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The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes to commercial anthelmintics has led to enormous economic losses in many parts of the world. For this reason, new sustainable strategies for the control of these parasites are being actively searched, which include the use of different alternatives such as plant essential oils. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and to test its anthelmintic potential against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Qualitative and semi-quantitative chemical characterization of the essential oil was performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS analysis). The anthelmintic potential of the essential oil was tested using the in vitro egg hatching test (EHT), which was carried out with eight different concentrations of the tested oil (50; 12.5; 3.125; 0.781; 0.195; 0.049; 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/mL). Thiabendazole in concentrations of 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/mL was used as the positive control, and the emulsifier 3% Tween 80 v/v and distilled water was used as the negative control. GC-MS analyzes revealed a rich chemical composition of the tested oil, where a total of 17 different ingredients from different chemical groups were found, of which 15 were identified. The dominant ingredient was linalool (84.5%) along with γ-terpinene (5.04%),camphor (3.26%) and α-pinene (2.88%). The EHT results showed a high anthelmintic potential of coriander oil with inhibition of larval hatching, i.e. an ovicidal effect of 29.0-88.7% depending on the concentration, with an IC50 concentration of 0.04 mg/mL and a clear dose-dependent effect (R2= 0.90). This study confirmed the possible importance of botanical anthelmintics in the sustainable control of nematodes in animals and the fight against anthelmintic resistance. The obtained results indicate a possible role of coriander in future therapeutic approaches to infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, after further in vivo tests and toxicity studies.

Razvoj antihelmintičke rezistencije kod gastrointestinalnih nematoda ovaca na komercijalne antihelmintike je doveo do ogromnih ekonomskih gubitaka u mnogim delovima sveta. Zbog toga se aktivno traga za novim održivim strategijama za kontrolu ovih parazita, koje uključuju i primenu različitih alternativa poput biljnih etarskih ulja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se odredi hemijski sastav etarskog ulja korijandera (Coriandrum sativum L.) i da se ispita njegov antihelmintički potencijal protiv gastrointestinalnih nematoda ovaca. Kvalitativna i semikvantitativna hemijska karakterizacija etarskog ulja izvršena je primenom gasne hromatografije kuplovane sa masenospektrometrijskom detekcijom (GC-MS analize). Antihelmintički potencijal etarskog ulja je ispitan pomoću in vitro testa izleganja larvi (EHT), koji je sproveden sa osam različitih koncentracija ispitanog ulja (50; 12,5; 3,125; 0,781; 0,195; 0,049; 0,025 i 0,0125 mg/mL). Pri tome je za pozitivnu kontrolu korišćen tiabendazol u koncentracijama 0,025 i 0,0125 mg/mL, a za negativnu emulgator 3% Tween 80 v/v i destilovana voda. GC-MS analizama je otkriven bogat hemijski sastav ispitanog ulja, pri čemu je pronađeno ukupno 17 različitih sastojaka iz različitih hemijskih grupa, od čega je 15 identifikovano. Dominantan sastojak je bio linalool (84,5%) uz γ-terpinen (5,04%), kamfor (3,26%) i α-pinen (2,88%). Rezultati EHT su pokazali visokantihelmintički potencijal ulja korijandera sa inhibicijom izleganja larvi odnosno ovicidnim efektom od 29,0-88,7% u zavisnosti od koncentracije, uz dobijenu IC50 koncentraciju od 0,04 mg/mL i jasan dozno-zavisni efekat (R2=0,90). Ova studija je potvrdila mogući značaj botaničkih antihelmintika u održivoj kontroli nematoda kod životinja i borbi protiv antihelmintičke rezistencije. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na moguću ulogu korijandera u budućim terapijskim pristupima infekcijama izazvanih gastrointestinalnim nematoda ovaca, nakon daljih in vivo ispitivanja i studija toksičnosti.

