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Whistleblowing is an important activity not only for combating corruption, but also other irregularities and illegal actions. Protection of the environment is certainly a matter of public interest, and the prevention of crimes that violate its integrity is useful above all from the aspect of protecting peoples' lives and health. In a large number of cases, environmental crime is very difficult to detect and prove. The role of the whistle-blower is of particular importance for the timely detection of environmental offenses and the reduction of occurrence or mitigation of harmful consequences. In this paper, we start from the assumption that whistle-blowers in the field of environmental protection are faced with a large number of challenges and are not adequately protected. They are mostly either fired by their employer or forced due to various pressures to quit without the possibility of new employment. Considering the importance of their role in the field of environmental protection, the possibility of improving their position should be reconsidered. In order to make recommendations for the improvement of both national regulations and practices related to the protection of whistle-blowers, in this work we primarily use the method of content analysis, as well as the dogmatic-legal method.

There is no generally accepted definition of economic criminality. The reason for this may be the frequent change of its content, i.e., of the criminal acts it includes. Together with the development of socioeconomic relations, new forms of the mentioned type of criminality also develop, so perhaps the definition neither should nor could be universal. Transitional societies have faced significant changes both in the field of political organization and in the field of economy. The most noticeable consequences of transition and switching to market economy were high unemployment and social stratification of the population. This had a negative impact on social values and morality, and therefore led to an increase in criminality. The aim of this research is to indicate the causes and forms of economic criminality in transitional societies. We start from the assumption that timely preparation for significant social changes, in terms of establishing adequate legal regulations and the existence of independent control mechanisms of certain economic processes, is of great importance for the prevention of economic crimes. By applying the content analysis, we try to show that even the countries in which the process of political and economic transition has long since ended can also face problems that potentially contribute to a large number of perpetrators of crimes that fall within the domain of economic criminality remaining unpunished, which directly threatens the principle of the rule of law.

Focusing and regulating attention play a major role in avoiding digital distractions and maintaining focus on academic activities. Boredom is known to divert attention away from activities that lack value and towards activities that are stimulating, therefore this research examines the mediating role of this emotion in the relationship between perceived academic control, task value on the one hand, and digital distraction propensity on the other. The research sample consisted of 281 university students in Serbia who attended online classes, of which 86.1% were female. The instruments used in the research were the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire -Short version (AEQ-S), the Online Learning Motivated Attention and Regulation Strategies (OLMARS) questionnaire, the Perception of Academic Control Questionnaire (PAC), and Task Evaluation subscale from Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The results indicate that boredom in class and during learning achieves complete mediation in establishing a relationship between academic control and the perception of discontinuity of attention, awareness of the problem with attention caused by lingering thoughts, and distraction due to the sounds of social media notifications. Boredom in class fully mediates the relation-ship between academic control and the use of behavioral strategies, as well as the relationship between task value and perception of a problem with attention caused by lingering thoughts. Both boredom in class and during learning achieves a full mediation effect on the relationship between task value and perception of attention discontinuity, and the relationship between task value and distraction from social media notification sounds. The obtained results follow the Control Value Theory of Achievement Emotions. People who experience boredom may have difficulty regulating media use and are more prone to digital distraction. Implications as well as future research opportunities are discussed.

Background/Aim. Quality of life (QoL) is one of the out-come measures for patients with chronic diseases. Mental health issues often impact the QoL of cancer patients. Cancer patients with a good QoL have a longer life expectancy and are able to lead a more productive and social life. The aim of the study was to determine the association of mental health with the QoL, as well as to determine significant predictors of QoL in patients with breast cancer (BC). Methods. The study included 118 patients treated at the Specialized Breast Cancer Department of the Oncology Clinic of the University Clinical Center Niš, Serbia. The study’s inclusion criteria were the presence of early-stage nonmetastatic BC and completed surgical treatment. The following questionnaires were used: the general sociodemographic questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Early Maladaptive Schema questionnaire - short form (SQ-SF), Flanagan’s Quality of Life Scale (QoLS), Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale, Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), Health Locus of Control. Results. A statistically significant negative correlation was found with emotional state, i.e., anxiety score, depressiveness score, total stress score, and physical aggression score, while QoL correlated positively with all subscales of the perceived social support (PSS) questionnaire. QoL was significantly different for patients with the following early maladaptive schemas: emotional deprivation, emotional inhibition, and a sense of entitlement/narcissism. Moreover, QoL differed significantly depending on partnership status, the presence of clinically significant anxiety, the presence of hormone-sensitive cancer, the presence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cancer, and time since diagnosis. Multiple linear regression was per-formed, and depression and PSS had the highest share. Conclusion. In our study, the presence of depressiveness and PSS were the best predictors of QoL of BC survivors.

