minimalna emisija CO2, odnosno maksimalna energetska efikasnost). Za optimizaciju promenljivih u funkcijama cilja, korišćeni su genetski algoritmi. Da bismo pronašli optimalna Pareto rešenja, upotrebili smo NSGA II genetske algoritme. Glavni zadatak našeg doprinosa jeste da se utvrde performanse automatskog skladišnog sistema, u skladu sa procedurom višeciljne optimizacije. Rezultati predloženog modela, mogu biti od koristi projektantima u ranim fazama projektovanja automatskog skladišnog sistema., A multi-objective optimization of automated warehouses is discussed and evaluated in the present paper. Since most of the researchers in material handling community had performed optimization of decision variables with single objective function only (usually named with minimum travel time, maximum throughput capacity, minimum cost, maximum energy efficiency, etc.), the multi-objective optimization (cost - travel time - CO2 emission/ energy efficiency) will be presented. For the optimization of decision variables in objective functions, the method with genetic algorithms was used. To find the Pareto optimal solutions, the NSGA II genetic algorithm was used. The main objective of our contribution is to determine the performance of the system according to the multi-objective optimization technique. The results of the proposed model could be useful tool for the warehouse designer in the early stage of warehouse design.

The mixing process greatly influences the mixing efficiency, as well as the quality and the price of the intermediate and/or the final product. Static mixer is used for premixing action before the main mixing process, for significant reduction of mixing time and energy consumption. This type of premixing action is not investigated in detail in the open literature. In this article, the novel numerical approach called Discrete Element Method is used for modelling of granular flow in multiple static mixer applications (1-3 Komax or Ross mixing elements were utilized), while the Computational Fluid Dynamic Method was chosen for fluid flow modelling, using the Eulerian multiphase model. The main aim of this article is to predict the behavior of granules being gravitationally transported in different mixer configuration and to choose the best configuration of the mixer taking into account the total particle path, the number of mixing elements and the quality of the obtained mixture. The results of the numerical simulations in the static mixers were compared to experimental results, the mixing quality is examined by RSD (relative standard deviation) criterion, and the effects on the mixer type and the number of mixing elements on mixing process were studied. The effects of the mixer type and the number of mixing elements on mixing process were studied using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mathematical modelling is used for optimization of number of Ross and Komax segments in mixer in order to gain desirable mixing results.

The bread wheat bran is used as a raw material rich in dietary fiber in the production. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the content of essential and toxic elements in the flour and bran. This paper investigates essential (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and toxic (Pb, Cd, Hg and As) elements in products of milling wheat grown in the whole territory of Banat, the region in Serbia. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for analysis. The mean contents of the following elements Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Fe, Mn and Zn in wheat kernels were 0.143, 0.007, 0.017, 35.7643, 50.865 and 21.174 mg/kg, respectively. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate and to group the different samples, according to element content. Quality results show that the first two principal components, accounting for 80.17% of the total variance, can be considered sufficient for data representation and the first two principal components of toxic elements and essential microelements. Cd (15.28%), Zn (17.91%), Cu (17.08), Fe (16.91%) and Mn (17.54%), have been found the most influential for the first factor coordinate calculation, while the contribution of Pb (27.93%) and Hg (61.86%) has been the most important variable for the second factor coordinate calculation.

Pužni transporteri imaju široku primenu u prehrambenoj industriji, građevinskim i rudarskim kompanijima, u hemijskoj, poljoprivrednoj i prerađivačkoj industriji, uglavnom za podizanje i / ili transport rasutih materijala na kratkim i srednjim rastojanjima. Uprkos njihovoj očiglednoj jednostavnosti, poboljšanje transportnih parametara je veoma zahtevan zadatak i inženjeri obično moraju da se oslanjaju na podatke dobijene empirijskim istraživanjima. U ovom radu, ispitivano je petnaest horizontalnih pužnih transportera sa konstantnim korakom pužnice, različite dužine, sa modifikovanom geometrijom. Ovi puževi su ispitivani radi mogućnosti pomoćnog mešanja tokom transporta materijala. Sva ispitivanja su rađena eksperimentalno i numerički, pomoću metode diskretnih elemenata (Discrete Element Method - DEM). Uticaji dužine puža, kao i predložene modifikacije geometrije u dizajnu pužne spirale, ipitivani su radi pomoćnog mešanja, tokom transporta granulisanog materijala kroz pužni transporter. Pomoćno mešanje (koje se koristi se za poboljšanje finalnog procesa mešanja) je postignuto tokom transporta materijala. Geometrija pužnog transportera se menja dodavanjem tri komplementarne spirale orijentisane u istom ili suprotnom smeru od pužne spirale. Čestice materijala se transportuju padaju dole sa vrha spirale do sledeće slobodne površine, i taj segment spirale je korišćen za dodatnu akciju mešanje. Prema eksperimentima i DEM analizema trajektorija čestice se povećava, sa primenjenim modifikacijama transportera, a ovakva geometrija može se koristiti za povećanje kvaliteta finalnog mešanja., Fifteen horizontal single-pitch screw conveyors with modified geometry and the different lengths were investigated for premixing action, during the transport of materials. All investigations were performed experimentally and numerically, by using Discrete Element Method (DEM). The influences of screw length, observed geometry variations and different types of screw design, on the performances of the screw conveyor-mixer during material transport were explored. The auxiliary mixing action was achieved during the transport of the material. The geometry of the screw conveyor is changed by adding three complementary helices oriented in the same or the opposite direction from screw blades. The particles of the material being transported tumble down from the top of the helix to the next free surface, and that segment of helix was used for additional mixing action. According to DEM analysis, particle path length is increased, and the improved geometry could be determined for increasing the quality of mixing.

