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Touba situé au nord-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire est peuplé par les Dan profondément attaché à leurs civilisations. Depuis longtemps, le travail du fer occupe une place importante dans la vie socioéconomique des Dan. Par la suite, la pratique de l’activité va révéler leur identité culturelle. A cet effet, l’article vise à montrer l’aspect technique, culturel de l’activité de forge et sa contribution au développement du Tourisme local. Les données recueillies, proviennent de recherche documentaire et d’enquête de terrain. Ces approches ont permis d’identifier les forges, de mettre au jour la chaîne opératoire du travail de fer et de montrer la contribution de celle-ci pour le développement touristique.

Objectif : Cet article vise à étudier l'effet de la gestion du risque opérationnel sur les performances des banques dans la zone UEMOA. Méthodologie : Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons eu recours à l’estimateur PMG appliqués à un panel des banques de l’UEMOA. Quatre banques par pays ont été retenues à l’exception de la Guinée-Bissau du fait du manque de données sur la période d’étude. Résultats : Les résultats montrent que les variables liées aux risques ont un effet différent selon le type de performance. Les réserves et le taux d'endettement ont un effet négatif sur le rendement des capitaux propres (ROE) mais un effet positif sur la rentabilité de l'exploitation courante (EBE). Les dotations aux amortissements accroissent le rendement des capitaux propres mais diminue la rentabilité de l'exploitation courante. Originalité : Cette étude contribue à la compréhension de l'effet de la gestion du risque opérationnel suivant le type de performances des banques dans la zone UEMOA. Ce qui peut aider les décideurs à prendre des mesures appropriées pour améliorer la performance des banques.

Study region: Lobo River Catchment (Côte d’Ivoire) Study focus: In this study, four regional climate models (RCMs) (RC4; CCLM4–8–17; RACMO22T and REMO) for the 2030 and 2050 periods compared to the reference period (1986–2005), combined with a simulation of land use and land cover (LULC) with Land Change Modeler, are used to drive the CEQUEAU model to quantify their impact on inflows to the Lobo River reservoir. 1988–2006 is used as a calibration period, whereas 2007–2015 is used for the validation. Three scenarios were used. First, varying LULC and keeping climate parameters static over the baseline period (scenario 1); in scenario 2, varying RCMs and keeping LULC static over the baseline period and in scenario 3, simultaneous variation of LULC and RCMs. New hydrological insights for the region: CEQUEAU showed good performance during calibration and validation: NSE (0.7, 0.75); R² (0.83, 0.65); PBIAS (14.1%, 12%) and RMSE (0.83, 2.15). The results show that a decrease in precipitation by 2030 (−14.6%), by 2050 (−15.2%) under scenario 2 (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and by − 6.1% under RCP 4. 5 (Scenario 3), we observe an increase in runoff of 10.8–18.87% (Scenario 1), 1.2–4.46% (RCP4.5), 3.35% and 2.7% (RCP8.5) (Scenario 2) and 6.58–11.83 (RCP 4.5), 14.83–17.72% (RCP 8.5) (scenario 3). Changes in LULC were identified as the main causes, rather than climate variability.

Ivorian classified forests have been highly anthropized by cocoa farming. In an attempt to provide guidance to the government on approaches to the restoration of the forest while respecting the aspirations of local populations, permanent plots were set up in the classified forest of Haut-Sassandra, and were monitored and measured for 3 years. This study was intended to analyze the evolution of the vegetation of permanent plots in the classified forest of Haut-Sassandra from 2018 to 2021. The results show that the vegetation evolves with the cessation of some agricultural activities. These plantations are colonized by pioneer species during the first three years of the abandonment of agricultural activities. Mortality rates increased by 477.59% and recruitment rates were reduced by 61.87% in regularly maintained plantations compared to their condition three years ago. However, the plantations with no agricultural activities and those which were not maintained but harvested had the highest recruitment rates of pioneer and heliophilous individuals. In sum, tree species could recolonize the classified forest of Haut-Sassandra if clearing is prohibited in cocoa farms. However, the populations could continue to harvest the pods from the cocoa trees which are already established in the classified forest of Haut-Sassandra.