In the value-added tax system of the European Union, the open market value provision is considered as a special anti-abuse measure. Serbian Law on Value-Added Tax allows the taxpayers to make supplies for the consideration lower than the open market value. In addition, the Law does not stipulate any anti-abuse measure similar to the open market value provision in EU VAT legislation. Between the connected parties, this could become an incentive to taypayers to abuse VAT in certain situations. Within the current domestic legislation, the principle of facticity is the only alternative measure to combat VAT abuse, but it should not be used for the correction of the taxable amount following the open market value. The stipulation of the open market value provision in domestic VAT legislation would be highly beneficial from the point of harmonizing the Serbian regulations with those of the European Union, as well as from the point of the protection of national fiscal system. Following the hypothesis that national legislation needs to be further harmonised with the EU VAT legislation, the authors in this paper used the normative dogmatic and content analysis methods with particular reference to the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union.

Linguistics as a scientific discipline is widely applicable in the process of examining all persons who are included in the investigation, which is conducted in order to determine the responsibility of the person for the committed criminal acts, to determine the existence of the very essence of the act. The identification of criminal acts and their perpetrators, the role of individuals in the COM-mission of a criminal act, sometimes relies, in addition to material evidence, on the statements of witnesses, victims and the suspects themselves. When taking statements, police officers use different techniques based on linguistics, from manipulation to identifying the element of non-verbal communication. The paper is based on the author's experience, two years of research and relevant literature.

In recent decades, the spread of incriminations in the economic field has been very present. One of the reasons for this is the harmonization of national legislation with acquis communautaire. Bearing in mind the views of other authors, in this paper we started from the assumptions that a large number of economic crimes are unnecessary, because their legal description could be subsumed under the already existing crimes, that excessive criminalization can contribute to problems in practice and that procedural legislation often does not follow the changes in substantive criminal legislation when they are carried out by non-criminal laws, as well as when changing and reforming criminal legislation, crimes prescribed by secondary criminal legislation are generally ignored. Starting from the mentioned assumptions, we try to make recommendations for the further direction of the development of substantive criminal legislation, which, in our opinion, should follow the narrowing of criminal law interventionism in the economic area. In this paper we have analyzed the provisions of secondary criminal legislation, which precisely contain the shortcomings pointed out by the authors when analyzing the need to reform substantive criminal legislation. Therefore, in this paper the dogmatic-legal method is dominant, and special attention is paid to the analysis of the provisions of the Law on Tax Procedure and Tax Administration and the Law on the Capital Market.

The right to a healthy environment is not explicitly mentioned in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms from 1950. The mentioned right is more recent and belongs to human rights of the third generation In the final Declaration of the United Nations conference on the human environment held in Stockholm in 1972, the basic human right to freedom, equality and adequate living conditions in an environment that allows an individual to live in dignity and wellbeing is mentioned for the first time. Although the right to a healthy environment is not mentioned in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, it is still given importance through the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, which is responsible for considering violations of the said Convention. The protection of that right is linked to other rights guaranteed by the Convention, such as, for example, the right to life, right to private and family life, etc. The aim of the research in this paper is to indicate the importance of establishing a guarantee of the right to a healthy environment, as well as the increasing importance of its protection as a prerequisite for the enjoyment of some other basic human rights. The paper uses the method of content analysis. In addition to the analysis of the Draft Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, we also analyze the content of the verdicts of the European Court of Human Rights.

