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When the quark masses are lighter than those in QCD, the standard lore is that a chiral transition of first order must emerge for three, light flavors. Recently, however, numerical simulations on the lattice suggest that the chiral transition is of second order in the chiral limit. Using an extended linear sigma model in the mean field approximation, we study the relation between terms which break the anomalous, $U(1)_A$ symmetry and the order of the chiral phase transition, especially how a chiral transition of second order can arise for three, massless flavors. We note that in an (unphysical) region of the "Columbia" phase diagram, when the strange quark mass is light and negative, corresponding to topological angle $\theta=\pi$, the $CP$ symmetry is spontaneously broken., Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures

The growing use of composite materials in engineering applications has accelerated the demand for computational methods to accurately predict their complex behavior. Multiscale modeling based on computational homogenization is a potentially powerful approach for this purpose, but its widespread adoption is prevented by its excessive computational costs. A popular approach to address this computational bottleneck is using surrogate models, which have been used to successfully predict a wide range of constitutive behaviors. However, applications involving microscale damage and fracture remain largely unexplored. This work aims to extend a recent surrogate modeling approach, the Physically Recurrent Neural Network (PRNN), to include the effect of debonding at the fiber-matrix interface while capturing path-dependent behavior. The core idea of the PRNN is to implement the exact material models from the micromodel into one of the layers of the network. In this work, additional material points with a cohesive zone model are integrated within the network, along with the bulk points associated to the fibers and/or matrix. The limitations of the existing architecture are discussed and taken into account for the development of novel architectures that better represent the stress homogenization procedure. In the proposed layout, the history variables of cohesive points act as extra latent features that help determine the local strains of bulk points. Different architectures are evaluated starting with small training datasets. To maximize the predictive accuracy and extrapolation capabilities of the network, various configurations of bulk and cohesive points are explored, along with different training dataset types and sizes.

In this paper, we study the cardinality of the smallest set of lines of the finite projective spaces $\operatorname{PG}(n,q)$ such that every plane is incident with at least one line of the set. This is the first main open problem concerning the minimum size of $(s,t)$-blocking sets in $\operatorname{PG}(n,q)$, where we set $s=2$ and $t=1$. In $\operatorname{PG}(n,q)$, an $(s,t)$-blocking set refers to a set of $t$-spaces such that each $s$-space is incident with at least one chosen $t$-space. This is a notoriously difficult problem, as it is equivalent to determining the size of certain $q$-Tur\'an designs and $q$-covering designs. We present an improvement on the upper bounds of Etzion and of Metsch via a refined scheme for a recursive construction, which in fact enables improvement in the general case as well., Comment: 21 pages

We present a purely deep neural network-based approach for estimating long memory parameters of time series models that incorporate the phenomenon of long-range dependence. Parameters, such as the Hurst exponent, are critical in characterizing the long-range dependence, roughness, and self-similarity of stochastic processes. The accurate and fast estimation of these parameters holds significant importance across various scientific disciplines, including finance, physics, and engineering. We harnessed efficient process generators to provide high-quality synthetic training data, enabling the training of scale-invariant 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models. Our neural models outperform conventional statistical methods, even those augmented with neural networks. The precision, speed, consistency, and robustness of our estimators are demonstrated through experiments involving fractional Brownian motion (fBm), the Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average (ARFIMA) process, and the fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (fOU) process. We believe that our work will inspire further research in the field of stochastic process modeling and parameter estimation using deep learning techniques., Comment: 14 pages, 16 figures, https://github.com/aielte-research/LMSParEst

As the consequences of opinion polarization effect our everyday life in more and more aspect, the understanding of its origins and driving forces becomes increasingly important. Here we develop an agent-based network model with realistic human traits: individuals in our simulations are endowed with an internal belief system which they attempt to keep as coherent as possible. This desire -- to reassure existing attitudes while avoiding cognitive dissonance -- is one of the most influential and widely accepted theories in social psychology by now. Our model shows that even in networks that start out completely uniform (from a society of clones), this effort leads to fragmentation and polarization, reflected both by the individual beliefs (attitudes) and the emerging communities in the social network. By fine-tuning two parameters: (i) "dissonance penalty", measuring the strength with which agents attempt to avoid cognitive dissonance, and (ii) "triadic closure affinity", the parameter reflecting agents' likelihood to connect with friends of friends, a wide range of possible community structures are observed.

Accurate segmentation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions in longitudinal MRI scans is crucial for monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy. Although changes across time are taken into account when assessing images in clinical practice, most existing deep learning methods treat scans from different timepoints separately. Among studies utilizing longitudinal images, a simple channel-wise concatenation is the primary albeit suboptimal method employed to integrate timepoints. We introduce a novel approach that explicitly incorporates temporal differences between baseline and follow-up scans through a unique architectural inductive bias called Difference Weighting Block. It merges features from two timepoints, emphasizing changes between scans. We achieve superior scores in lesion segmentation (Dice Score, Hausdorff distance) as well as lesion detection (lesion-level $F_1$ score) as compared to state-of-the-art longitudinal and single timepoint models across two datasets. Our code is made publicly available at www.github.com/MIC-DKFZ/Longitudinal-Difference-Weighting., Comment: Accepted at MICCAI 2024 LDTM

We report the first measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of J$/\psi$ at forward rapidity ($1.2<|\eta|<2.2$) in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The data were collected by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 and 2016 with integrated luminosity of 14.5~nb$^{-1}$. The second Fourier coefficient ($v_2$) of the azimuthal distribution of $J/\psi$ is determined as a function of the transverse momentum ($p_T$) using the event-plane method. The measurements were performed for several selections of collision centrality: 0\%--50\%, 10\%--60\%, and 10\%-40\%. We find that in all cases the values of $v_2(p_T)$, which quantify the elliptic flow of J$/\psi$, are consistent with zero. The results are consistent with measurements at midrapidity, indicating no significant elliptic flow of the J$/\psi$ within the quark-gluon-plasma medium at collision energies of $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV., Comment: 369 authors from 72 institutions, 12 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