Abstract Background External fixation improves open fracture management in emerging countries. However, sophisticated models are often expensive and unavailable. We assessed the biomechanical properties of a low-cost external fixation system in comparison with the Hoffmann® 3 system, as a reference. Methods Transversal, oblique, and comminuted fractures were created in the diaphysis of tibia sawbones. Six external fixators were tested in three modes of loading—axial compression, medio-lateral (ML) bending, and torsion—in order to determine construction stiffness. The fixator construct implies two uniplanar (UUEF1, UUEF2) depending the pin-rods fixation system and two biplanar (UBEF1, UBEF2) designs based on different bar to bar connections. The designed low-cost fixators were compared to a Hoffmann® 3 fixator single rod (H3-SR) and double rod (H3-DR). Twenty-seven constructs were stabilized with UUEF1, UUEF2, and H3-SR (nine constructs each). Nine constructs were stabilized with UBEF1, UBEF2, and H3-DR (three constructs each). Results UUEF2 was significantly stiffer than H3-SR (p < 0.001) in axial compression for oblique fractures and UUEF1 was significantly stiffer than H3-SR (p = 0.009) in ML bending for transversal fractures. Both UUEFs were significantly stiffer than H3-SR in axial compression and torsion (p < 0.05), and inferior to H3-SR in ML bending, for comminuted fractures. In the same fracture pattern, UBEFs were significantly stiffer than H3-DR (p = 0.001) in axial compression and torsion, while only UBEF1 was significantly stiffer than H3-DR in ML bending (p = 0.013). Conclusions The results demonstrated that the stiffness of the UUEF and UBEF device compares to the reference fixator and may be helpful in maintaining fracture reduction. Fatigue testing and clinical assessment must be conducted to ensure that the objective of bone healing is achievable with such low-cost devices.

Le refus et l´abandon de soins est un comportement fréquemment observé dans notre pratique quotidienne. L´objectif de cette étude était de décrire l´épidémiologie et d´identifier les raisons de ces refus et abandon de soins. Une étude prospective a été réalisée du 1er Janvier 2018 au 31 Décembre 2018 aux ur-gences chirurgicales du Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Bouaké. Elle a concerné tous les patients admis pour des lésions traumatiques et ayant refusé ou abandonné les soins médicaux. Il a été colligé 106 cas de refus et abandon de soins sur 662 patients admis pour des pathologies traumatiques des membres pendant cette période donc une fréquence de 16%. L´âge moyen était de 37 ans. Il y avait 77 hommes (72,6%). Les patients exer-çaient dans le secteur tertiaire dans 56,6% (n= 60). Les lésions observées étaient do-minées par les fractures fermées 82,1% (n= 87) et les membres pelviens étaient les plus atteints 78,3% (n=83). Le traitement proposé était chirurgical (n=85; 80,2%) et orthopédique (n=21; 19,8%). Le coût du traitement orthopédique était estimé à 26 500 FCFA (40 euros) et à 250 000 FCFA (380 euros) pour le traitement chirurgical. Ces coûts variaient en fonction de l´implant prescrit et de la localisation. Le refus des soins était demandé par le patient lui-même (n=30 ; 28,3%), et par les parents (n=76 ; 71,7%). Les motifs retrouvés étaient dominés par le problème financier (n=62 ; 58,5%), la confiance en la médecine traditionnelle (n=42 ; 39,6%), la croyance religieuse (n=2;1,9%). Le délai moyen de refus de soins était de 22 heures. Il a été noté 88,7% (n=94) de décharge signé et 11,3% (n=12) d´évasion. Le refus des soins est récurrent dans notre contexte et est lié à l´insuffisance du système de santé en termes de prise en charge des patients à ressource financière limitée.

