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To define X-ray signs of restrictive pneumothorax, the authors analyzed X-ray films of 225 newborns and babies of the first 3 months of life who were examined for respiratory disorders and acute respiratory diseases. Restrictive pneumothorax was detected in 19 (8.44%) infants. In 14 patients, gas was present in limited areas of various portions of the pleural cavity, without causing collabation of the lung and displacing the mediastinum, which makes diagnosis difficult. Moreover, the thoracic superimposition of the border of the scapula, soft tissue of the shoulder, hypoventilation of the lower lobe simulated restrictive pneumothorax in 38 children. Examinations in the lateral position on the healthy side, X-ray made in milder modes than as accepted, dynamic studies were helpful in diagnosing restrictive pneumothorax. However, additional X-ray study increased radiation loads. The concordance of X-ray images of the available X-ray films on a UAP-2 device in 47 children enabled the presence of pneumothorax to be specified by the segregated outlines of the partially collabated lung and by the absence of a lung pattern outside. In hypoventilation of the lower lobe, a lung pattern was identified both in the hypoventilated and in the normal midlobe. The processing of X-ray films on the UAP-2 device enhanced the accuracy of restrictive pneumothorax diagnosis in infants and made it possible to do away an additional X-ray study, which reduced radiation loads.

Thirty patients with fractures of the apex of the orbit were examined by clinical and x-ray methods. The types of fractures of facial skull bones were specified, which were aggravated by the patients state, as was the type of injuries to osseous structures participating in the formation of the orbital apex. A purposeful x-ray examination of the orbital apex in patients with injuries to facial bones helps to rule out undervaluation of the severity of injury which can be assessed only on the basis of clinical signs. Use of a modified panoramic sonography for examination of the apex of the orbit in accordance with the standard program of Sonark device for the examination of orbital nerve canals helps assess the nature of injuries to bone structures in this area.

34 children were examined for tumours and tumor-like jaws diseases odontomas, giant cell tumours, fibrous osteodysplasias, epulides, eosinophilic granulomas. Roentgenograms and tomograms of the patients have undergone space filtration on the device for the DAR-2 roentgenogram analysis with separation of the upper and middle space frequencies of the picture. Space filtration separated features of the picture having differentially diagnostic meaning and characterizing the particularities of the tumour structure, it's bone border, alteration of the surrounding soft tissues.

A total of 177 records of expert evaluations carried out in 1987-1992 are reviewed, describing 526 cases of defective medical care. The incidence of accusations of medical workers of various specialties is analyzed, as is the incidence of inadequate care at various therapeutic institutions and at different stages of medical care, the outcomes of errors, and structure of errors made at prehospital and hospital stages.

Basing on the evidence obtained at examinations of 37 patients within 15-year follow-up after surgery on the maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses, the authors analyse potentialities and techniques of computed tomography in diagnosis of the developments in operated on paranasal sinuses. CT demonstrated advantages in examination of paranasal sinus walls and soft tissue alterations in them.

Two cases with a rare systemic disease are described. The first of them is as follows: a female aged 58 developed sclerodermic cardiomyopathy manifesting by cardiomegaly which resulted in myocardial infarction followed by heart aneurysm. In the second observation a female aged 60 developed mixed systemic connective-tissue Sharp-type syndrome though with calcinosis in heart structures (similarly as in Thibierge - Weissenbach syndrome) and with renal cysts, possibly of a connective-tissue origin. In this latter case the role of ultrasonic examinations in the detection of heart and kidney involvement was of particular importance. In both cases glucocorticoids were found diagnostically valuable for the detection of autoimmune pathologic processes.

Thirty-three children were examined operated on for histologically verified fibrous osteodysplasia. X-ray examinations of the maxilla and mandible were carried out in the nasofrontal and lateral projections, roentgenograms were made in the semiaxial and naso-forehead projections, and intraoral roentgenograms of the teeth and alveolar processes, orthopantomograms of the mandible, and linear tomograms were made. Five variants of an x-ray picture of fibrous dysplasia were distinguished which should be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis.

Under study were 248 patients with fractures of the upper and middle zone of face including injury of the zygomatic bone. The examination performed has revealed a joint character of the injury of the zygomatic bone and the maxillary sinus walls. The rational grouping of fractures of the zygomatic bone includes isolated fractures of its processes and lower edge of the orbit as well as fractures of the zygomatic-maxillary complex. The panorama zonography is an effective method of diagnosing fractures of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic-maxillary complex.