We present the first forward-rapidity measurements of elliptic anisotropy of open-heavy-flavor muons at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The measurements are based on data samples of Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV collected by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 and 2016 with integrated luminosity of 14.5~nb$^{-1}$. The measurements are performed in the pseudorapidity range $1.2<|\eta|<2$ and cover transverse momenta $1

In this study, we explore the entanglement and correlation in two-nucleon systems using isospin formalism. With the help of Slater decomposition, we derive analytical expressions for various entanglement measures. Specifically, we analyze the one- and two-mode entropies, mutual informations, and a basis-independent characteristic known as the one-body entanglement entropy. To understand the impact of pairing, we consider interactions involving isovector and isoscalar L=0 pairing terms. Our findings reveal that in certain cases, these pairing interactions lead to ground states that maximize the one-body entanglement entropy, provided that the total angular momentum and total isospin have zero projections. We provide numerical examples for the sd shell and explore the mutual informations in LS-coupled and jj-coupled single-particle bases. We find that the shell structure and angular momentum coupling significantly impact the measures of entanglement. Additionally, we establish the general implications of conserving angular momentum and isospin on the one-mode entropies, regardless of the particle number., Comment: 30 pages, 6 figures

The Vehicle Routing Problem is about optimizing the routes of vehicles to meet the needs of customers at specific locations. The route graph consists of depots on several levels and customer positions. Several optimization methods have been developed over the years, most of which are based on some type of classic heuristic: genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, tabu search, ant colony optimization, firefly algorithm. Recent developments in machine learning provide a new toolset, the rich family of neural networks, for tackling complex problems. The main area of application of neural networks is the area of classification and regression. Route optimization can be viewed as a new challenge for neural networks. The article first presents an analysis of the applicability of neural network tools, then a novel graphical neural network model is presented in detail. The efficiency analysis based on test experiments shows the applicability of the proposed NN architecture.

Process-mining techniques have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing event data to gain insights into business processes. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of road traffic fine management processes using the pm4py library in Python. We start by importing an event log dataset and explore its characteristics, including the distribution of activities and process variants. Through filtering and statistical analysis, we uncover key patterns and variations in the process executions. Subsequently, we apply various process-mining algorithms, including the Alpha Miner, Inductive Miner, and Heuristic Miner, to discover process models from the event log data. We visualize the discovered models to understand the workflow structures and dependencies within the process. Additionally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of each mining approach in capturing the underlying process dynamics. Our findings shed light on the efficiency and effectiveness of road traffic fine management processes, providing valuable insights for process optimization and decision-making. This study demonstrates the utility of pm4py in facilitating process mining tasks and its potential for analyzing real-world business processes.

The third autoPET challenge introduced a new data-centric task this year, shifting the focus from model development to improving metastatic lesion segmentation on PET/CT images through data quality and handling strategies. In response, we developed targeted methods to enhance segmentation performance tailored to the characteristics of PET/CT imaging. Our approach encompasses two key elements. First, to address potential alignment errors between CT and PET modalities as well as the prevalence of punctate lesions, we modified the baseline data augmentation scheme and extended it with misalignment augmentation. This adaptation aims to improve segmentation accuracy, particularly for tiny metastatic lesions. Second, to tackle the variability in image dimensions significantly affecting the prediction time, we implemented a dynamic ensembling and test-time augmentation (TTA) strategy. This method optimizes the use of ensembling and TTA within a 5-minute prediction time limit, effectively leveraging the generalization potential for both small and large images. Both of our solutions are designed to be robust across different tracers and institutional settings, offering a general, yet imaging-specific approach to the multi-tracer and multi-institutional challenges of the competition. We made the challenge repository with our modifications publicly available at \url{https://github.com/MIC-DKFZ/miccai2024_autopet3_datacentric}., Comment: Contribution to the data-centric task of the autoPET III Challenge 2024

Automated lesion segmentation in PET/CT scans is crucial for improving clinical workflows and advancing cancer diagnostics. However, the task is challenging due to physiological variability, different tracers used in PET imaging, and diverse imaging protocols across medical centers. To address this, the autoPET series was created to challenge researchers to develop algorithms that generalize across diverse PET/CT environments. This paper presents our solution for the autoPET III challenge, targeting multitracer, multicenter generalization using the nnU-Net framework with the ResEncL architecture. Key techniques include misalignment data augmentation and multi-modal pretraining across CT, MR, and PET datasets to provide an initial anatomical understanding. We incorporate organ supervision as a multitask approach, enabling the model to distinguish between physiological uptake and tracer-specific patterns, which is particularly beneficial in cases where no lesions are present. Compared to the default nnU-Net, which achieved a Dice score of 57.61, or the larger ResEncL (65.31) our model significantly improved performance with a Dice score of 68.40, alongside a reduction in false positive (FPvol: 7.82) and false negative (FNvol: 10.35) volumes. These results underscore the effectiveness of combining advanced network design, augmentation, pretraining, and multitask learning for PET/CT lesion segmentation. After evaluation on the test set, our approach was awarded the first place in the model-centric category (Team LesionTracer). Code is publicly available at https://github.com/MIC-DKFZ/autopet-3-submission., Comment: Winning method of the autoPET III challenge (model-centric) - Team LesionTracer

The spin structure functions of the proton and the deuteron were measured during the EG4 experiment at Jefferson Lab in 2006. Data were collected for longitudinally polarized electron scattering off longitudinally polarized NH$_3$ and ND$_3$ targets, for $Q^2$ values as small as 0.012 and 0.02 GeV$^2$, respectively, using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). This is the archival paper of the EG4 experiment that summaries the previously reported results of the polarized structure functions $g_1$, $A_1F_1$, and their moments $\overline \Gamma_1$, $\overline \gamma_0$, and $\overline I_{TT}$, for both the proton and the deuteron. In addition, we report on new results on the neutron $g_1$ extracted by combining proton and deuteron data and correcting for Fermi smearing, and on the neutron moments $\overline \Gamma_1$, $\overline \gamma_0$, and $\overline I_{TT}$ formed directly from those of the proton and the deuteron. Our data are in good agreement with the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule for the proton, deuteron, and neutron. Furthermore, the isovector combination was formed for $g_1$ and the Bjorken integral $\overline \Gamma_1^{p-n}$, and compared to available theoretical predictions. All of our results provide for the first time extensive tests of spin observable predictions from chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT) in a $Q^2$ range commensurate with the pion mass. They motivate further improvement in $\chi$EFT calculations from other approaches such as the lattice gauge method., Comment: 33 pages. 26 figures. Data table provided in supplementary material (30 pages)