Les fractures du bassin surviennent le plus souvent au décours d´un traumatisme violent. Malgré ce contexte de haute vélocité, ces lésions sont rarement associées à des plaies du vagin et les données sur l´évolution sont rares. L´objectif de notre étude était de décrire les lésions anatomocliniques, le traitement et l´évolution de ces lésions. Nous avons observé cinq cas de plaies du vagin au cours d´une fracture du bassin chez la femme au cours de ces dix dernières années. Les patientes avaient un âge moyen de 23,6 ans. Le motif principal était les accidents de la voie publique. Deux patientes présentaient des plaies linéaires et trois présentaient des plaies délabrantes. Des sutures vaginales ont été réalisées chez toutes les patientes. Au recul moyen de deux ans, l´évolution a été favorable avec cicatrisation de la plaie vaginale et de l´os. Les activités génitales et obstétricales n´ont pas été compromises. Ce sont des lésions qui passent le plus souvent inaperçues. Il faudra y penser devant tout traumatisme du bassin chez la femme.

As industrial waste, the comprehensive utilization of fly ash involves many fields, among which it is widely used in cement mortar and concrete. As brine water is used in the preparation of filling slurry of Sanshandao Gold Mine, the chloride ions in the slurry have a great negative effect on the strength of the backfill. Therefore, the effects of fly ash and lime on the transport performance and the mechanical properties of cement mortar test blocks were studied by experiment. Based on fly ash XRD analysis, cement mortar block scanning electron microscope test (SEM) and fly ash with various amount and different way of adding test, the mechanism of improving the strength of the cement mortar test block produced by the fly ash and the best mixing amount of the fly ash were determined under the condition of brine water through experiment and theoretical research. Application of fly ash in undersea metal mine is a major breakthrough in the application of filling materials of metal mine undersea metal filling, having great effect on reducing the adverse effects on the strength of the filling body of bittern ions and improving the strength of the filling body. Keywords: Cement mortar, Brine water, Fly ash, Compressive strength

Les auteurs rapportent les complications survenues au cours de la prise en charge des fractures ouvertes de membres inférieurs, observées ces dernières années dans leur pratique et qui ont abouti à des amputations secondaires, tout en analysant les différents facteurs de risque et les déficits éventuels dans la prise en charge qui ont pu être à l'origine de cette évolution. Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective s'étendant sur une période de 06 ans ( Janvier 2006 - Janvier 2012). Elle concernait des patients ayant présenté une fracture ouverte de membre inférieur traité initialement dans notre institution et dont les suites se sont compliquées et ont nécessité une amputation. Tout patient dont l'amputation avait été réalisée d'emblée après l'examen à l'entrée aux urgences était exclu. Egalement tout patient traité dans un autre hôpital avant d'être admis chez nous était exclu de l'étude, même si une amputation secondaire avait été réalisée dans notre institution. Nous avons récolté les différentes données en analysant les dossiers de patients (examens cliniques et complémentaires, comptes rendus opératoires). Nous avons évalué notre prise en charge en fonction des différents guidelines et recommandations retrouvés dans la littérature. Ces complications ont été observées chez neuf patients sur les 306 fractures ouvertes de membre inférieur prises en charge sur la même période (Janvier 2006 - Janvier 2012), soit 2,9 . L'âge moyen était de 42,6(26-57) ans, la totalité des patients était de sexe masculin. Nous avons enregistré 1 cas de fracture du fémur, 7 cas de fracture des 2 os de la jambe et 1 cas d'écrasement du pied. Il s'agissait de fracture ouverte dont 1 cas de type 1; 3 cas de type II et 5 cas de type III selon la classification de Gustilo et Anderson. 5 cas d'amputations à la cuisse ont été réalisées et 4 cas d'amputation au tiers supérieur de la jambe. Les différentes complications ayant motivées ces amputations étaient des infections osseuses ou des gangrènes de parties molles d'origine ischémique ou infectieuse. Les patients n'avaient pas de tares favorisantes telle que le diabète et n'étaient pas tabagiques chroniques. Nous n'avons pas constaté de décès. Les fractures ouvertes méritent une attention particulière du chirurgien tant au point de vu diagnostic des complications immédiates que thérapeutique afin de réduire l'incidence des amputations post chirurgie primaire donnant l'impression au patient d'avoir été initialement mal opéré. Une attention particulière doit être portée au degré de contamination initiale et à la présence d'un germe virulent sur le lieu du traumatisme, pouvant motiver des attitudes particulières lors de la prise en charge primaire.