In 2021, the European Court of Human Rights issued a judgment in the case of Halet v. Luxembourg, which sets a precedent in terms of protecting whistleblowers. Given the position of the Grand Chamber, it seems that the interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights in this case may have a deterrent effect on potential whistleblowers, especially those employed in multinational companies and corporations. At the level of the European Union in 2019, the Directive on the Protection of Persons Reporting Violations of European Union Rights was adopted, which was to be implemented in national legislation by the end of 2021. However, the question arises as to whether existing European standards contain sufficiently effective mechanisms for the protection of whistleblowers in all sectors or whether a higher level of protection can be provided at the national level. In an attempt to answer this question, we will first analyze the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Halet v. Luxembourg, then we will point out the provisions of Guja v. Moldova taken into account in passing the above judgment, and then we will look back to the judgment of Heinisch v. Germany, which also had an influence in the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Halet v. Luxembourg. In order to point out the unjustified expectations of whistleblowers to balance between the protection of public and private interests of any person, we point out the complexity of the content of the concept of public interest, and then analyze European standards in the field of whistleblower protection. The aim of the application of the mentioned methodology is to try to give recommendations for the improvement of the existing system of protection of whistleblowers, which seems to be very necessary in the private sector.

Personality disorders (PD) are prevalent co-morbid conditions among addicted individuals. Our study aimed to determine whether long-term, continuous use of benzodiazepines (over a year) leads to the development of symptoms of dependence considering the presence or absence of personality disorders. The group consisted of 78 benzodiazepine users who used benzodiazepine as a monotherapy for at least 1 year before a screening. Patients completed a group of questionnaires: a semi-structured questionnaire for sociodemographic data as well as for basic data on the use of benzodiazepines, Wisconsin Personality Inventory, and Benzodiazepine Dependence Self-Report Questionnaire. The group was divided into two subgroups: the group of subjects with personality disorders (60.26%) and those without personality disorders (39.74%). These two groups were mutually compared concerning: (a) correlates of benzodiazepine dependence (problematic use of benzodiazepines, preoccupation with benzodiazepines, lack of compliance, and withdrawal syndrome) and (b) intensity of benzodiazepine dependence. In the whole group, approximately 70% of subjects had positive indicators for physical dependence (lack of compliance due to a rise of tolerance in 73.08% and withdrawal in 70.51% of subjects). The psychological dependence indicator (preoccupation with benzodiazepines) was positive in 94.87% of subjects, as well as for social aspects of dependence (problematic use of BDZs) in 93.59%. The total score, or intensity of benzodiazepine dependence, was statistically higher in the group with personality disorder. Patients with a personality disorder had more frequent and more intensive preoccupation with benzodiazepine and lack of compliance. Co-occurrence of two or more personality disorders increases the intensity of preoccupation with a benzodiazepine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer-delivered training of criminal offenders for aggression control and distress management was implemented for the first time in Correction Facility in Niš, Serbia. The aim of the manuscript is to present the method of the peer-delivered training and to evaluate the change in the levels of aggression and distress reaction of the participants after completing the program. In the first phase, prison administration chose offenders who completed training for the peer-workers, supervised by engaged professionals. In the second phase, those six convicts trained the sample of 106 fellow prisoners, randomly assigned to the program, through 12 workshops in order to learn and recognize their own dysfunctional reactions and to adapt social desirable behaviour. An independent evaluator compared pre to post-training differences in levels of aggression and distress also presence of psychopathic traits, and socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects, using Buss & Perry Aggression Scale, Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale DS-14 Questionnaire and Socio-demographic Questionnaire. Results indicate increased levels of aggression and decreased levels of distress after the training. Prisoners with longer sentences had increased levels of anger, physical, verbal aggression, psychopathic traits and distress compared to subgroup with sentences shorter than 5 years. Program is beneficial for prisoners with sentences less than 5 years and with high education level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. A type of personality and negative emotional reactions could be important for clustering biological risk factors for a cardiovascular disease in patients with arterial hypertension (AH). This study investigated if the patients with AH and psychological characteristics of the Distressed Type of personality with elevated anxiety/depression/aggression, have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) and explored value of the assessed parameters for MS occurrence. Methods. A total of 85 patients with AH were included in the cross-sectional observational study. Type D Scale-14 (DS-14) was used to detect Type D (Distressed) personality. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) assessed the levels of anxiety and depression and the Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) was used for the assessment of aggression. The explored biological parameters included: blood pressure, lipid status, body mass index (BMI), the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and MS. Results. Type D patients were frequently more anxious, aggressive and had more frequent MS compared to non-type D. Type D females were younger, more anxious and had a greater prevalence of DM than those with non-type D personality. A multivariate analysis revealed that in type D personality patients with AH, depression had predictive value for MS. Conclusion. The occurrence of both MS and AH was in correlation with the type D personality, anxiety and depression. Early detection/treatment of depression in patients with AH and Type D personality could decrease a risk of metabolic syndrome.