Large language models (LLMs) can extract information from veterinary electronic health records (EHRs), but performance differences between models, the effect of temperature settings, and the influence of text ambiguity have not been previously evaluated. This study addresses these gaps by comparing the performance of GPT-4 omni (GPT-4o) and GPT-3.5 Turbo under different conditions and investigating the relationship between human interobserver agreement and LLM errors. The LLMs and five humans were tasked with identifying six clinical signs associated with Feline chronic enteropathy in 250 EHRs from a veterinary referral hospital. At temperature 0, the performance of GPT-4o compared to the majority opinion of human respondents, achieved 96.9% sensitivity (interquartile range [IQR] 92.9-99.3%), 97.6% specificity (IQR 96.5-98.5%), 80.7% positive predictive value (IQR 70.8-84.6%), 99.5% negative predictive value (IQR 99.0-99.9%), 84.4% F1 score (IQR 77.3-90.4%), and 96.3% balanced accuracy (IQR 95.0-97.9%). The performance of GPT-4o was significantly better than that of its predecessor, GPT-3.5 Turbo, particularly with respect to sensitivity where GPT-3.5 Turbo only achieved 81.7% (IQR 78.9-84.8%). Adjusting the temperature for GPT-4o did not significantly impact classification performance. GPT-4o demonstrated greater reproducibility than human pairs regardless of temperature, with an average Cohen's kappa of 0.98 (IQR 0.98-0.99) at temperature 0 compared to 0.8 (IQR 0.78-0.81) for humans. Most GPT-4o errors occurred in instances where humans disagreed (35/43 errors, 81.4%), suggesting that these errors were more likely caused by ambiguity of the EHR than explicit model faults. Using GPT-4o to automate information extraction from veterinary EHRs is a viable alternative to manual extraction., Comment: 24 pages, 3 figures, 8 supplementary figures

The $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2S)$ charmonium states, composed of $c\bar{c}$ quark pairs and known since the 1970s, are widely believed to serve as ideal probes to test quantum chromodynamics in high-energy hadronic interactions. However, there is not yet a complete understanding of the charmonium-production mechanism. Recent measurements of $J/\psi$ production as a function of event charged-particle multiplicity at the collision energies of both the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) show enhanced $J/\psi$ production yields with increasing multiplicity. One potential explanation for this type of dependence is multiparton interactions (MPI). We carry out the first measurements of self-normalized $J/\psi$ yields and the $\psi(2S)$ to $J/\psi$ ratio at both forward and backward rapidities as a function of self-normalized charged-particle multiplicity in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV. In addition, detailed {\sc pythia} studies tuned to RHIC energies were performed to investigate the MPI impacts. We find that the PHENIX data at RHIC are consistent with recent LHC measurements and can only be described by {\sc pythia} calculations that include MPI effects. The forward and backward $\psi(2S)$ to $J/\psi$ ratio, which serves as a unique and powerful approach to study final-state effects on charmonium production, is found to be less dependent on the charged-particle multiplicity., Comment: 301 authors from 69 institutions, 8 pages, 3 figures. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review D Letters. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observations from the ground, planets will be characterised for their radius, mass, and age with high accuracy (5 %, 10 %, 10 % for an Earth-Sun combination respectively). PLATO will provide us with a large-scale catalogue of well-characterised small planets up to intermediate orbital periods, relevant for a meaningful comparison to planet formation theories and to better understand planet evolution. It will make possible comparative exoplanetology to place our Solar System planets in a broader context. In parallel, PLATO will study (host) stars using asteroseismology, allowing us to determine the stellar properties with high accuracy, substantially enhancing our knowledge of stellar structure and evolution. The payload instrument consists of 26 cameras with 12cm aperture each. For at least four years, the mission will perform high-precision photometric measurements. Here we review the science objectives, present PLATO's target samples and fields, provide an overview of expected core science performance as well as a description of the instrument and the mission profile at the beginning of the serial production of the flight cameras. PLATO is scheduled for a launch date end 2026. This overview therefore provides a summary of the mission to the community in preparation of the upcoming operational phases.

This study examines the impact of historical text normalization on the classification of medieval charters, specifically focusing on document dating and locating. Using a data set of Middle High German charters from a digital archive, we evaluate various classifiers, including traditional and transformer-based models, with and without normalization. Our results indicate that the given normalization minimally improves locating tasks but reduces accuracy for dating, implying that original texts contain crucial features that normalization may obscure. We find that support vector machines and gradient boosting outperform other models, questioning the efficiency of transformers for this use case. Results suggest a selective approach to historical text normalization, emphasizing the significance of preserving some textual characteristics that are critical for classification tasks in document analysis., Comment: This preprint has not undergone peer review or any post-submission improvements or corrections

In this paper we introduce the so-called Generalized Naive Bayes structure as an extension of the Naive Bayes structure. We give a new greedy algorithm that finds a good fitting Generalized Naive Bayes (GNB) probability distribution. We prove that this fits the data at least as well as the probability distribution determined by the classical Naive Bayes (NB). Then, under a not very restrictive condition, we give a second algorithm for which we can prove that it finds the optimal GNB probability distribution, i.e. best fitting structure in the sense of KL divergence. Both algorithms are constructed to maximize the information content and aim to minimize redundancy. Based on these algorithms, new methods for feature selection are introduced. We discuss the similarities and differences to other related algorithms in terms of structure, methodology, and complexity. Experimental results show, that the algorithms introduced outperform the related algorithms in many cases., Comment: 44 pages, 19 figures