Fifty-two patients with naso-orbital fractures were examined. Regularities in isolated and multiple injuries of such bones were detected. Specific features of the injuries of individual osseous structures of the naso-orbital complex in various types of fractures were analyzed. Traumatic injuries of this site are characterized by a high incidence of injuries to the frontal sinus walls and to the structures of the anterior segment of the skull. Panoramic sonography better demonstrates the volume and extension of the injuries. Linear tomography in a lateral projection should supplement panoramic sonography, specifying the status of the frontonasal anastomosis, posterior wall of the frontal sinuses, cerebral wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth and the cribriform plate.

The author suggests a method for making highly-structured roentgenograms of nasal bones in forensic medical expert examinations of live subjects, involving no x-raying of nasal bones. The method is based on nasal bones imaging in skull bone roentgenography in the lateral projection.

Thirty-three experiments with dogs and clinical studies in 93 patients on the differential x-ray diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome helped specify the x-ray signs of various stages of this condition.

Le Fort's fractures of maxillary bones are referred to grave injuries that require an accurate and urgent diagnosis. A total of 70 patients with different variants of such fractures were examined. The x-ray examination included polypositional roentgenography, linear tomography and panoramic sonography with the Sonarc apparatus. The injuries with all signs of Le Fort's fractures of two and even three types predominated, asymmetric injuries were rather frequent. Panoramic sonography with the patient in a modified position helped specify the volume and extension of the injury to the facial bones, but it should be supplemented with linear tomography to detect the injuries of the pterygoid processes of the major bone of the anterior and posterior walls of the maxillary sinuses, of the frontonasal channel opening, of the posterior wall of the frontal sinuses and the anterior cranial fossa structures, the detection of injuries of the pterygoid processes being the key sign in the differential diagnosis of Le Fort fractures.

The authors examined 436 patients with acute trauma of the upper and middle zones of the visceral cranium. Injury to the anterior cranial fossa was discovered in fractures of the orbitonasal complex, isolated fractures of the upper zone, fractures of the Le Fort II and Le Fort III types, and multiple fractures of the upper and middle zones of the face. Such fractures were found in 158 cases, in 76 of them (48.1%) damage to the anterior cranial fossa was recognized. A relationship was found between the frequency of fractures of the anterior cranial fossa and the type of injury to the bones of the face. The features of injury to the separate structures of the anterior cranial fossa are specified. The modified program of panoramic sonography by means of a Zonark apparatus makes it possible to examine the anterior cranial fossa of a patient in a supine position with a small number of exposures, which makes the examination much easier for the patient.

A total of 453 patients with acute injuries of the upper and median zones of the facial skull were examined. The most frequent injury was that to the orbital entrance, fractures of the inferior wall; fractures of the exterior, interior, and anterior walls were less incident, and fractures of the orbital apex were the most rare. Types of the skull bone fractures, associated with injury to the orbital walls, were distinguished. The x-ray semeiotics of injuries to the orbital walls was specified making use of panoramic sonography. Panoramic zonography [correction of sonography] with the use of the Zonark [correction of Sonarc] apparatus helps identify the volume and extension of the injuries on all the orbital walls and is altogether an effective method for the diagnosis of the orbital wall fractures.

The paper specifies x-ray picture of surgically treated frontal and maxillary sinuses in uneventful healing without inflammation relapses (30 cases), in relapse of purulent (21 sinuses), purulent-polypous (15 sinuses), polypous (4 sinuses) sinusitis, in pain syndrome in the region of the operated on maxillary sinus projection (7 patients). X-ray symptoms of postoperative changes in the sinuses, varying in clinical course, are characterized.

The paper describes 42 intact, 14 damaged and 52 ruptured radioulnar joints. The joints width was measured, the radioulnar index calculated, x-ray pictures filtered. Variants of isolated injuries of the joints in different bone dislocation, changes in combined ruptures and injuries are described. The radioulnar index proved the best in quantitation of the joint damage.

Destructive changes in vertebral bodies, mainly in the thoracic part, zones of rearrangement and pseudoarthrosis are revealed in Bekhterev's disease. These changes develop in advanced stages of this disease in the form of subligamentous destruction of the anterior surface of vertebral bodies, limited destruction in the area of anterior parts in the zone of intervertebral disks, superficial destruction of cranial and caudal body plates with shortening of a height of an intervertebral disk, deep destruction of adjacent surfaces of vertebral bodies with expansion of intervertebral spaces.