This paper presents the results of the survey of fourth-grader to eight-grade students in primary schools in the Republic of Serbia on the attitude towards verbal peer bullying in the digital environment. Communication via the internet and mobile phones was quite prevalent during the state of emergency and online classes. Therefore, during the research, the period immediately after the last cycle of online teaching from April to June 2021, was targeted. The assumptions we started from in our research are based on some previous research. Therefore, in the first and second part of the paper we refer to the research results and conclusions of other authors. The third part of the paper analyzes the results of our research conducted in 2021 on the basis of an anonymous survey. In this way, we tried to give recommendations for improving the prevention of verbal peer bullying in the digital environment among students from the fourth to the eight grade of primary school.

Background/Aim. Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a common entity in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). The aim of this study was to examine evolution of moderate and moderate to severe FMR after an isolated AVR, to identify prognostic indicators for persistent MR postoperatively, and to offer the recommendation regarding surgical intervention for moderate and moderate to severe FMR at the time of AVR for AS. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 39 consecutive patients with moderate and moderate to severe FMR at the time of isolated AVR from January 2007 to December 2013. We collected preoperative and postoperative echocardiographic data to determine the evolution of FMR after AVR. Patients were divided into the persistent (n = 14) and improved FMR group (n = 25). Secondary division was into the prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM, n = 7) and non prosthesis-patient mismatch group (non PPM, n = 32 patients). Late follow-up echocardiography was completed in 100% (39/39) of patients. Results. FMR improved postoperatively (MR ˂ 2+) in 64% (25/39) of patients, while 36% (14/39) of patients had persistent MR ≥ 2). In comparison to the persistent group, the patient with improved FMR had significant decrease in the left ventricular enddiastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, posterior wall and septum thickness postoperatively. The same indicators of reverse remodeling were found in the non PPM group in comparison to the PPM group. The incidence of postoperative FMR improvement was higher in the non PPM group (65.6%, p = 0.001) in comparison to the PPM group (42.9%, p = 0.125). The mean follow-up duration was 39.5 ± 23.5 months. Conclusion. In accordance with previous studies, this study also showed improvement in FMR following AVR surgery. Improvement in MR degree was associated with echocardiographic parameters of reverse left ventricular remodeling. Conservative approach is advisable in patients with moderate and moderate to severe FMR, believing that repair or replacement is unnecessary at the time of AVR for severe AS. PPM could prevent downgrading of FMR, stressing out the importance of choosing the prosthesis of adequate size.

The research deals with a problem that has remained open despite significant efforts on the part of researchers - does frequent use of smart phones disrupt the interpersonal relationships and subjective well-being of the users? Hypotheses on the moderating effects that smart phone (SP) use can have on the relationship between dimensions pertaining to attachment to friends and dimensions pertaining to subjective well-being among high school students were tested. The research included 556 Serbian adolescents, all of whom were of age. The following measuring instruments were used: Smartphone use frequency (SUF); Inventory of Parents and Peer Attachment-Revised (IPPA-R) - subscales for friends; in particular, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were used to measure subjective well-being. The basic research results indicate that the frequency of smart phone use is a moderator in the relationship between Trust in friends and Communication with friends, and Satisfaction with life and Positive affect: the connection between Trust and Communication, and the dimensions of subjective well-being is most pronounced for those adolescents who, compared to their peers, use smart phones the least, while the connection is the weakest, or cannot be determined, among those adolescents who most frequently use a smart phone. An important limit in the frequency of SP use is the transition from low or moderate to excessive use - in the case of the highest level of frequency of SP use the positive connection between attachment to friends and subjective well-being is lost.

In the emerging business environment and with the rapidly growing contemporary business trends, the concepts of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs tend to adapt to the new circumstances of business practice. According to the entrepreneurship theory, entrepreneurs possess universal characteristics, but some characteristics of entrepreneurs are conditioned by the specificities of their own national culture. Also, entrepreneurship concepts vary from one country to another. The link between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behavior and cultural values has been defined by a framework of dimensions of national cultures first introduced by a scientist - Geert Hofstede. Numerous studies on the subject point to a strong link between entrepreneurship and national culture. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical overview of the most important facts regarding the connection between entrepreneurship and national culture in general, with an emphasis on the national culture of the Republic of Serbia and its entrepreneurial environment.