Les abcès froids tuberculeux représentent une forme rare et inhabituelle de tuberculose extra pulmonaire. Nous rapportons un cas d'abcès froid dorsolombaire révélant un mal de Pott sans complications neurologiques chez un patient de 27 ans, présentant depuis 05 mois une tuméfaction dorsolombaire gauche. L'examen du prélèvement à l'issu d'une incision et drainage de l'abcès a permis de confirmer l'origine tuberculeuse. Un traitement antituberculeux de 12 mois permettait une guérison avec une séquelle à type de gibbosité modérée.

Cet article rend compte d’une enquête menée par questionnaire auprès de 126 enseignants d’écoles primaires et de collèges, pour examiner, à travers leurs réponses à des questions fermées et des questions ouvertes, leurs représentations, attitudes, pratiques éducatives déclarées, face à l’hétérogénéité des répertoires langagiers des élèves. Nous revenons dans une première partie sur les recherches qui, depuis dix ans, s’interrogent sur le monolinguisme et le mononormativisme de l’institution scolaire et de ses acteurs. C’est à partir des conclusions de ces recherches que l’équipe de l'axe 3 du projet Pluri-L a construit le questionnaire. Une partie des réponses apportées par les enseignants sera analysée dans les parties 2 et 3 : nous pourrons ainsi confirmer des points de résistance de l’institution face à la diversité langagière mais aussi nuancer certains résultats d’enquêtes antérieures et montrer que l’ouverture des acteurs à l’hétérogénéité culturelle et à la diversité des répertoires langagiers des élèves et à leur nécessaire prise en compte dans les pratiques de classe est peut-être plus forte que ne pourraient le laisser penser les textes officiels de cadrage et les travaux présentés dans la partie 1.

Objective: To evaluate quality of life (Qol), pain level and medical consumption before and after uterine botulinum toxin (BT) injections in severe dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain., Methods: This was a before and after study using the database of a pilot study (Open-label non comparative study, on 30 patients, with severe dysmenorrhoea in therapeutic failure) assessing efficacy and cost of uterine injection of BT in women with chronic pelvic pain after failure of conventional treatment (hormonal and analgesics) (CT). Main clinical outcome: Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I), EuroQol health-related QoL (EQ-5D-5L), EuroQol-visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), utility measure of health-related quality of life (also called health state preference values), cost and of health care consumption were collected prospectively and analysed in the two phases (before and after). The two timepoints were 12 months before uterine BT injection, when the patient had been receiving CT, and 12 months after uterine BT injection., Results: Median visual analogue scale scores were significantly improved by BT regarding the patients' main source of pain (31.6 vs 80.55; p < 0.00001). We also noted a significant reduction in the proportion of patients who reported dyspareunia [15 (75%) vs 3 (15%) patients, p = 0.001] and pain during menstruation (p < 0.0001). The PGI-I scale showed a significant increase in the proportion of patients who were satisfied with their treatment after receiving the BT injection. The injection of BT was frequently associated with increase in QoL and a reduction in health care consumption, and cost: 714.82 €+/- €336.43 (BT) versus 1104.16 €+/- €227.37 (CT), which could result in substantial savings approximately (389,34€) per patient., Conclusion: This study revealed the clinical effectiveness of BT injections on dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain as well as reduction of cost and health care consumption, in our population, which is innovative since no standard of treatment exists in this domain., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hypertension is one of the major factors for high mortality of adults in Africa. However, complications occur at lower values than those previously classified as hypertension. Thus, prehypertension is considered as a new category of hypertension and a major risk factor for developing clinical hypertension relative to those with normotension, it has been linked with increased future risk of hypertension as well as cardiovascular diseases., Objectives: The objective of this review was to determine prevalence of prehypertension and describe the associated factors of prehypertension in Africa during the past 10 years., Methods: We did a systematic review using the databases PubMed/Medline, and search engine google scholar. We selected sources of publications and conducted an analysis of articles. Keywords in English were: prehypertension, high normal blood pressure, high blood pressure, elevated blood pressure, Africa. Keywords in french were: préhypertension artérielle, préhypertension, pression artérielle normale haute, pression artérielle normale, Afrique., Mesh Terms Were: Prehypertension, Africa., Results: Twenty-seven articles were selected. Prevalence of prehypertension ranged from 2.5% to 34% in children and adolescents. In adults, prevalence varied from 32.9% to 56.8%. Several factors were associated with prehypertension in Africa. These factors included: age; sex; lifestyle such as smoking, alcohol consumption, low physical activity, overweight and obesity. There were also cardiometabolic factors and few others factors which were associated with prehypertension., Conclusion: This review allowed us to observe that the prevalence of prehypertension was variable according to age of the population and prehypertension is associated with several factors., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s).)