Investigation of 14 roentgenograms of skin preparations with cut-stab wounds, treated by spatial filtration method in medium and high spatial frequency modes was performed using material of 13 specific cases. This resulted in detection of disturbances of skin pattern left at the area of former skin cone in 7 cases while in 2 cases indistinct heel traces were seen. Changes in skin pattern were not recorded on roentgenograms of skin preparation of 12 experimental cut-stab wounds obtained on cadaveric skin.

Altogether 32 patients with blow-out fractures of the orbit were investigated, using an x-ray study that included panoramic zonography. Isolated blow-out fractures and blow-out fractures combined with injured adjacent facial bones, were singled out. X-ray signs were divided into direct ones, characterizing a parietal fracture, and secondary ones, determined by secondary traumatic changes. Fractures of the lower and medial walls of the orbit were considered.

Altogether 40 thymic tumor patients were investigated. Radiograms and pneumomediastinograms were subjected to processing a posteriori (increased contrast and spatial filtration). Spatial filtration improved selective analysis of spatial frequencies of imaging. Processing of images specified diagnosis of thymomas by underlining the shapes of normal and abnormal mediastinal formations and signs of invasion of the pericardium and pleura.

Altogether 40 thymic tumor patients were investigated. Radiograms and pneumomediastinograms were subjected to processing aposteriori (increased contrast and spatial filtration). Spatial filtration improved selective analysis of spatial frequencies of imaging. Processing of images specified diagnosis of thymomas by underlining the shapes of normal and abnormal mediastinal formations and signs of invasion of the pericardium and pleura.

Under study there were 23 patients without alterations in the area of tibiofibular syndesmosis, 53 patients with isolated injuries and 132 patients with associated injuries in the area of syndesmosis. Roentgenogrammetry (calculation of the tibiofibular index) and special filtration of the roentgenogram picture were performed. Roentgenogrammetric indices of ruptures of syndesmosis and peculiarities of bone injuries at the level of syndesmosis were established.

384 victims aged 1 to 14 years with damages of middle and distal hand parts were examined. The rate of osteo-epiphysiolysis, hand damages without affection of zone of growth in different short bones of hand is presented. Significant group of damages is composed of subperiosteal fractures and osteo-epiphysiolysis. Special features of different types of osteo-epiphysiolysis and roentgenologic signs which differ them from juxta-epiphyseal fractures are described. Of special significance in diagnosis of osteo-epiphysiolysis is the "bone lamina" sign and uneven expansion of the zone of growth.

The paper is devoted to the potentialities of aposterior image processing in adult patients with the respiratory distress-syndrome (RDS). Thirty one cases of optical processing of radiograms were analyzed. Pulmonary changes were absent in 10 persons of the control group. The authors described spatial and frequency characteristics of the structural elements of an x-ray picture of RDS (change of interstitial tissue, the state of pulmonary markings, micro-atelectases, edematous and small hemorrhagic parts). The localization of disease is mostly peripheral. The authors paid attention to probable criteria of differential diagnosis between RDS and other conditions, manifesting themselves in clinically acute parenchymatous respiratory insufficiency (lung edema, acute pneumonia, thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery).

A comparative clinico-roentgenological assessment of results of transplantation of auto- and allogenic demineralized transplants in reconstructive operations on the mandible was made in 58 children with the syndrome of the first and second branchial arches aged from 1 to 14 years. It was found that the substitution of the transplants by a new bone tissue was developing similarly. Allogenic bone transplants have a number of advantages over autotransplants: a simpler treatment and modelling the absence of an additional trauma to the child and a shorter duration of the operation.

Radio- and tomogrammes of 335 patients with inflammatory and tumoral pathology of accessory nasal sinus were investigated. Anisotropic gradient filtration of the image, carried out with "Magiskan-2" apparatus was used. The procedure permitted to distinguish small unobstrusive changes in sinal bony tissues, routinely unnoticeable, and characteristic features of shadow structure, facilitating a differential diagnosis of accessory nasal sinus diseases.

X-ray examinations by a traditional method in 694 patients with non-complicated compression fractures in the thoraco-lumbar part of the vertebral column do not always give the exact picture of the character of fractures of the vertebral column. The method of optic processing the roentgen picture was used in 30 patients for more detailed analysis of structural changes in the vertebrae bodies. The method allowed to specify structural changes in the vertebra bodies, including the detection of the fracture plane, abruption of a body portion, detection of an additional contour of the limiting plate in its pressing into the vertebra body and the zone of infiltration in the upper portions of the body.