In the article, the authors analyze the fundamental challenges in the application of the ne bis in idem principle in the practice of the European Court for Human Rights and Court of Justice of the EU and their interpretation of the principle in relation to the application on the criminal offences and misdemeanour offences, including administrative penal offences, against the same person for the same acts. Article followed the development in interpretation of the principle by the European Court of Human Rights in Zolotukhin case to the interpretation of the Court of Justice of the EU in Menci case. European Courts jurisprudence could be used for dialogue on challenges that the Serbian judiciary and tax authories are facing in the interpretation of legislation and application of ne bis in idem principle on criminal and misdemeanour proceedings against the same person for the same acts. The articile provides the basis for discussion on the unification of court practice.

Establishing appropriate measures to protect the fiscal system at the level of EU Member States also includes the protection of the EU financial interests. That protection also means the prescription of tax offenses. These offenses are prescribed by national legislation of all States. Sometimes it is necessary to adjust their legal description with EU legal standards and to the practical requests. Tax misdemeanours are prescribed in all countries by tax law, but tax crimes in some countries are prescribed by primary and in some others by secondary criminal legislaton. In former Member States of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (excluding the Republic of Serbia) tax crimes are prescribed by primary criminal legislation, while Italian and German legislation contain specific solutions. In Italy tax crimes are prescribed by the Law on tax offenses, and in the Federal Republic of Germany by Fiscal Code. Bearing in mind that the German legislation had a major impact on the development of the criminal law of the Republic of Serbia, in this paper we analyse the provisions that prescribe tax offences in the Federal Republic of Germany. The objective of such analysis is to provide recommendations for possible improvement of the national legislation of the Republic of Serbia.

Introduction. Coronary artery anomalies are infrequent but anticipated findings during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Compared to consistent reporting in angiographic series, they seem to be underreported in interventional studies, and particularly in the setting of primary PCI, where their prompt recognition is of the utmost importance. Case report. We present a 50 years old male with inferior ST-elevation of myocardial infarction (STEMI) and right ventricular involvement with solitary ostium for all three coronary arteries in the right aortic sinus of Valsalva. The patient had an extremely rare variant of coronary artery origination belonging to the type A4b2c2 of Angelini’s classification. Correspondingly, it belongs to the left Anomalous origination of a Coronary Artery from the Opposite Sinus of Valsalva (ACAOS) class with the intraseptal course of left anterior descending artery. We managed successfully to implant a drug eluting stent in the proximal right coronary artery in a lengthy and stormy procedure, with the need for guiding catheter exchange, temporary pacing and dealing with no-reflow phenomenon. Conclusion. We summarize diagnostic hints for angiographic recognition of dominant variants of the left ACAOS and practical aspects of performing PCI in such patients. Also, we debate on the functional significance of coronary anomalies and its further implications from the prognostic and therapeutic aspects. We propose adoption of the novel classification of coronary anomalies of Angelini’s group in the routine clinical practice. Finally, we call for the inclusion of specific training in coronary artery anomalies into the interventional cardiology fellowship curriculum.

The beginning of studying argumentation stems from the time of Old Greece and the development of rhetoric as discipline. Contemporary argumentation theory is based on Aristotle's rhetoric. The development of linguistics and discourse analysis has also brought new perspectives on argumentation. Today's theory looks at argumentation, arguments (as parts of it), assumptions, etc. from the position of pragma-dialectic. In the paper we present the basic characteristics of argumentation, which are supported by examples from our debate practice. We are talking about the basic concepts operated by contemporary argumentation. In this paper we also analyze some of the features of the macrostructure of the debate, the relationship between arguments and the structure of argumentation. Identified elements of argumentation, manifestations, structure, linguistic elements are also empirically substantiated through their existence in concrete discourse.

