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Global and local analyses of spatial autocorrelation are commonplace in spatial archaeology. However, they are exclusively focused on continuous numerical parameters, even though logical (presence/absence) and categorical parameters are equally frequent in archaeological research. Global tests of spatial dependence for categorical data are routinely used in other fields, and local versions of these tests (known as LICD) have recently been developed. This paper provides a detailed description of such methods, and presents the first adaptation and application of LICD to archaeological data. Different LICD versions have been tested on two case-studies: (a) an archaeological grid, with object presence or absence recorded for each cell; (b) Historic Landscape Characterisation, with the origin of character types (mediaeval, post-mediaeval or modern) recorded for each region. These examples seek to showcase and promote the use of LICD in landscape and intra-site archaeology. • Spatial autocorrelation analysis is commonplace in archaeology, but exclusively focused on continuous numerical parameters. • Global tests of spatial autocorrelation for categorical data are routinely used in other fields. • Local indicators of spatial association for categorical data (LICD) have recently been developed. • This paper provides the first adaptation of LICD to archaeological data. • LICD can be used to analyse archaeological grids as well as regions of variable size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the geography of microbreweries in three countries in Central Europe: the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia. Each has a long, turbulent, and different history of brewing, but in the twenty-first century all of them have experienced the change in this market caused by the so-called craft beer revolution. First, in an exhaustive literature review, we present the reasons for the craft beer proliferation in the world and characterize the beer market in these three countries. We also identify the factors that might lead to the location and clustering of craft breweries. Second, we empirically test where the microbreweries tend to locate and what the driving forces are in the clustering patterns in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia, using spatial statistical models (LISA and spatial lag) and data from Eurostat and collected by the authors. Our findings suggest that craft brewers cluster in Central Europe, for reasons related to income and general well-being, the education level, economic activity and creativity, the age of the population, and the distance from cities. • Craft breweries in Central Europe have a strong tendency towards clustering. • Above-average breweries' concentration dominates mainly in the Czech Republic. • Craft breweries' location is related to the level of socioeconomic factors. • GDP, employment, population age have a positive impact on the number of craft breweries. • Brewing traditions, well-being and education level do not play a large role in craft breweries' location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to find probabilities of extreme values of the air temperature for the Cerrado, Pantanal and Atlantic Forest biomes in Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. In this case a maximum likelihood estimation was employed for the probability distributions fitting the extreme monthly air temperatures for 2007–2018. Using the Extreme Value Theory approach this work estimates three probability distributions: the Generalized Distribution of Extreme Values (GEV), the Gumbel (GUM) and the Log-Normal (LN). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the corrected Akaike criterion AICc, the Bayesian information criterion BIC, the root of the mean square error RMSE and the determination coefficient R2 were applied to measure the goodness-of-fit. The estimated distributions were used to calculate the probabilities of occurrence of maximum monthly air temperatures over 28–32 °C. Temperature predictions were done for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 30-, 50- and 100-year return periods. The GEV and GUM distributions are recommended to be used in the warmer months. In the coldest months, the LN distribution gave a better fit to a series of extreme air temperatures. Deforestation, combustion and extensive fires, and the related aerosol emissions contribute, alongside climate change, to the generation of extreme air temperatures in the studied biomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact of water content and water mineralization on the course of the micro-scale frost weathering. • Frost-induced production of coarse-grained sand fraction. • Small production of silt-sized grain fraction. • Lack of correlation of micro-scale frost weathering intensity and moisture content. • Preparation/inherited and primary defects as frost-driven factors. The experimental simulation of a micro-scale frost weathering of sand-sized (0.5–1.0 mm) quartz grains has been conducted to investigate the frost-induced changes in the grain-size distributions and factors that affect the weathering process. For the first time we present the results concerning the relationship between the course of frost weathering and the characteristics of water (content and mineralization) involved in the process. The simulation involved two types of vein quartz crushed to fresh, angular grains and arranged into dry, moistened and wet samples. Grain samples were subjected to fixed temperature oscillations (from −5 °C to +10 °C) under controlled laboratory conditions. Grain-size analysis were conducted after 50, 100, and 300 freeze–thaw cycles. Differences in the distributions, resulting from the production of the frost debris, were observed at each stage of the weathering process. Statistical analyses (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, PCA, cluster analysis) demonstrated that both types of quartz grains react differently to the ongoing weathering process regardless of the moisture conditions. The production of very coarse (1.0–2.0 mm) and coarse sand (0.5–1.0 mm) fractions, resulting from the frost-induced destruction, was observed. This issue has never been addressed or expounded before. The production of fine (0.125–0.25 mm) and very fine (0.063–0.125 mm) sands was notable while the silt-sized grains (0.002–0.063 mm) constituted only a minor product of the frost weathering. Nevertheless, the combined increase in the content of these fractions may have a significant impact on the properties of the frost-affected sediments/soils. The sample preparation (resulting in preparation defects) and the internal structure of quartz grains (resulting in primary defects) had a great influence on the initial course and manner of the frost weathering process. Other factors, such as content or mineralization of water, exerted much less influence on the frost-driven destruction during the studied weathering period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]