Introduction: Students' personal hygiene helps maintain health and promote good academic performance. When health facilities are insufficient, this hygiene can be difficult to achieve. We wanted to analyse the determinants of personal hygiene in schools in the northern region of Côte d'Ivoire., Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study brings together data on 2,035 schoolchildren recruited from thirty schools in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Indexes on personal hygiene were constructed and analysed in comparison to the socio-demographic characteristics of students, homes and schools. They were analysed with R Software version 1.1.463, the χ 2 test and a logistic regression model., Results: Overall, the majority of students had good personal hygiene (82.75%) with an average personal hygiene score of 4.74 ± 1.36. The predictors of good personal hygiene among schoolchildren were female gender (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 4.31-16.37), father's primary education level (OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.07-2.29), the father's income level above 60,000 FCFA (90 Euros) and modern housing (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.05-2.03). However, the poor level of home sanitation resulted in poor personal hygiene among the students (OR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.23-0.5)., Conclusions: Measures to raise the standard of living of families and the provision of sanitary facilities in homes becomes necessary in order to improve students personal hygiene., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2021 Pacini Editore SRL, Pisa, Italy.)

Introduction: Prevalence of abdominal obesity dramatically increases both in developed countries and in developing countries. In several regions in Africa, obesity (especially abdominal) is seen as a sign of affluence, dignity and respect. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of abdominal obesity and seek some factors associated in a peri-urban population of West Africa., Methods: During April-May 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Anonkoi 3, a neighborhood of Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Adults of 18 years old and over, not bedridden were included. Sampling was done in two stages. First, we selected the households. Then in each household we randomly chose one adult. Abdominal obesity was measured using a measuring tape and defined by waist circumference ratio (TT) to hip circumference (TH) greater or equal to 0.80 in women and greater or equal to 0.95 in men. Data from sociodemographic, corpulence, socioeconomic level, food habit, level of physical activity and blood pressure were analyzed. Univariate analysis using the Pearson KHI-square test at a significance level of 0.05 and a logistic regression was performed., Results: We visited 486 households in which 486 people aged 36.1 ± 12.83 years agreed to participate in the study. Prevalence of abdominal obesity was 50.8%. Those aged 30-45 years, women, couples, those with a primary level of education, the poor, people with high blood pressure, subjects less active and obese (general obesity) had more abdominal obesity. After logistic regression, individuals aged 30-45 years (adjusted OR = 2.35; p = 0.004) and 45 years and older (adjusted OR = 3.18; p = 0.001); females (adjusted OR = 49.05; p = 0.000); hypertension (adjusted OR = 2.26; p = 0.014) and obesity (OR = 2.94; p = 0.009)., Conclusion: This work allowed us to estimate a relatively high prevalence of abdominal obesity in a peri-urban African population., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.)