Statičke mešalice se koriste za mešanje pre glavnog procesa mešanja, čime se značajno smanje vreme mešanja i potrošnja energije. U ovom radu, prikazana je upotreba metode diskretnih elemenata (engl. Discrete Element Method - DEM) na modelovanje mešanja granula u različitim konfiguracijama statičkih mešača (korišćene su različite Komax i Ross konfiguracije za mešanje). Za modelovanje protoka fluida primenjena je metoda numeričke mehanike fluida (engl. Computational Fluid Dynamic - CFD), korišćenjem Ojlerovog dvofaznog modela. Povezivanjem rezultata ove dve metode dobija se pouzdan, dovoljno tačan i adekvatan model koji daje rezultate koji odgovaraju eksperimentalnim merenjima. Statičke mešalice se široko koriste u industiji prerade hrane, farmaceutskoj ili hemijskoj industriji. Ovaj tip mešalice se koristi uglavnom kao predmešač, pre glavnog mešanja, pri čemu se značajno smanjuje vreme mešanja i štedi energija. Za potrebe ovog rada, napravljene su statičke mešalice tipa Ross i Komax od providnog pleksiglasa, dizajnirane u CAD paketu, napravljene korišćenjem CNC glodalice. Pošto su napravljeni elementi bili prozirni, praćenje procesa mešanja granula je bilo i vizuelno. Praćene su i analizirane trajektorije, brzine i ubrzanja čestica, u cilju procene kvaliteta procesa mešanja. Glavni cilj ovog članka je da određivanje ponašanja granula koje se gravitaciono transportuju u različitim konfiguracijama mešalica i odabir najbolje konfiguracije mešalice, uzimajući u obzir ukupnu trajektoriju granule, broj elemenata za mešanje i kvalitet dobijene smeše. Rezultati numeričke simulacije statičkih mešalica upoređeni su sa eksperimentalnim rezultatima, a kvalitet mešanja ispitivan je kriterijumom relativne standardne devijacije. Uticaji tipa mešalice i broja elemenata za mešanje na proces mešanja su proučavani analizom varijanse (ANOVA)., Static mixer is used for premixing action before the main mixing process, for significant reduction of mixing time and energy consumption. In this article, the novel numerical approach called Discrete Element Method is used for modeling of granular flow in multiple static mixer applications, while the Computational Fluid Dynamic method was chosen for fluid flow modeling. The main aim of this article is to predict the behaviour of granules being gravitationally transported in different mixer configuration and to choose the best configuration of the mixer taking into account the total particle path, the number of mixing elements and the quality of the obtained mixture. The results of the numerical simulations in the static mixers were compared to experimental results, the mixing quality is examined by relative standard deviation criterion. The effects of the mixer type and the number of mixing elements on mixing process were studied using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Pužni transporteri se veoma intenzivno koriste u industriji za proizvodnju i preradu hrane, plastike, mineralnih sirovina, u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji kao i u prerađivačkoj industriji za podizanje i/ili transport rasutih materijala na kratkim i srednjim rastojanjima. Uprkos njihovoj očiglednoj konstrukcionoj jednostavnosti, sam čin transporta je veoma složen za razumevanje i konstruktori se često oslanjaju na iskustvene podatke pri konstruisanju i izradi. Osobine pužnih transportera su određene radnim uslovima (kao što su: brzinu rotacije vratila puža, ugao pod kojim je nagnut pužni transporter, nivo zapreminskog punjenja puža, itd.). U ovom radu je opisano nekoliko horizontalnih puževa, konstantne dužine koraka, pri čemu su geometrije pužnih spirala neznatno izmenjene radi ispitivanja procesa mešanja tokom transporta, korišćenjem metode diskretnih elemenata (Discrete Element Method - DEM). Ispitivani su uticaji geometrijskih izmena na osobine pužnog transportera, različita konstrukciona rešenja pužne spirale su međusobno poređena, kao i efekti geometrijskih izmena na mešanje u toku transporta. Tokom transporta u pužnom transporteru, čestice padaju sa vrha pužne spirale na prvu sledeću slobodnu površinu pužne spirale i taj segment putanje čestice može da bude iskorišćen za dopunsko mešanje materijala tokom transporta. Putanja čestice se drastično povećava ugradnjom tri dodatne zavojne površine usmerene u istom pravcu kao i pužna spirala (1458,2 mm u poređenju sa 397,6 mm u slučaju pužnog transportera sa jednom spiralom). Skraćivanjem dodatnih zavojnica, koje su usmerene u istom smeru kao i pužna spirala, unekoliko se smanjuje putanja čestice, na dužinu od 1728,8 mm (usled prekidanja zavojnice na sredini pužnog transportera). Putanja čestice se produžava na 1764.4 mm, kada se ugrade dodatne zavojne površine koje su usmerene u suprotnom pravcu od pravca pužne spirale. Ugradnjom tri dodatna pravolinijske letve, dobijena je najduža putanja čestice: 2061,6 mm., Screw conveyors are used extensively in food, plastics, mineral processing, agriculture and processing industries for elevating and/or transporting bulk materials over short to medium distances. Despite their apparent simplicity in design, the transportation action is very complex for design and constructors have tended to rely heavily on empirical performance data. Screw conveyor performance is affected by its operating conditions (such as: the rotational speed of the screw, the inclination of the screw conveyor and its volumetric fill level). In this paper, horizontal, several single-pitch screw conveyors with some geometry variations in screw blade were investigated for mixing action during transport, using Discrete Element Method (DEM). The influence of geometry modifications on the performance of screw conveyor was examined, different screw designs were compared, and the effects of geometrical variations on mixing performances during transport were explored. During the transport, the particle tumbles down from the top of the helix to the next free surface and that segment of the path was used for auxiliary mixing action. The particle path is dramatically increased with the addition of three complementary helices oriented in the same direction as screw blades (1458.2 mm compared to 397.6 mm in case of single flight screw conveyor). Transport route enlarges to 1764.4 mm, when installing helices oriented in the opposite direction from screw blades. By addition of straight line blade to single flight screw conveyor, the longest particle path is being reached: 2061.6 mm.