We introduce G-Style, a novel algorithm designed to transfer the style of an image onto a 3D scene represented using Gaussian Splatting. Gaussian Splatting is a powerful 3D representation for novel view synthesis, as -- compared to other approaches based on Neural Radiance Fields -- it provides fast scene renderings and user control over the scene. Recent pre-prints have demonstrated that the style of Gaussian Splatting scenes can be modified using an image exemplar. However, since the scene geometry remains fixed during the stylization process, current solutions fall short of producing satisfactory results. Our algorithm aims to address these limitations by following a three-step process: In a pre-processing step, we remove undesirable Gaussians with large projection areas or highly elongated shapes. Subsequently, we combine several losses carefully designed to preserve different scales of the style in the image, while maintaining as much as possible the integrity of the original scene content. During the stylization process and following the original design of Gaussian Splatting, we split Gaussians where additional detail is necessary within our scene by tracking the gradient of the stylized color. Our experiments demonstrate that G-Style generates high-quality stylizations within just a few minutes, outperforming existing methods both qualitatively and quantitatively.

We investigate the effect of focused-ion-beam (FIB) irradiation on spin waves with sub-micron wavelengths in Yttrium-Iron-Garnet (YIG) films. Time-resolved scanning transmission X-ray (TR-STXM) microscopy was used to image the spin waves in irradiated regions and deduce corresponding changes in the magnetic parameters of the film. We find that the changes of Ga$^+$ irradiation can be understood by assuming a few percent change in the effective magnetization $M_\mathrm{eff}$ of the film due to a trade-off between changes in anisotropy and effective film thickness. Our results demonstrate that FIB irradiation can be used to locally alter the dispersion relation and the effective refractive index $n_\textrm{eff}$ of the film, even for submicron wavelengths. To achieve the same change in $n_\textrm{eff}$ for shorter wavelengths, a higher dose is required, but no significant deterioration of spin wave propagation length in the irradiated regions was observed, even at the highest applied doses., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures

In this paper, we prove that spatially semi-discrete evolving finite element method for parabolic equations on a given evolving hypersurface of arbitrary dimensions preserves the maximal $L^p$-regularity at the discrete level. We first establish the results on a stationary surface and then extend them, via a perturbation argument, to the case where the underlying surface is evolving under a prescribed velocity field. The proof combines techniques in evolving finite element method, properties of Green's functions on (discretised) closed surfaces, and local energy estimates for finite element methods

The jet cross-section and jet-substructure observables in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV were measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks and electromagnetic-calorimeter clusters using the anti-$k_{t}$ algorithm with a jet radius $R=0.3$ for jets with transverse momentum within $8.0

std::string view is a reference-like data structure in the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) that enables fast and cheap processing of read-only strings. Due to its wide applicability and performance enhancing power, std::string view has been very popular since its introduction in the C++17 standard. However, its careless use can lead to serious memory management bugs. As the lifetime of a std::string view is not tied to the lifetime of the referenced string in any way, it is the user's responsibility to ensure that the view is only used while the viewed string is live and its buffer is not reallocated. This paper describes a static analysis tool that finds programming errors caused by the incorrect use of std::string view. Our work included modeling std::string view operations in the analysis, defining steps to detect lifetime errors, constructing user-friendly diagnostic messages, and performing an evaluation of the checker.

Static analysis is a method of analyzing source code without executing it. It is widely used to find bugs and code smells in industrial software. Besides other methods, the most important techniques are those based on the abstract syntax tree and those performing symbolic execution. Both of these methods found their role in modern software development as they have different advantages and limitations. In this tutorial, we present two problems from the C++ programming language: the elimination of redundant pointers, and the reporting of dangling pointers originating from incorrect use of the std::string class. These two issues have different theoretical backgrounds and finding them requires different implementation techniques. We will provide a step-by-step guide to implement the checkers (software to identify the aforementioned problems) - one based on the abstract syntax analysis method, the other exploring the possibilities of symbolic execution. The methods are explained in great detail and supported by code examples. The intended audience for this tutorial are both architects of static analysis tools and developers who want to understand the advantages and constraints of the different methods.

CodeChecker is an open source project that integrates different static analysis tools such as the Clang Static Analyzer and Clang-Tidy into the build systems, continuous integration loops, and development workflows of C++ programmers. It has a powerful issue management system to make it easier to evaluate the reports of the static analysis tools. This document was handed out as supportive material for a code analysis lecture at the 2018 3COWS conference in Kosice, Slovakia.

Purpose: Only few companies were able to produce vaccine again COVID-19. Thus, one producer supplied it to many countries. The distribution was not effective. Some countries overstocked the vaccine while other countries were not able to buy enough. The purpose of the present paper is to provide with a frame such that one producer distributes the vaccine to a set of countries in a way that the shortage is minimized. Methodology: The consumption of the countries are approximated by regression functions taking into account the saturation of the process. The distribution of the vaccine is determined by MIP models of operations research. Findings: Effective distribution of vaccine can be obtained for even a large number of countries. Both the level of the shortage and the number of the consecutive shortage days in a country can be controlled. Practical implications: A group of countries can act as a single partner of a pharmaceutical company. They can get a steady supply. The company gets a well-organized delivery plan. Social implications: More people can be saved because of the steady supply of the vaccine. Originality: The paper develops a new concept for the fair distribution of vaccines between countries. This concept and the method derived from it can be applied in the event of future pandemics on a global scale., Comment: 10 pages

Static analysis is the analysis of a program without executing it, usually carried out by an automated tool. Symbolic execution is a popular static analysis technique used both in program verification and in bug detection software. It works by interpreting the code, introducing a symbol for each value unknown at compile time (e.g. user-given inputs), and carrying out calculations symbolically. The analysis engine strives to explore multiple execution paths simultaneously, although checking all paths is an intractable problem, due to the vast number of possibilities. We focus on an error finding framework called the Clang Static Analyzer, and the infrastructure built around it named CodeChecker. The emphasis is on achieving end-to-end scalability. This includes the run time and memory consumption of the analysis, bug presentation to the users, automatic false positive suppression, incremental analysis, pattern discovery in the results, and usage in continuous integration loops. We also outline future directions and open problems concerning these tools. While a rich literature exists on program verification software, error finding tools normally need to settle for survey papers on individual techniques. In this paper, we not only discuss individual methods, but also how these decisions interact and reinforce each other, creating a system that is greater than the sum of its parts. Although the Clang Static Analyzer can only handle C-family languages, the techniques introduced in this paper are mostly language-independent and applicable to other similar static analysis tools.