Introduction/Objective. The foramen of Vesalius is a variable foramen located at the base of the skull, anteromedial to the foramen ovale, and lateral to the foramen rotundum. Through this foramen, passes one of the emissary veins, which establishes communication between the cavernous sinus and the pterygoid plexus. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of this foramen in adults depending on gender, along with the number of foramina, distributions relative to the side of the skull and diameter of the foramen. Methods. A material used in the study were digital computed tomography (CT) scans of adult paranasal cavities from the archives of the Radiology Center, archived in the PACS software system. We analyzed axial CT sections of 1 mm thickness. The research included 500 subjects (250 males and 250 females). Results. The foramen of Vesalius was present in 67.6% of respondents. In 50.9% cases, the foramen was bilateral and in 49.1% it was unilateral. The average oblique diameter of the foramen in men was 1.75 ? 0.59 mm and in women 1.56 ? 0.48 mm. In 22 subjects (6.51%) the foramina were doubled, and in two (0.60%) they were tripled. Conclusion. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of the foramen of Vesalius concerning gender. The mean diameter of the foramen was statistically higher in males. The presence of this foramen is important for neurosurgeons because, during the percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy, the needle can pass through this foramen, injure the surrounding blood vessels, and lead to intracranial hemorrhage.

Essential oils have numerous medicinal properties which include antiseptic, antiinflammatory, anticancer but also antiviral, antimicrobial and antiparasitic effects. Although researches have highlighted different possible application of these oils, little is known about their use in animals including dogs and cats. Specifically, essential oils showed effects against various bacterial (Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp.), fungal (Malassezia pachydermatis, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes), endoparasitic (Giardia duodenalis, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxocara canis) and ectoparasitic (Otodectes cynotis, Demodex canis, Ctenocephalides felis, some ticks etc) pathogens in dogs and cats. In addition, essential oils exhibit numerous positive properties such as complex chemical composition (high efficacy, less susceptibility to resistance), their natural origin etc. Therefore, certain essential oils based formulations are already in use, such as different shampoos. However, the main limitation for the use of these plant products is the insufficiently tested safety of use. Thus, some essential oils are considered toxic to pets, especially when used on cats. The main reason for this is most likely the deficiency of some liver enzymes that are involved in metabolic processes (as UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in cats), which leads to the accumulation of some active ingredients in the organism and their toxicity. Therefore, caution and rational application are needed in terms of adequate selection of plant species, dosage, concentration and the methods of use. In addition, since essential oils are prone to evaporation and instability, the encapsulation technique can further increase their in vivo efficacy as well as enable controlled release. That can reduce the required dose and additionally increase safety of their application.

Introduction. Liver diseases with disturbances of hepatic and splanchnic circulation lead to the portal hypertension, with or without a portal vein thrombosis. Objective. This study was based on the testing of hypothesis that more data and more precise diagnosis in patients with disorders of portal circulation can be obtained by using color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) and computed tomography (CT) with contrast. Methods. The study was conducted from February 2011 to May 2014 and it comprised 120 patients who were suspected to have portal hypertension or already had clinical confirmation of the portal hypertension, patients with hepatitis, and some patients with hematological diseases. The first group of 40 patients was examined by conventional ultrasonography and CDU, the second group by contrast CT, and the third group of patients was examined by both methods (CDU and contrast CT). After six months of adequate therapy, the patients had control examinations with the same diagnostic technique used during their first examination. Results. Retrospective analysis showed that CDU is more sensitive than CT in the assessment of presence and age of thrombi (CDU 93.9%; CT 86.1%). CT gives precise data in detection of portosystemic collaterals. Sensitivity of CT is 100% and its specificity is 67%. Cumulative sensitivity and specificity for most parameters were increased in patients with portal hypertension when both methods were applied. Conclusion. This study emphasizes the possibility of early and more accurate diagnosis achieved when combining two radiological techniques (CDU and contrast CT scan), which is not the case when these methods are used separately.

The authors present a rare case of congenital pachydermoperiostosis associated with striate palmoplantar keratoderma in a 55-year-old female. Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by hypertrophic changes involving predominantly the skin and bones of the extremities: pachydermia, clubbing of the fingers and toes, and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Primary pachydermoperiostosis (Touraine-Solente-Gole syndrome) (PPDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare congenital disorder and is one of two types of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. In addition to the three main criteria, which are confirmed clinically, histologically, and by X-ray, there may be other additional clinical features. Hyperhidrosis of the hands and feet may be troublesome. The skin of the face, forehead and scalp becomes grossly thickened and thrown into folds. The folding of the scalp produces a form of cutis verticis gyrata. Additional clinical features include hypohidrosis, seborrhea, sebaceous gland hyperplasia and folliculitis, carpal and tarsal tunnel syndrome, chronic leg ulcers and calcification in the Achilles tendon. Our patient presented with most of these additional clinical features, such as acro-osteolysis of the fingers and toes, which generally occurs occasionally. In regard to palmoplantar keratoderma, we have not found reports of its association with PPDP in the available literature. Unlike PPDP, secondary pachydermoperiostosis (secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy -SHO) occurs in association with severe pulmonary disease such as bronchiectasis, abscess, bronchial carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma, or thymic, esophageal or stomach cancer, which were all excluded in our patient. In conclusion, this paper presents a congenital form of pachydermoperiostosis in a female also suffering from striate keratoderma. According to the available literature, this is the first case report of comorbidity between these two dermatoses.