Background/Aim. So far, no study has been focused exclusively on the tricuspid aortic valve stenosis (TAV) in the aorta without severe dilatation and none has aimed at correlating the high mycroscopy findings with the echocardiographic parameters. This research was conducted on the postulate that detecting the histopathological changes of different severity in the aortic wall could tailor decision about an aortic surgery. The aim of this study was to grade the histopathological changes in the wall of the nonseverely dilated ascending aorta in patients with the severe, calcific TAV stenosis and to correlate them with the echocardiographic parameters in order to analyze when the ascending aorta should be replaced simultaneously with the aortic valve replacement (AVR). Methods. The samples from 37 patients subjected to the AVR and the samples from the control group were analyzed morphologically. The echocardiographic parameters obtained in the TAV stenosis patients were preoperatively correlated with the morphological data, age and gender, diameters of the ventriculo-aortic junction (AA), the sinus Valsalvae (SV) and sinotubular junction (STJ), the largest diameter of the visualized ascending aorta (AscA), the sinus Valsalvae index (SVI) and AscA/AA index. Results. We confirmed morphometrically the exact region of the hemodynamic stress influence with the mathematical distinction in comparison to the controls. In this region, the gradual elastic lamellae disruption was proved by a statistically significant difference through the 3 grades. The elastic skeleton alterations were potentiated with aging and in females. The morphometric parameters of the ascending aorta wall statistically significantly correlated with the echocardiographic parameters: AA, SV, AscA and SVI. The echocardiographic parameters tended to be higher in the most severe grade 3, in the patients younger than 65 years of age. The AscAof more than 4.5 cm was associated with the irreversible morphological defects in these patients. Conclusion. The hemodynamic stress induced by the TAV stenosis leads to the ascending aorta elastic lamellae disruption that could be histopathologically graded and correlated with the echocardiographic parameters of the ascending aorta providing a potential tool for decision-making process in cases when the ascending aorta replacement is considered simultaneously with the AVR. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 175005, Grant no. 175061, Grant no. III45005, Grant no. III41002, Grant no. III41022]

The basic aim of this research was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Index of Problematic Online Experiences (I-POE) on a sample of adolescents from Serbia. Construct validity, which had previously been tested by the authors of the test themselves (Mitchell, Jones, Wells, 2013), was retested here. The possibility of predicting I-POE scores based on selected personality traits and parental mediation was also evaluated. A total of 339 students from two cities in Serbia, aged 18 and 19, participated in the study. The results indicated that very similar behavior determined problematic Internet use (PIU) both in this research and that of the authors of the test. Construct validity testing indicated that the scores on the I-POE predicted online perpetration, sexual behavior and victimization, as expected. Negative valence was correlated with the I-POE scores with mediation effect of Parental involvement. The results indicate that I-POE encompasses significant characteristics of PIU as a global phenomenon and it can be of significant importance in assessing this problem among the adolescent population.

In the modern economies, capital markets can greatly contribute to the development of the national economy. Bearing in mind above mentioned, during the time the idea of improving the protection of the capital market participant's interests has been developed. Therefore, at the EU level in 2014 has been adopted Regulation and Directive which provides the obligation for member states to prescribe the criminal sanctions for capital market abuses. Nowadays, almost all national legislation provides protection of the capital market participants interests by criminal law. In some of them criminal sanctions have been provided by secondary criminal legislation. Such an approach exists in the Republic of Serbia and Italy. Before the accession to the European Union, the Republic of Serbia should harmonize its national legislation with Union acquis. Bearing in mind the similarity of access to capital markets protection by criminal law between Italian and Serbian legislation, perhaps some Italian solutions could be an example for further harmonization with EU standards. Therefore, the subject of analysis in this paper is the capital market protection by Italian criminal law and its compliance with the EU legislation in this area.

[Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 175005, 175061, III41002, III45005 i 41022]

Posting children’s photographs on social networks can be an unsafe activity. Parents are free to choose whether to post photos of their children on-line or not. However, if it is done by a third person or an entity, the question of parental consent comes up to the surface. However, for those situations compulsory consent of both parents is not required by the national legislation in Serbia. Based on content analysis of relevant international documents and legislation, the author argues that in order to prevent potential abuses the already existing solutions need to be improved.