Floquet quantum circuits are able to realise a wide range of non-equilibrium quantum states, exhibiting quantum chaos, topological order and localisation. In this work, we investigate the stability of operator localisation and emergence of chaos in random Floquet-Clifford circuits subjected to unitary perturbations which drive them away from the Clifford limit. We construct a nearest-neighbour Clifford circuit with a brickwork pattern and study the effect of including disordered non-Clifford gates. The perturbations are uniformly sampled from single-qubit unitaries with probability $p$ on each qubit. We show that the interacting model exhibits strong localisation of operators for $0 \le p < 1$ that is characterised by the fragmentation of operator space into disjoint sectors due to the appearance of wall configurations. Such walls give rise to emergent local integrals of motion for the circuit that we construct exactly. We analytically establish the stability of localisation against generic perturbations and calculate the average length of operator spreading tunable by $p$. Although our circuit is not separable across any bi-partition, we further show that the operator localisation leads to an entanglement bottleneck, where initially unentangled states remain weakly entangled across typical fragment boundaries. Finally, we study the spectral form factor (SFF) to characterise the chaotic properties of the operator fragments and spectral fluctuations as a probe of non-ergodicity. In the $p = 1$ model, the emergence of a fragmentation time scale is found before random matrix theory sets in after which the SFF can be approximated by that of the circular unitary ensemble. Our work provides an explicit description of quantum phases in operator dynamics and circuit ergodicity which can be realised on current NISQ devices., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures, 2 appendices

A proof of optimal-order error estimates is given for the full discretization of the Cahn--Hilliard equation with Cahn--Hilliard-type dynamic boundary conditions in a smooth domain. The numerical method combines a linear bulk--surface finite element discretization in space and linearly implicit backward difference formulae of order 1 to 5 in time. Optimal-order error estimates are proven. The error estimates are based on a consistency and stability analysis in an abstract framework, based on energy estimates exploiting the anti-symmetric structure of the second-order system.

The extended Linear Sigma Model (eLSM) is a hadronic model based on the global symmetries of QCD and the corresponding explicit, anomalous, and spontaneous breaking patterns. In its basic three-flavor form, its mesonic part contains the dilaton/glueball as well as the nonets of (pseudo)scalar and (axial-)vector mesons, thus chiral symmetry is linearly realized. In the chiral limit and neglecting the chiral anomaly, only one term -- within the dilaton potential -- breaks dilatation invariance. Spontaneous symmetry breaking is implemented by a generalization of the Mexican-hat potential, with explicit symmetry breaking responsible for its tilting. The overall mesonic phenomenology up to 2 GeV is in agreement with the PDG compilation of masses and decay widths. The eLSM was enlarged to include other conventional quark-antiquark nonets (pseudovector and orbitally excited vector mesons, (axial-)tensor mesons, etc.), as well as two nonets of hybrid mesons, the lightest one with exotic quantum numbers $J^{PC} = 1^{-+}$ not allowed for $\bar{q}q$ objects such as the resonance $\pi_1(1600)$ and the recently discovered $\eta_1(1855)$. In doing so, different types of chiral multiplets are introduced: heterochiral and homochiral multiplets, which differ in the way they transform under chiral transformations. Moreover, besides the scalar glueball, the tensor, the pseudoscalar and the vector glueballs were coupled to the eLSM: the scalar $f_0(1710)$ turns out to be mostly gluonic, the tensor glueball couples strongly to vector mesons, and the pseudoscalar glueball couples can be assigned to $X(2370)$ or $X(2600)$. The eLSM contains chiral partners on an equal footing and is therefore well suited for studies of chiral symmetry restoration at nonzero temperature and densities. The QCD phase diagram and the location of the critical endpoint were investigated within this framework., Comment: Review paper about the extended Linear Sigma Model. Prepared for Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 118 pages, 47 tables, 14 figures

While dynamical tides only become relevant during the last couple of orbits for circular inspirals, orbital eccentricity can increase their impact during earlier phases of the inspiral by exciting tidal oscillations at each close encounter. We investigate the effect of dynamical tides on the orbital evolution of eccentric neutron star binaries using post-Newtonian numerical simulations and constructing an analytic stochastic model. Our study reveals a strong dependence of dynamical tides on the pericenter distance, with the energy transferred to dynamical tides over that dissipated in gravitational waves (GWs) exceeding $\sim1\%$ at separations $r_\mathrm{p}\lesssim50$ km for large eccentricities. We demonstrate that the effect of dynamical tides on orbital evolution can manifest as a phase shift in the GW signal. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio of the GW phase shift can reach the detectability threshold of 8 with a single aLIGO detector at design densitivity for eccentric neutron star binaries at a distance of $40$ Mpc. This requires a pericenter distance of $r_\mathrm{p0}\lesssim68$ km ($r_\mathrm{p0}\lesssim76$ km) at binary formation with eccentricity close to 1 for a reasonable tidal deformability and f-mode frequency of 500 and $1.73$ kHz (700 and $1.61$ kHz), respectively. The observation of the phase shift will enable measuring the f-mode frequency of neutron stars independently from their tidal deformability, providing significant insights into neutron star seismology and the properties of the equation of state. We also explore the potential of distinguishing between equal-radius and twin-star binaries, which could provide an opportunity to reveal strong first-order phase transitions in the nuclear equation of state., Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D