Introduction. Chronic subdural hematoma is an intracranial hemorrhagic lesion that illustrates various expressions in clinical and radiological practice. The aim of this study was to emphasize the correlation between the brain site of chronic subdural hematoma and clinical symptoms/signs of disease. Furthermore, the study denotes the significance of hemiparesis occurrence in the patients with unilateral chronic subdural hematomas more than in those with bilateral ones, associated with time required to diagnose hematoma. Material and Methods: A three-year study included 72 patients with chronic subdural hematoma. According to their clinical and neurological symptoms on hospital admission, all patients underwent non-contrast brain computed tomography scan, which confirmed the diagnosis. The radiological parameters, inlcuding the site of chronic subdural hematoma, a hematoma width and midline shift were recorded to give precise data about the correlation with neurological symptoms. A special focus was put on the lag time between the onset of symptoms and signs to diagnosis of chronic subdural hematoma. Results. The study proved that the patients with unilateral chronic subdural hematoma had more frequent occurrence of hemiparesis than the patients with bilateral chronic subdural hematoma. It took the left-sided chronic subdural hematomas less time (about 200 hours earlier) than the rightsided ones to present its symptoms although the average hematoma diameter value was almost the same. Conclusion. The site and the form of intracranial lesion-chronic subdural hematoma could have a great influence on neurological and functional condition in a patient. Although the length of time required for making diagnosis as well as clinical symptoms greatly differ and the latter are not always so clear, physicians should maintain a high level of suspicion for this disease and thus contribute to prompt diagnosis and better clinical outcome of patients.

The anatomic localisation of Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is very important in the disease prognosis and therapy treatment. Intrathoracic localisation in Hodgkin disease is very frequent and usually occurs in the form of lymph node enlargement. The most frequent manifestation of the thoracic Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is mediastinal and hilarlympha-denomegalia. The purpose of this research study is to analyse chest computed tomography findings in patients suffering from Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma prior to any applied therapy.This retrospective study encompassed 73 patients diagnosed as having Hodgkin disease or Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They were subjected to III chest CT examinations. The initial occurrence of the disease was found in 35 patients (24 patients suffering from Hodgkin disease and 11 suffering from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Simultaneously, analyses of the pretherapy chest CT findings were made.Positive findings were reported in 66.66% patients suffering from Hodgkin disease and 45.45% patients suffering from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Enlarged lymphnodes were found in the region of the upper mediastinum (parathracheal and prevascular group) in more than 55% of the patients suffering from Hodgkin disease and in more than 35% of the patients suffering Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.The findings of this study coincide to a great extent with the findings presented in world literature.

The most frequent incidences of blunt chest injuries occur due to motorvehicle accidents, falls and work-related traumas. Chest computed tomography is usually associated with examination of the subsequent regions with the aim to enable a more efficient diagnostic procedure. The purpose of this research study is to define the contribution of the chest CT in blunt injury patients.This retrospective study encompasses the results of CT examination of 36 patients with one or more injuries of the thoracic wall, pleura, lungs and spinal column suspected to suffer chest organs traumas. Chest CT survey was performed in 30 patients, while thoracic spine CT survey was performed in 11 patients.The most frequent incidences of injuries were due to motor vehicle accidents (22 patients--61.11%). Falls were the reason of injuries in 11 patients--17.46%. Chest injuries are usually associated with injuries of the surrounding regions, but occurred in isolated form, too (27.78%). Rib fractures and lungs parenchyma traumas were evidenced by CT examination in more than 60% of the patients. Thoracic spine fractures were most frequently reported at the 10-th, 11-th and 12-th vertebra and made more than 70% of the thoracic spine fractures.The findings of this study coincide to a great extent with the findings presented in world literature.