Today's generations of adolescents have grown up with information and communication technologies which have a significant place in their lives. One of the important issues in this context is the relation between the Internet and the mental health of adolescents. The first topic that this paper deals with, is the relationship between the use of the Internet and mental health, and the other is related to the planned use of the Internet for the purpose of improving wellbeing. The most common activity of young people on the Internet is social networking. Online social networks can positively affect wellbeing through facilitating self-disclosing and the availability of social support. Such findings from empirical research support the ideas of theories that emphasize the positive aspects of online relating. However, social networks (and online communication in general) can also have significant negative effects on the mental health of adolescents, if they are exposed to cyberbullying. The second topic of the paper is the planned use of the Internet for the purpose of improving mental health. To young people (and to members of other age groups, as well) online support groups are the most accessible nowadays, aimed at supporting a group of people with a common problem or life challenge. These forums are most often text-based and this kind of communication has a number of potential benefits for users. It is also possible to organize online interventions that promote mental health and prevent its deterioration. Research shows that online skill-based interventions can have a positive impact on adolescent mental health. The results of the online prevention interventions indicate the encouraging evidence concerning computerized cognitive behavioral therapy interventions and their impact on adolescent's anxiety and depression symptoms. Although it contains potentially negative aspects, the Internet has a positive significance and potential for the development of adolescents.

To improve efficiency in the suppression of corruption and to fulfil international obligations, Serbia adopted the Law on the Organization and Competence of State Bodies in Suppression of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Corruption in 2016. The law foresees many new solutions that should contribute to the effectiveness of processing of corruption. One of the reasons for the adoption of law was the fulfilment of GRECO's recommendations from the second round of evaluation, as well as the obligations stipulated in the national policy documents, the National Strategy for the Fight against Corruption (2013-2018), the Action Plan for Chapter 23 and the Strategy for Investigating Financial Crimes for the period 2015-2016. The measures and activities that were foreseen in the Strategy for Investigating Financial Crimes are aligned with European standards and good practice and are transposed in the Law on the Organization and Competence of State Bodies in Suppression of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Corruption. After six years of implementation of this law, it necessary to analyse the results and impact of its application. The goal of this research is to provide recommendations for the improvement of both national legislation and the practice of public prosecution in the suppression of corruption. In the paper, authors started from the assumption that the effectiveness of its suppression depends on the quality of the legal solutions that regulate the work of the public prosecutor's office, as well as their application in practice. To realize the goal of the research, the dogmatic-legal method and content analysis were used in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. According to currently available data, there is no research dealing with evaluating empathy in adolescents with conduct disorders in our region. The aim of the research was to examine the differences in the severity of cognitive and affective empathy in adolescents with and with no conduct disorder, as well as to examine the relationship between cognitive and affective empathy and the level of externalization in adolescents with conduct disorder. Methods. This research was conducted on 171 adolescents, aged 15 to 18, using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Youth Self- Report and a Questionnaire constructed for the purpose of this research. Results. The results showed that adolescents with conduct disorder had significantly lower scores for Perspective Taking (t = 3.255, p = 0.001), Fantasy (t = 2.133, p = 0.034) and Empathic Concern (t = 2.479, p = 0.014) compared to the adolescents in the control group, while the values for Personal Distress (t = 1.818, p = 0.071) were higher compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The study showed a statistically significant negative correlation between Perspective Taking and aggression (r = - 0.318, p = 0.003) and a negative correlation between Perspective Taking and the overall level of externalizing problems (r = -0.310, p = 0.004) in the group of adolescents with conduct disorder. Conclusion. This research contributes to better understanding of behavioral disorders in terms of individual factors, especially empathic reactivity. Preventive work with young people who have behavioral problems associated with empathy deficit disorder proved to be an important tool in preventing the development, or at least relieving the symptoms, of this ever more common disorder.

Background: Since serial analyses of NT-proBNP in patients with acute coronary syndromes have shown that levels measured during a chronic, later phase are a better predictor of prognosis and indicator of left ventricular function than the levels measured during an acute phase, we sought to assess the association of NT-proBNP measured 6 months after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with traditional risk factors, characteristics of in-hospital and early postinfarction course, as well as its prognostic value and optimal cut-points in the ensuing 1-year follow-up. Methods: Fasting venous blood samples were drawn from 100 ambulatory patients and NT-proBNP concentrations in Lithium-heparin plasma were determined using a one-step enzyme immunoassay based on the "sandwich" principle on a Dimension RxL clinical chemistry system (DADE BehringSiemens). Patients were followed-up for the next 1 year, for the occurrence of new cardiac events. Results: Median (IQR) level of NT-proBNP was 521 (335-1095) pg/mL. Highest values were mostly associated with cardiac events during the first 6 months after AMI. Negative association with reperfusion therapy for index infarction confirmed its long-term beneficial effect. In the next one-year follow-up of stable patients, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed the independent prognostic value of NTproBNP for new-onset heart failure prediction (p=0.014), as well as for new coronary events prediction (p=0.035). Calculation of the AUCs revealed the optimal NT-proBNP cut-points of 800 pg/mL and 516 pg/mL, respectively.