Fast radio bursts (FRB) will become important cosmological tools, as the number of observed FRBs is increasing rapidly with more surveys being carried out. A large sample of FRBs with dispersion measures (DM) and rotation measures (RM) can be used to study the intergalactic magnetic field. However, the observed DM and RM of FRBs have multiple contributors which must be quantified to obtain the intergalactic medium's (IGM) DM and RM. In this paper, we estimate one such contribution to DM and RM: that of FRB host galaxies. We show how it changes with redshift, galaxy type, and the stellar mass of the galaxies, inclination, and FRB's projected offset. Using the IllustrisTNG50 simulations, we selected 16500 galaxies at redshifts of 0<=z<=2, with stellar masses in the range 9<=log(M*/Msun)<=12. In each galaxy, we calculate the DM and RM contributions of 1000 sightlines, and construct DM and RM probability density functions. We find that the rest frame DM distributions of all galaxies at a given redshift can be fitted by a lognormal function, and the rest frame RM distribution is symmetric around 0 rad m$^{-2}$, and can be fitted by the combination of a Lorentzian and two Gaussian functions. The parameters of these functions change for different subsets of galaxies with different redshift, stellar mass, inclination, and FRB offset. These changes are due to an increasing $n_e$ with redshift, SFR, and stellar mass, and we find a more ordered B field at lower z compared to higher z, suggested by more galaxies with B field reversals and B fields dominated by random B field at higher z. We estimate the FRB host DM and RM contributions, which can be used in the future to isolate the IGM's contribution from the observed DM and RM of FRBs. We predict that to constrain an $\sigma_{\rm RM,IGM}$ of 2 rad m$^{-2}$ to 95% confidence level we need to observe 95000 FRBs at z=0.5, but only 9500 FRBs at z=2., Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures Accepted for publication in A&A

Interplanetary shocks are one of the crucial dynamic phenomena in the Heliosphere. They accelerate particles to high energies, generate plasma waves, and can trigger geomagnetic storms in the terrestrial magnetosphere disturbing significantly our technological infrastructures. In this study, two IP shock events are selected to study the temporal variations of the shock parameters using magnetometer and ion plasma measurements of the STEREO$-$A and B, the Wind, Cluster fleet, and the ACE spacecraft. The shock normal vectors are determined using the minimum variance analysis (MVA) and the magnetic coplanarity methods. During the May 7, 2007 event, the shock parameters and the shock normal direction are consistent. The shock surface appears to be tilted almost the same degree as the Parker spiral, and the driver could be a Co--Rotating Interacting Region (CIR). During the April 23, 2007 event, the shock parameters do not change significantly except for the shock $\theta_{Bn}$ angle, however, the shape of the IP shock appears to be twisted along the perpendicular direction to the Sun-Earth line as well. The driver of this rippled shock is Stream Interaction Regions (SIRs)/CISs as well., Comment: 31 pages, 14 figures, 6 table, submitted to the Astrophysical Journal on July 17, 2024. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2307.03328

Context. The modeling of stellar spectra of flux standards observed by the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes requires a large synthetic spectral library that covers a wide atmospheric parameter range. Aims. The aim of this paper is to present and describe the calculation methods behind the updated version of the BOSZ synthetic spectral database, which was originally designed to fit the CALSPEC flux standards. These new local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) models incorporate both MARCS and ATLAS9 model atmospheres, updated continuous opacities, and 23 new molecular line lists. Methods. The new grid was calculated with Synspec using the LTE approximation and covers metallicities [M/H] from -2.5 to 0.75 dex, [alpha/M] from -0.25 to 0.5 dex, and [C/M] from -0.75 to 0.5 dex, providing spectra for 336 unique compositions. Calculations for stars between 2800 and 8000 K use MARCS model atmospheres, and ATLAS9 is used between 7500 and 16,000 K. Results. The new BOSZ grid includes 628,620 synthetic spectra from 50 nm to 32 microns with models for 495 Teff - log g parameter pairs per composition and per microturbulent velocity. Each spectrum has eight different resolutions spanning a range from R = 500 to 50,000 as well as the original resolution of the synthesis. The microturbulent velocities are 0, 1, 2, and 4 km/s. Conclusions. The new BOSZ grid extends the temperature range to cooler temperatures compared to the original grid because the updated molecular line lists make modeling possible for cooler stars. A publicly available and consistently calculated database of model spectra is important for many astrophysical analyses, for example spectroscopic surveys and the determination of stellar elemental compositions., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables, published in A&A, new version includes proof corrections

Flexible robotic cells are utilized to produce standardized products at a high speed production rate, and to set up the production floors based on rapid operating environment changes. In FRC, there are a number of computer numerical control machines, an input buffer, an output buffer, and a robot. The input and output buffers contain unprocessed and finished products, respectively, whereas the robot performs the loading and unloading activities and transports the items among buffers and machines. The system repeats a cyclic schedule in its run and the cycle time depends on the order of robot activities. In order to maximize the efficiency of the system, the order of the robot activities yielding the minimum cycle time should be determined. The aim of this research is to find novel exact models to solve this cycling scheduling problem. These types of problems have tight relations with traveling salesman problem. In this study, four main modeling approaches of the TSP, such as Dantzig-Fulkerson-Johnson approach, Miller-Tucker-Zemlin approach, Vajda's n-step approach, and the network flow approach are studied. Only the DFJ approach cannot be adapted to the scheduling problem. The three other approaches are adapted successfully. Similarities and differences are discussed by using several numerical examples.