After harvesting raspberries are sold directly to the market or going to freeze. Sensory quality of fruits such as color and flavor are the main factors that influence consumer acceptance. The paper analyzes the process of freezing raspberries depending on how and freezing temperatures. The purpose of the freeze is to reduce the temperature of the product as it is economically feasible in an effort to reduce product quality and prevent deterioration in the product. Quick freezing is freezing process in which fast-forwards zone with the maximum degree of ice crystals (region -1 to -5 ° C) and reached the equilibrium (final) temperature of not higher than -18 ° C. Temperature at which it begins to freeze raspberries is -0.9 º C. Freezing is carried out in a strong current of cold air where the heat transfer coefficient of about 58 W/m2K.

Color of the food is the first parameter of quality evaluated by consumers. What is important is the acceptance of the product even before being consumed. Inspection of food products is done using machine vision, particularly analyzing and processing the images, where the parameters of each pixel on the surface of the recorded product must be known. Using different color spaces quantitative color value is obtained. Although there are many different color spaces, when it comes to food, the most frequently used is the CIE L*a*b* color space, due to its uniform color distribution and because its perception of color is closest to the one human eye. RGB color space, where a sensor in each pixel records the intensity of light in the red, green and blue spectrum, is also similar to human perception of colors and it is also frequently used. The problem with the L * a * b * scale is that commercial color-meters measure only a dozen of square centimetres of the product itself and the measurements are not representative for the most of heterogeneous materials. The aim of this paper is to present the analysis of images of chosen food products using the two color spaces. In each of the two color spaces, after determining the range of parameters appropriate to good quality products, the criteria for the discrimination of damaged products is defined and tested. The comparison of the applications of those criteria shows that, in the case of food, the transformation of RGB coordinates into the CIE L*a*b* color space makes it possible to achieve greater accuracy and improved calculation of appropriate color parameters.

Mesh cleaning for tubers vegetables in harvesters subject to oscillations and can be modeled as a system of mass-spring-damper. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the mathematical model and discussed a variety of options depending on the degree of attenuation. Shown the time response of the system. The application of this work is in the design of mesh cleaning, especially in terms of energy efficiency. The research results can be applied to the entire hydraulic system, or in a separate part of the system.