The importance of Ultra High Risk (UHR) state for psychosis has been increasingly acknowledged to such an extent that Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS) is being considered as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-5. The suggested criteria for attenuated psychosis syndrome presuppose the presence of at least one of three attenuated positive psychotic symptoms (disorganized speech, delusions and/or hallucinations) with a frequency of at least once weekly in the past month. These symptoms would exacerbate in the past year, cause disability, distress or help-seeking behavior, and could not be explained by another mental disorder. The paper aimed to present the assessment of attenuated psychosis syndrome in a male adolescent aged 17 and its implications in diagnosis and management. Apart from clinical examination, the assessment was performed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS version 2006) and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). Structured assessment of Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome, especially in adolescence, represents a delicate task for mental health professionals. It gives an opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for psychosis, provide early intervention targeting the present symptoms, reduce stress, improve functioning and at least delay the progression to the clinical picture of full-blown psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the intensive preparation of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), we discussed the justification of the existing classification of emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood. This paper presents the citations from the ICD-10 (F93 block) and the authors’ comments as a critical review of the justification of further existence of emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood as a separate block in ICD-11 classification. We concluded that the block F93 is insufficiently defined and should be completely changed or removed from the ICD-11 classification. Additionally, the specificities of the clinical picture of anxiety disorders in children should be adequately described within the future category of anxiety and phobic disorders by giving an explicit set of instructions for identifying clinical manifestations which vary by age.

Background/Aim. Intramyocardial bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) implantation concomitant to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery as an option for regenerative therapy in chronic ischemic heart failure was tested in a very few number of studies, with not consistent conclusions regarding improvement in left ventricular function, and with a follow-up period between 6 months and 1 year. This study was focused on testing of the hypothesis that intramyocardial BMMNC implantation, concomitant to CABG surgery in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, leads to better postoperative long-term results regarding the primary endpoint of conditional status-functional capacity and the secondary endpoint of mortality than CABG surgery alone in a median follow-up period of 5 years. Methods. A total of 30 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and the median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35.9 ± 4.7% were prospectively and randomly enrolled in a single center interventional, open labeled clinical trial as two groups: group I of 15 patients designated as the study group to receive CABG surgery and intramyocardial implantation of BMMNC and group II of 15 patients as the control group to receive only the CABG procedure. All the patients in both groups received the average of 3.4 ± 0.7 implanted coronary grafts, and all of them received the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending (LAD) and autovenous to other coronaries. Results. The group with BMMNC and CABG had the average of 17.5 ± 3.8 injections of BMMNC suspension with the average number of injected bone marrow mononuclear cells of 70.7 ± 32.4 × 106 in the total average volume of 5.7 ± 1.5 mL. In this volume the average count of CD34+ and CD133+ cells was 3.96 ± 2.77 × 106 and 2.65 ± 1.71 × 106, respectively. All the patients were followed up in 2.5 to 7.5 years (median, 5 years). At the end of the follow-up period, significantly more patients from the group that received BMMNC were in the functional class I compared to the CABG only group (14/15 vs 5/15; p = 0.002). After 6 months the results on 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) were significantly different between the groups (435 m in the BMMNC and CABG group and 315 m in the CABG only group; p = 0.001), and continued to be preserved and improved on the final follow-up (520 m in the BMMNC and CABG group vs 343 m in the CABG only group; p < 0.001). Cardiovascular mortality was also significantly reduced in the BMMNC and CABG group (p = 0.049). Conclusion. Implanatation of BMMNC concomitant to CABG is a safe and feasible procedure that demonstates not only the improved functional capacity but also a reduced cardiac mortality in a 5-year follow-up in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy scheduled for CABG surgery.