We provide a proof that all polynomial higher-derivative effective field theories of vacuum gravity admit a well-posed initial value formulation when augmented by suitable regularising terms. These regularising terms can be obtained by field redefinitions and allow to rewrite the resulting equations of motion as a system of second-order nonlinear wave equations. For instance, our result applies to the quadratic, cubic, and quartic truncations of the effective field theory of gravity that have previously appeared in the literature. The regularising terms correspond to fiducial massive modes, however, their masses can be chosen to be non-tachyonic and heavier than the cutoff scale and hence these modes should not affect the dynamics in the regime of validity of effective field theory. Our well-posed formulation is not limited to the weakly coupled regime of these theories, is manifestly covariant and does neither require fine tuning of free parameters nor involves prescribing arbitrary equations., Comment: 5 pages (+ 6 pages of Supplemental Material)

The PHENIX experiment measured the centrality dependence of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlation functions in $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV Au$+$Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The data are well represented by L\'evy-stable source distributions. The extracted source parameters are the correlation-strength parameter $\lambda$, the L\'evy index of stability $\alpha$, and the L\'evy-scale parameter $R$ as a function of transverse mass $m_T$ and centrality. The $\lambda(m_T)$ parameter is constant at larger values of $m_T$, but decreases as $m_T$ decreases. The L\'evy scale parameter $R(m_T)$ decreases with $m_T$ and exhibits proportionality to the length scale of the nuclear overlap region. The L\'evy exponent $\alpha(m_T)$ is independent of $m_T$ within uncertainties in each investigated centrality bin, but shows a clear centrality dependence. At all centralities, the L\'evy exponent $\alpha$ is significantly different from that of Gaussian ($\alpha=2$) or Cauchy ($\alpha=1$) source distributions. Comparisons to the predictions of Monte-Carlo simulations of resonance-decay chains show that in all but the most peripheral centrality class (50%-60%), the obtained results are inconsistent with the measurements, unless a significant reduction of the in-medium mass of the $\eta'$ meson is included. In each centrality class, the best value of the in-medium $\eta'$ mass is compared to the mass of the $\eta$ meson, as well as to several theoretical predictions that consider restoration of $U_A(1)$ symmetry in hot hadronic matter., Comment: 401 authors from 75 institutions, 20 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

This paper develops and discusses a residual-based a posteriori error estimate and a space--time adaptive algorithm for solving parabolic surface partial differential equations on closed stationary surfaces. The full discretization uses the surface finite element method in space and the backward Euler method in time. The proposed error indicator bounds the error quantities globally in space from above and below, and globally in time from above and locally from below. A space--time adaptive algorithm is proposed using the derived error indicator. Numerical experiments illustrate and complement the theory., Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures

Halo core tracking is a novel concept designed to efficiently follow halo substructure in large simulations. We have recently developed this concept in gravity-only simulations to investigate the galaxy-halo connection in the context of empirical and semi-analytic models. Here, we incorporate information from hydrodynamics simulations, with an emphasis on establishing a connection between cores and galaxies. We compare cores across gravity-only, adiabatic hydrodynamics, and subgrid hydrodynamics simulations with the same initial phases. We demonstrate that cores are stable entities whose halo-centric radial profiles match across the simulations. We further develop a methodology that uses merging and infall mass cuts to group cores in the hydrodynamics simulation, creating on average, a one-to-one match to corresponding galaxies. We apply this methodology to cores from the gravity-only simulation, thus creating a proxy for galaxies which approximate the populations from the hydrodynamics simulation. Our results pave the way to incorporate inputs from smaller-scale hydrodynamics simulations directly into large-scale gravity-only runs in a principled manner., Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures

The Submillimeter Array (SMA) is an array of 8 antennas operating at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths on Maunakea, Hawaii, operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taiwan. Over the past several years, we have been preparing a major upgrade to the SMA that will replace the aging original receiver cryostats and receiver cartridges with all new cryostats and new 230 and 345 GHz receiver designs. This wideband upgrade (wSMA) will also include significantly increased instantaneous bandwidth, improved sensitivity, and greater capabilities for dual frequency observations. In this paper, we will describe the wSMA receiver upgrade and status, as well as the future upgrades that will be enabled by the deployment of the wSMA receivers., Comment: To be published in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024, paper number 13096-122

In a quantum communication network, links represent entanglement between qubits located at different nodes. Even if two nodes are not directly linked by shared entanglement, communication channels can be established between them via quantum routing protocols. However, in contrast to classical communication networks, each communication event removes all participating links along the communication path, disrupting the quantum network. Here, we propose a simple model, where randomly selected pairs of nodes communicate through shortest paths. Each time such a path is used, all participating links are eliminated, leading to a correlated percolation process that we call ``path percolation.'' We study path percolation both numerically and analytically and present the phase diagram of the steady states as a function of the rate at which new links are being added to the quantum communication network. As a key result, the steady state is found to be independent from the initial network topology when new link are added randomly between disconnected components. We close by discussing extensions of path percolation and their potential applications., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

High-momentum two-particle correlations are a useful tool for studying jet-quenching effects in the quark-gluon plasma. Angular correlations between neutral-pion triggers and charged hadrons with transverse momenta in the range 4--12~GeV/$c$ and 0.5--7~GeV/$c$, respectively, have been measured by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 for Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV. Suppression is observed in the yield of high-momentum jet fragments opposite the trigger particle, which indicates jet suppression stemming from in-medium partonic energy loss, while enhancement is observed for low-momentum particles. The ratio and differences between the yield in Au$+$Au collisions and $p$$+$$p$ collisions, $I_{AA}$ and $\Delta_{AA}$, as a function of the trigger-hadron azimuthal separation, $\Delta\phi$, are measured for the first time at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These results better quantify how the yield of low-$p_T$ associated hadrons is enhanced at wide angle, which is crucial for studying energy loss as well as medium-response effects., Comment: 535 authors from 84 institutions, 12 pages, 8 figures. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Despite the proliferation of wearable health trackers and the importance of sleep and exercise to health, deriving actionable personalized insights from wearable data remains a challenge because doing so requires non-trivial open-ended analysis of these data. The recent rise of large language model (LLM) agents, which can use tools to reason about and interact with the world, presents a promising opportunity to enable such personalized analysis at scale. Yet, the application of LLM agents in analyzing personal health is still largely untapped. In this paper, we introduce the Personal Health Insights Agent (PHIA), an agent system that leverages state-of-the-art code generation and information retrieval tools to analyze and interpret behavioral health data from wearables. We curate two benchmark question-answering datasets of over 4000 health insights questions. Based on 650 hours of human and expert evaluation we find that PHIA can accurately address over 84% of factual numerical questions and more than 83% of crowd-sourced open-ended questions. This work has implications for advancing behavioral health across the population, potentially enabling individuals to interpret their own wearable data, and paving the way for a new era of accessible, personalized wellness regimens that are informed by data-driven insights., Comment: 38 pages