Growing awareness of environmental problems, and in particular with well-published issues such as acid rain, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and global warming, “greenness” become a catchword in logistic as a heart of modern transport systems since early of 1990s. To overcome these problems new field of logistic research is emerging, focusing on the adaptation of logistical systems and supply chains to climate change. Therefore, it is a trend in intralogistics sector in recent years to invest more in green technologies. In the last few years, the success from fuel cell demonstrations has moved rapidly into commercial forklift operations. This paper addresses the potential benefits in using the fuel cells and triple hybrid drives in forklift trucks as a field of potential improvements in intralogistic.

U ovom radu biće dat pregled rešenja za skladištenje voća i povrća u svežem i zamrznutom stanju. Proizvodnja voća i povrća u Srbiji zauzima značajno mesto u ukupnoj vrednosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje i veliki deo proizvedenog voća i povrća se izvozi pa se samim tim zahtevaju i veliki kapaciteti i uvođenje novih posle ubirajućih tehnologija za skladištenje istih, a kako je za značajniji plasman na inostrana tržišta neophodno popravljanje kvaliteta proizvoda, potrebno je i osavremenjivanje tehnologije gajenja i uvođenje evropskih standarda u svim segmentima proizvodnje, prerade i čuvanja voća i povrća. Najvažniji uslovi sredine koje treba obezbediti u skladišnom prostoru su temperatura i vlažnost vazduha. Osnovna teškoća pri čuvanju svežeg proizvoda je visok sadržaj vode (80-96%), a gubitak vlage tokom skladištenja je uobičajena pojava. Gubici vlage 3 - 6% su dovoljni da izazovu značajan gubitak kvaliteta za mnoge vrste namirnica. Nove tehnologije koje obezbeđuju sigurno i produženo skladištenje bioproizvoda su skladišta sa kontrolisanom atmosferom (CA) i ULO hladnjače., This paper gives an overview of solutions for storing fruits and vegetables in fresh and frozen conditions. Fruit and vegetables in Serbia occupies a significant place in the total value of agricultural production and much of the produced fruits and vegetables are exported and are therefore required a large capacity and introduce new harvest technologies to store them, and how important is the placement of foreign markets is necessary improving product quality, it is growing and upgrading technology and introduction of European standards in all aspects of production, processing and preserving of fruits and vegetables. The most important environmental conditions to be provided in storage areas are temperature and humidity. The main difficulty in keeping fresh products is a high water content (80-96%), and moisture loss during storage is certain phenomena. Loss of moisture 3-6% are sufficient to cause a significant loss of quality for many foods. New technologies that provide safe and prolonged storage bioproducts as warehouses with controlled atmosphere (CA) and ULO storage.

U radu je izložena procedura za procenu vremena blokiranja vozila u kontrolnim zonama, koja predstavlja mali deo postupka za određivanje vrednosti promenljivih performansi sistema i elementarnih podsistema u projektovanju fleksibilnih transportnih sistema (FTS). Procedura je završni korak Integralnog analitičkog modela (IAM) za projektovanje i određivanje performansi FTS-a, čiji je generalni algoritam, takođe, predstavljen. Predložena strategija analitičkog modeliranja znatno poboljšava nivo tačnosti predviđanja performansi sistema i elementarnih podsistema FTS-a., This paper presents procedure for estimation of vehicle control zone blocking times as an only a small part of system and elementary subsystems performance variables calculation in a flexible transport system (FTS) design. Procedure is a final step of an Integral analytical model (IAM) for FTS design and performances determination, whose general algorithm is shown. Some results of sensitively analyses performed by IAM are also presented. Proposed analytical modeling strategy substantially increases the level of accuracy of system and elementary subsystem performance predicting.

U radu je izložen postupak za određivanje optimalnih smerova u mreži transportnih staza fleksibilnih transportnih sistema (fleksibilnih jednošinskih dizalica i sistema automatski upravljanih vozila - AGVS-a), koji se zasniva na 0-1 celobrojnom programiranju. Razvijen je, takođe, softver koji koristi funkciju cilja i neka ograničenja 0-1 celobrojnog programiranja, a sledeći originalnu logiku rešavanja problema određivanja optimalnih smerova transportnih staza za mreže koje sadrže do 30 lukova., This paper presents an approach to determining optimal flow path of flexible transport systems (flexible monorail, AGVS) based on 0-1 integer programming problem. A genuine software is developed which partly use 0-1 integer programming formulation, and using original logic solving optimal flow path for networks which contents 30 arcs max. A illustrative example is presented.