Background: Côte d'Ivoire's current health care financing system results from successive reforms undertaken with government funding and international support. The country is moving towards a national compulsory health insurance scheme. This context offered an opportunity to study additional features of health insurance's potential market in Sub-Sahara Africa developing economy. This study examined patients' willingness to pay in order to get access to health care when it is needed., Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in four tertiary level teaching hospitals from October to December 2017. These hospitals are located in Bouake (service of cardiology) and in Abidjan (two services of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Institute of Cardiology). Monthly willingness to pay was elicited using the contingent valuation method through a bidding game pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to predict participants' willingness to pay., Results: Out of 450 participants included in the analysis, 22.2% were not willing to pay at least 4.5 euros per month while 7.6%, 26.9%, 29.6%, 5.3% and 8.4% stated to be willing to pay 4.5, 7.5, 15, 30, and 45 euros per month, respectively. Males were 2.3 and 2.5 times more likely to be willing to pay 4.5 or 7.5 and 30 or 45 euros, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between males and females who stated being willing to pay a premium of 15 euros per month as compared to the participants in the reference modality, below 4.5 euros., Conclusions: The findings indicated that the amount that participants were willing to pay is consistent with other previously elicited. The association of sex with the willingness to pay suggested what might influence the acceptability of and the contribution to the upcoming compulsory health insurance scheme. These pointed out that some market features have to be understood for a successful implementation of this social health insurance scheme.

Study Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to report the results, with a minimum 10-year follow-up, of highly selective portal decompression (HSPD) realized in order to prevent bleeding recurrences from esophageal or gastric varices in a series of 122 cirrhotic patients., Patients and Method: From January 1980 to February 1997, 122 patients (85 men and 37 women, mean age: 50.4 years) with liver cirrhosis stage A (n = 6), B (n = 50), C (n = 6) according to Child classification, were operated on for bleeding varices after a delay in 106 patients, on emergency in 16 patients. The HSPD included a double vascular ligature (splenic artery ligature in case of hypersplenism [n = 42] and high perigastric veins ligature) and a double tissular stapling (low esophagus transection and valvuloplasty). Other associated procedures were performed including cholecystendesis in 21 patients., Results: Perioperative mortality rate was 8% (n = 10). There was no anastomotic leakage but anastomotic stenosis in ten patients treated by dilatation. Three patients only out of 109 (2.5%) were lost for follow-up. Portocaval encephalopathy was not observed in any patient. Global survival rate was 60% at 5 years and 45% at 10 years. The mortality rate related to recurrent esophageal varice bleeding was 11% and related to hepatocellular failure 18.5% during the entire follow-up., Conclusion: HSPD appears to be the best procedure in cirrhotic patients for the prevention of recurrent esophageal varice bleeding. Preservation of portal pressure within the cirrhotic liver (whereas it is reduced in varices) contributes to the preservation of hepatocellular function, avoiding portocaval encephalopathy.

The author briefly reminds us of the physiopatholopy of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and of its two principal surgical therapies: the excision (mainly cephalic or caudal) and the derivations (essentially towards an excluded jejunal ring). In order to avoid such a mutilation, either pancreatic or jejunal for the treatment of obstructive "pancreatic lithiasis", the author proposes to classify the lesional repercussions in cavitary CP (in which the existence of a pseudocyst is dominant) and in parenchymatous CP (ensheating the ducts, that are more or less dilated). He infers from this the possibility of a treatment that is as physiological as possible, essentially by cystoduodenostomy (CD) with a tripod forceps, for CP with a dominant cavitary type (with pseudocysts showing a cephalic and/or a corporeocaudal localization) and by wirsungosphincteroclasia (W-SC) for the CP with a parenchymatous prevalence. This therapeutic evolution, aiming at abandoning the classical operations of excision or derivation is based upon the author's experience acquired since 1970. During these 25 years, the author operated on 549 patients showing a CP with several severe evolutive complications. Beside 75 exopancreatic operations, the author performed 474 operations selectively concerning the pancreas: 245 excision operations and 228 derivation operations. Since the introduction, in October 1986, of the W-SC operation, among the 169 recent pancreatic operations for severe CP, only 10 exeresis operations were performed: 66 CD (41.5%) and W-SC 92 (57.9%), coupled in two thirds of the cases with a biliodigestive cholecystoplasty. The very encouraging results of this more physiological and non-mutilating treatment of severe CP justify, according to the author, forsaking the classical techniques of parenchym-exeresis or of derivation to an excluded ring an favour of a direct drainage into the duodenum both for a cavitary CP by CD as for a parenchymatous CP by W-SC.

The authors report the first observation, in West Africa, of eosinophilic meningitis in an ivorian child who ingested raw Achatina sp. The presence of a Parastrongylus. sp. in the cerebrospinal fluid was detected.