We present $griz$ photometric light curves for the full 5 years of the Dark Energy Survey Supernova program (DES-SN), obtained with both forced Point Spread Function (PSF) photometry on Difference Images (DIFFIMG) performed during survey operations, and Scene Modelling Photometry (SMP) on search images processed after the survey. This release contains $31,636$ DIFFIMG and $19,706$ high-quality SMP light curves, the latter of which contains $1635$ photometrically-classified supernovae that pass cosmology quality cuts. This sample spans the largest redshift ($z$) range ever covered by a single SN survey ($0.1

PolySAT is a word-level decision procedure supporting bit-precise SMT reasoning over polynomial arithmetic with large bit-vector operations. The PolySAT calculus extends conflict-driven clause learning modulo theories with two key components: (i) a bit-vector plugin to the equality graph, and (ii) a theory solver for bit-vector arithmetic with non-linear polynomials. PolySAT implements dedicated procedures to extract bit-vector intervals from polynomial inequalities. For the purpose of conflict analysis and resolution, PolySAT comes with on-demand lemma generation over non-linear bit-vector arithmetic. PolySAT is integrated into the SMT solver Z3 and has potential applications in model checking and smart contract verification where bit-blasting techniques on multipliers/divisions do not scale., Comment: Submitted to FMCAD 2024, https://fmcad.org/FMCAD24/

We present an updated ephemeris and physical parameters for the exoplanet WASP-77 A b. In this effort, we combine 64 ground- and space-based transit observations, 6 space-based eclipse observations, and 32 radial velocity observations to produce the most precise orbital solution to date for this target, aiding in the planning of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Ariel observations and atmospheric studies. We report a new orbital period of 1.360029395 +- 5.7e-8 days, a new mid-transit time of 2459957.337860 +- 4.3e-5 BJDTDB (Barycentric Julian Date in the Barycentric Dynamical Time scale; arXiv:1005.4415) and a new mid-eclipse time of 2459956.658192 +- 6.7e-5 BJDTDB. Furthermore, the methods presented in this study reduce the uncertainties in the planet mass to 1.6654 +- 4.5e-3 Mjup and orbital period to 1.360029395 +- 5.7e-8 days by factors of 15.1 and 10.9, respectively. Through a joint fit analysis comparison of transit data taken by space-based and citizen science-led initiatives, our study demonstrates the power of including data collected by citizen scientists compared to a fit of the space-based data alone. Additionally, by including a vast array of citizen science data from ExoClock, Exoplanet Transit Database (ETD), and Exoplanet Watch, we can increase our observational baseline and thus acquire better constraints on the forward propagation of our ephemeris than what is achievable with TESS data alone., Comment: Updated a co-author name. Added a co-author. Added an acknowledgement

Time-dependent potentials are common in galactic systems that undergo significant evolution, interactions, or encounters with other galaxies, or when there are dynamic processes like star formation and merging events. Recent studies show that an ensemble approach along with the so-called snapshot framework in dynamical system theory provide a powerful tool to analyze time dependent dynamics. In this work, we aim to explore and quantify the phase space structure and dynamical complexity in time-dependent galactic potentials consisting of multiple components. We apply the classical method of Poincar\'e-surface of section to analyze the phase space structure in a chaotic Hamiltonian system subjected to parameter drift. This, however, makes sense only when the evolution of a large ensemble of initial conditions is followed. Numerical simulations explore the phase space structure of such ensembles while the system undergoes a continuous parameter change. The pair-wise average distance of ensemble members allows us to define a generalized Lyapunov-exponent, that might also be time dependent, to describe the system stability. We provide a comprehensive dynamical analysis of the system under circumstances where linear mass transfer undergoes between the disk and bulge components of the model., Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures (including the Appendix). The article is submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics and is under revision. Reason of replacement: Comments and suggestions from the referee. * Added references * Changes made in the construction of the model, new simulations and analysis with the new model. * Further clarifications added in The model, Results and Conclusions

We present the Flagship galaxy mock, a simulated catalogue of billions of galaxies designed to support the scientific exploitation of the Euclid mission. Euclid is a medium-class mission of the European Space Agency optimised to determine the properties of dark matter and dark energy on the largest scales of the Universe. It probes structure formation over more than 10 billion years primarily from the combination of weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering data. The breath of Euclid's data will also foster a wide variety of scientific analyses. The Flagship simulation was developed to provide a realistic approximation to the galaxies that will be observed by Euclid and used in its scientific analyses. We ran a state-of-the-art N-body simulation with four trillion particles, producing a lightcone on the fly. From the dark matter particles, we produced a catalogue of 16 billion haloes in one octant of the sky in the lightcone up to redshift z=3. We then populated these haloes with mock galaxies using a halo occupation distribution and abundance matching approach, calibrating the free parameters of the galaxy mock against observed correlations and other basic galaxy properties. Modelled galaxy properties include luminosity and flux in several bands, redshifts, positions and velocities, spectral energy distributions, shapes and sizes, stellar masses, star formation rates, metallicities, emission line fluxes, and lensing properties. We selected a final sample of 3.4 billion galaxies with a magnitude cut of H_E<26, where we are complete. We have performed a comprehensive set of validation tests to check the similarity to observational data and theoretical models. In particular, our catalogue is able to closely reproduce the main characteristics of the weak lensing and galaxy clustering samples to be used in the mission's main cosmological analysis. (abridged), Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations