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In this perspective analysis, we strive to answer the following question: how can we advance integrative biology research in the 21st century with lessons from animal science? At the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, we share here our three lessons learned in the two decades from 2002 to 2022 that we believe could inform integrative biology, systems science, and animal science scholarship in other countries and geographies. Cultivating multiomics knowledge through a conceptual lens of integrative biology is crucial for life sciences research that can stand the test of diverse biological, clinical, and ecological contexts. Moreover, in an era of the current COVID-19 pandemic, animal nutrition and animal science, and the study of their interactions with human health (and vice versa) through integrative biology approaches hold enormous prospects and significance for systems medicine and ecosystem health.

Slovenska priporočila za obravnavo bolnikov z kronično odpovedjo prebavil so povzeta so po smernicah Evropskega združenja za klinično prehrano in metabolizem (angl. ESPEN; European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism) in prilagojena slovenskim izkušnjah zdravljenja odpovedi prebavil. Pretežni del bolnikov z odpovedjo prebavil predstavljajo bolniki s sindromom kratkega črevesa (SKČ), zato je poudarek priporočil na diagnostiki, obravnavi in zdravljenju bolnikov s SKČ. Namen priporočil je vzpostavitev bolj učinkovite prepoznave in obravnave bolnikov z odpovedjo ter vzpostavitvi temeljnih strokovnih izhodišč za zdravljenje teh bolnikov v Sloveniji. Dejavnost zdravljenja kronične odpovedi prebavil z parenteralno prehrano na domu pri odrasli pacientih je bila v Sloveniji formalno vzpostavljena leta 2008, v 13 letih smo zdravili več kot 230 pacientov, v začetku leta 2021 je v 2 centrih (OI Ljubljana, UKC Ljubljana) v zdravljenje vključeno 95 odraslih bolnikov. Pred 6 leti Smo paciente v programu zdravljenja odpovedi prebavil v okviru OI LjubljanA vključili v evropski register premljanja bolnikov na Parenteralni prehrani na domu (PPD), v okviru ESPEN., Onkologija : strokovno-znanstveni časopis za zdravnike, Vol 25 No 1 (2021)

Dispersion parameters for number of piglets born alive (NBA) were estimated using random regression model (RRM). Litter records from two datasets from Nemščak farm in Slovenia used for analyses. The first dataset (DS1) included litter records from first to sixth parity. Second one (DS2) was extended to tenth parity in order to verify possibility for selection on persistency in litter size. Litter records from four sow genotypes were included: Swedish Landrace (SL), Large White (LW) and both crossbred. Fixed part of the model included sow genotype, mating season (month-year interaction), parity and weaning to conception interval as class effects. The age at farrowing was adjusted as quadratic regression nested within parity. Previous lactation length was fitted as linear regression. Random regressions on Legendre polynomials were included for direct additive genetic, permanent environmental, and common litter environmental effect. Orthogonal Legendre polynomials from the linear power to cubic power were fitted. Estimates of heritability ranged from 0.09 to 0.14. Permanent environmental effect as ratio increased along trajectory from 0.05 to 0.16. Magnitudes of common litter effect were generally small (0.01 to 0.02). The eigenvalues of covariance functions showed that between 10 and 15% of genetic variability was explained by individual genetic curve of sows in the DS2. This proportion was mainly covered by linear and quadratic coefficients. The solutions for the random regression coefficients were used to compute breeding value for NBA along trajectory. Results suggest that RRM could be used for selection on persistency in litter size.

International project between Slovenia and Croatia was started with the aim of the BLUP implementation in Croatia pig breeding program. Croatian Livestock Center (CLC) did not have necessary software and experience to implement BLUP. Large pig units have locally installed computers and organize data collection and evaluation (selection index) according to the regulations and standards of breeding program. They keep their own local databases and run data analysis for management support and production control. Data from the small farms are recorded by CLC regional o ces. Data is transferred to the central database (CLC) regularly by electronic media. For the beginning, data from 10 nucleus farms were imported in to information system PiggyBank runing in Slovenia. Additionally, we have prepared programs for data input, procedures for implementing a unique lifetime number for animal, output of pedigree certi cates, reports for fertility and programs for preparing data and pedigree information for genetic evaluation. Extension service, temporary located at the Biotechnical Faculty, performs regular genetic evaluation and ranking of breeding and replacement animals based on eld test and litter size data. In addition, it provides comparative analyses of sow and boar fertility. Quarterly, reports are sent back to farms. Next step will be import of data from family farms in PiggyBank and moving the extensions service to CLC.

Due to tendency for banning surgical castration of boars, alternatives such as fattening of boars for human consumption are being considered. Primary problem in boar`s meat consumption is boar`s taint, which is to a large extent the result of skatole (3-methyl indole) content. Spectrophotometric method for determination of skatole in fat tissue was introduced. Samples from three genotypes of boars from five different breedings, aged between 101 and 310 days were collected. When introducing the method, the first group of samples was analyzed, the samples that were obtained later represented a second group. Introduced method is repeatable (coefficient of variability, CV = 13.6), reproducible (CV = 21.3) and has good recovery (96%). Skatole contentin boar's back fat in first group was between 0.01 to 0.62 ppm, on average 0.23 ppm. The second group contained on average 0.71 ppm skatol (between 0.07 and 1.26 ppm). Effect of genotype, breeder and age on skatole content was not found. Zaradi težnje po prepovedi kirurške kastracije merjascev, se razmišlja o alternativah, ki vključujejo tudi pitanje merjascev za prirejo mesa. Problem pri porabi merjaščevega mesa predstavlja predvsem neprijeten vonj, za katerega je v veliki meri odgovoren skatol (3-metilindol). V raziskavi smo vpeljali spektrofotometrično metodo ya določanje vsebnosti skatola v maščobnem tkivu. Zbrali smo vzorce petih genotipv merjascev iz petih različnih rej, starih med 101 in 310 dni. Ob vpeljavi metode smo analizirali prvo skupino, kasneje dobljene vzorce pa kot drugo skupino. Vpeljana metoda je ponovljiva (koeficient variabilnosti, KV = 13,6), obnovljiva (KV = 21,3) in ima dober izkoristek (96 %). Vsebnost skatola v hrbtnem maščobnem tkivu merjascev pri prvi skupini je bila mes 0,01 in 0,62 ppm, v povprečju 0,23 ppm.Druga skupina pa je v povprečju vsebovala 0,71 ppm skatola (med 0,07 in 1,26 ppm). Vpliva genotipa, rejca in starosti na vsebnost skatola nismo zaznali.

Objective of this study was to analyze the effect of growth rate and backfat thickness at the end of test on reproductive performance in the first three parities, and association with lifetime productivity and longevity. Data of gilt productive and sow reproductive performance from large Slovenian multiplying farms was used. Altogether 8139 animals of two maternal genotypes were involved: Slovenian Landrace - line 11 (SL11) and hybrid 12 (Slovenian Large White X Slovenian Landrace - line 11). Statistical model included owner and sow genotype as fixed effects. Backfat thickness and growth rate were included as linear regression. Data was analyzed by GLM procedure in SAS/STAT. Average weight of gilts was 129.4 +/- 9.6 kg at 206.7 +/- 6.8 days of age, indicating average growth rate of 626 g/day. Gilts had 13.26 mm of backfat thickness, in range from 5.5 mm to 31.5 mm. The increase of 100 g of daily gain resulted in increase of 0.54 +/- 0.08 liveborn piglets in the 1st, 0.71 +/- 0.11 in the 2nd, 0.64 +/- 0.11 in the 3rd parity. Sows with higher growth rate were culled earlier (47 days). Gilts with thicker backfat had smaller litter size in the first three parities. Backfat thickness did not influence lifetime productivity, although sows with 10 mm thicker backfat farrowed more litters (0.41 in average) in lifetime and were culled 50 days later. Growth rate and backfat thickness did not affect the cost per liveborn piglet as number of days per liveborn piglet did not change.

The aim of the study was to investigate the fatty acids composition of m. longissimus dorsi (LD) in Krškopolje pigs (KP) and maternal hybrids (H12; dam - Slovenian Landrace - line 11, sire - Slovenian Large White). A total of 48 fatteners, 24 of each genotype, were housed in eight pens with six animals in each. They were penned according to genotype and sex. Rearing and feeding conditions were the same for all animals. Pigs were slaughtered in two age groups (G1 and G2) with a two month difference. Twenty-four hours after slaughter, LD samples were taken behind the last rib. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid composition were determined. Statistical analysis was carried out using the GLM procedure in the statistical package SAS/STAT. With IMF content increased saturated fatty acids (SFA), C16:0, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), C16:1n-6 and C18:1n-9 increased with greater IMF content while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 PUFA, C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6, n-3 PUFA, ratio PUFA/SFA, and n-6/n-3 decreased with IMF. Gilt's meat had lower n-6/n-3 ratio than barrow meat. In comparison with H12, KP contained more n-3 PUFA and C18:3n-3 and less C20:4n-6. Additionally, the n-6/n-3 ratio was more desirable in KP meat, indicating a better nutritional meat quality of KP than H12. Muscle of fatteners from the first age group (G1) contained more SFA and C16:0 than from the second age group (G2). Less C20:4n-6 and n-3 PUFA were found in G1 than in G2 which is not desirable from a nutritional point of view. Moreover, trends for better PUFA/SFA and n-3/n-6 were obtained in G1 in comparison with G2. Interaction between the genotype and the slaughter group showed the highest content of C18:3n-3 and the lower ratio n-3/n-6 in younger KP.

Genetic and environmental parameters for 38 983 test-day records of daily milk yield (DMY), fat (FC) and protein (PC) content, collected between 1994 and 2002, were estimated on 3,068 dairy ewes of the three Slovenian breeds. A multivariate restricted maximum likelihood method was used for estimation, where every test-day record was treated as a different trait. Fixed part of the multitrait animal model for DMY, FC, and PC included breed and lambing season as classes, while stage of lactation, parity, and litter size were covariates. Random part of the model contained additive genetic effect and the effects of flock test month and permanent environment over lactations. Heritability estimates for individual test-days were between 0.10 and 0.23 for DMY, 0.09 and 0.18 for FC, and 0.19 and 0.28 for PC. The flock test month effect explained most of the phenotypic variance: 0.18 to 0.41 for DMY, 0.26 to 0.45 for FC, and 0.24 to 0.44 for PC. A lower variance ratio was explained by the permanent environment effect over lactations: 0.09 to 0.15 for DMY, 0.02 to 0.11 for FC, and 0.02 to 0.09 for PC. Additive genetic correlations between individual test-days were high in all three milk traits for adjacent months of lactation. They decreased when the interval between months of lactation increased. The structure of additive genetic correlations showed that the observed milk traits in the different stages of lactation were genetically not the same trait, since the correlations between distant months of lactation were lower than one. Ocenjevali smo genetske in okoljske parametre za 38 983 meritev na kontrolni dan za količino mleka (DKM) ter vsebnost maščobe (VM) in beljakovin (VB) v mleku pri 3068 mlečnih ovcah treh slovenskih pasem. Meritve so bile zbrane med leti 1994 in 2002. Za oceno parametrov smo uporabili večlastnostno metodo omejenega največjega verjetja, kjer je vsaka meritev na kontrolni dan obravnavana kot druga lastnost. Sistematski del večlastnostnega modela živali za DKM, VM in VB je vključeval pasmo in sezono jagnjitve kot razrede, stadij laktacije, zaporedna jagnjitev in velikost gnezda pa so bili vključeni kot kovariable. Naključni del modela je vseboval aditivni genetski vpliv živali, vpliv skupnega okolja v tropu in vpliv permanentnega okolja živali. Heritabilitete za posamezne mesece laktacije so bile med 0,10 in 0,23 za DKM, med 0,09 in 0,18 za VM in med 0,19 in 0,28 za VB. Skupno okolje v tropu je pojasnilo največji del fenotipske variance: 0,18 do 0,41 za DKM, 0,26 do 0,45 za VB in 0,24 do 0,44 za VB. Vpliv permanentnega okolja živali je pojasnil manjši dele variance: 0,09 do 0,15 za DKM, 0,02 do 0,11 za VM in 0,02 do 0,09 za VB. Aditivne genetske korelacije med posameznimi lastnostmi mlečnosti sosednjih mesecev laktacije so bile močne in so se z oddaljevanjem mesecev laktacije zmanjševale. Struktura aditivnih genetskih korelacij kaže, da lastnosti mlečnosti v različnih stadijih laktacije genetsko niso ista lastnost, saj so korelacije med oddaljenimi zapisi manjše od ena.

The aim of the study was to estimate some effects on mortality and growth in rabbits. The study was carried out in Slovenian SIKA sire line. In total, 1028 kits of 80 does were included. In the analyses the effects of parity, number of liveborn kits, number of teats, and season of kits birth were analysed. Birth weight was included in the model for mortality, while age was included in the model for growth. Parity, litter siye, teat number and season affected the bodz weights. Body weight varied also according to age. Mortality has changes by litter size, season and initial weight. An average litter size was 8.77 kits born, 8.15 kits born alive and 7.00 kits weaned. The birth to weaning mortality was 14.4% and mortality has steadily declined with age. Average weight up to age 3 days was 72 g and at weaning 959 g. Kits in smaller litters and kits from does with more teats had a higher growth rate. Also kits grow faster in the colder months. Namen študije je bil oceniti mone vplive na rast in izgube v času laktacije pri kuncih. Študija je bila narejena pri kuncih slovenske SIKA pasme terminalne linije. Analizirani so bili podatki 1028 kuncev 80 mater. V model smo vključili zaporedno laktacijo, število živorojenih kuncev, število seskov pri materah in sezono rojstva mladičev. Masa ob prvem tehtanju je bila vključena v model za izgube. Starost smo vključili v model za telesne mase. Na telesno maso so vplivali zaporedna laktacija, velikost gnezda, število seskov, sezona in starost. Izgube so se razlikovale glede na velikost gnezda, sezono in telesno maso ob prvem tehtanju. Povprečno število rojenih kuncev je bilo 8.77, 8.15 živorojenih in 7.00 odstavljenih. Izgube so v času laktacije znašale 14.4 % in so se s starostjo zmanjševale. Telesna masa mladičev do starosti 3 dni je bila 72 g , masa od odstavitvi pa je v povprečju znašala 959 g. Kunci v manjših gnezdih in kunci mater z več seski so rasli hitreje. Prav tako kunci hitreje rastejo v hladnejših mesecih.

Cilj rada je bio procjeniti genetske parametre za svojstva dnevne količine mlijeka, sadržaja mliječne masti i proteina na kontrolni dan za simentalsku pasminu goveda. Korišteni su podaci 646536 dnevna zapisa kontrole mliječnosti 53372 6 krava za period od 2003 do 2007 godine. Uključujući pedigre u analizi je bilo ukupno 103183 životinja. Komponente varijance procjenjene su temeljem REML metode koristeći VCE-6 programski paket. Definirani model ima slijedeće sistematske utjecaje s razredima: redni broj laktacije, županiju i sezonu telenja. Utjecaj dobi pri prvom telenju opisan je kvadratnom regresijom i korišten u statističkom modelu za svojstvo dnevne količine mlijeka. Stadij laktacije modeliran je Ali- Schaefferovom laktacijskom krivuljom ugnježđenom unutar redog broja laktacije. Direktni aditivni genetski utjecaj, interakcija stado-godina kontrole i permanentni utjecaj okoliša unutar laktacije uključeni su u model kao slučajni utjecaji. Navedenim modelom procjenjeni su slijedeći heritabiliteti za dnevnu količinu mlijeka, sadržaj mliječne masti i proteina 0.24 ± 0.004, 0.20 ± 0.002 and 0.28 ± 0.002. Permanentnim utjecajem okoliša protumačeno je između 1 i 16%, dok je interakcijom između stada i godine kontrole objasnio između 5 i 23% ukupne varijabilnosti svojstava. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se tako definirani test day model može koristiti za genetsko vrednovanje simentalskog goveda u Hrvatskoj.

The covariance components for exterior traits were estimated on Haflinger horses in Slovenia. There were 3371 data included in the database. Data from 600 animals (15 stallions and 585 mares) with known pedigree were analysed. For each horse, at most ten traits were scored and nine traits were measured. The fixed part of the model included only the year when horse was scored or measured and animal was treated as random effect. Genetic and environmental parameters for exterior traits were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) as implemented in the program package VCE. To make matrices positive definite we used a statistic method commonly known as "bending". Heritabilities for the scored traits were estimated between 0.40 for front body part and 0.78 for the breed type. For measured traits the heritabilities were between 0.20 for chest depth and 0.62 for withers height (measuring stick). Genetic corelations were in most cases positive. The highest genetic corelation for scored traits was 0.92 between total score and rear body part. There was no corelation betwen breed type and front legs. Genetic corelations for measured traits were from 0.38 between body lenght and chest size to 0.95 betwen withers hight measured with stick and measured with tape. V naši raziskavi smo pri konjih haflinške pasme v Sloveniji za lastnosti zunanjosti ocenjevali komponente (ko)varianc. V podatkovni zbirki je bilo skupaj 3371 živali, od tega smo jih v raziskavo vključili 600 (15 žrebcev in 585kobil). Živali, ki smo jih vključili v analizo, so imele zapise desetih ocenin/ali devetih meritev ter znanega vsaj enega od staršev. Model je za vse ocenjene in izmerjene lastnosti vseboval leto ocenjevanja in/ali merjenja kot sistematski vpliv in naključni vpliv živali. Uporabili smo metodo omejene največje zanesljivosti (REML) v programu VCE. Pozitivno definitne matrike smo dobili s pomočjo postopka, ki se imenuje ukrivljanje matrik (ang. bending). Za ocenjene lastnosti so znašale heritabilitete od 0,40 za prednji del trupa do 0,78 za pasemsko značilnost. Heritabilitete za izmerjene lastnosti so se gibale med 0,20 za globino prsi in 0,62 za višino vihra, merjeno s palico. Genetske korelacije so bile v večini pozitivne. Najvišja genetska korelacija pri ocenjenih lastnostih je 0,92 med skupno oceno in zadnjim delom trupa. Med oceno pasemske značilnosti in oceno prednjih nog korelacije ni bilo. Pri izmerjenih lastnostih so bile genetske korelacije ocenjene od 0,38 med dolino trupa in obsegom prsi do 0,95 med višino vihra, merjeno s palico in višino vihra, merjeno s trakom.

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for daily milk yield (DMY), milk fat (FC) and protein content (PC) using test-day records of Simmental (SIM) and Black- and-White (BW) cattle in Croatia. Data consisted of 980442 in SIM and 596106 test-day yields in BW cattle. Pedigree included 111909 (SIM), and 74356 BW animals. Variance components were estimated by REML as implemented in the VCE-5 program package. Statistical model included parity, region and calving season as fixed class effects. Calving age was nested within parity as quadratic regression. Days in milk nested within parity was fitted in the model by Ali-Schaeffer lactation curve. Common environment of herd- test-day, direct additive genetic, and permanent environment effects were included in the model as random effects. For SIM cattle, the estimated heritabilities for DMY, FC and PC were 0.45 ± ; 0.01, 0.20 ± ; 0.01 and 0.30 ± ; 0.01, respectively. The corresponding heritability values were 0.32 ± ; 0.002 for DMY, 0.23 ± ; 0.001 for FC, and 0.25 ± ; 0.002 for PC in BW cattle. Permanent enviroment accounted for 3 to 23%, while common environment of herd-test-day effect explained between 11 and 22% of variability.

Unapređenje stočarske proizvodnje sa genetskog stajališta ima za cilj izabrati najbolje životinje za gospodarski značajna svojstva, te ih koristiti kao roditelje slijedećih generacija potomaka. Korištenjem genetskih superiornijih životinja omogućeje se ostvarenje željenog selekcijskog cilja sa svrhom povećanja proizvodnje te odgovarajuće ekonosmskih dobiti. Cilj rada je predstaviti pojam i upotrebu uzgojne vrijednosti uzgajivačima goveda i stručnim radnicima. Bit će predstavljena svojstva za koja se uzgojne vrijednosti procjenjuju, korišteni statistički modeli, postupak standardizacije uzgojnih vrijednosti kao i postupak dobivanja agregatne uzgojne vrijednosti koja se koristi za odabir životinja.

The objectives of this study were to develop and compare different models for estimation of daily milk yield from alternative milk recording scheme (single morning and evening milking records). In this study, 3, 000 individual test-day milk yield records from Central data base of Agricultural institute of Slovenia were used. Data were collected from April 1999 to September 2002 on 565 sheep reared on 10 family farms in Slovenia. Daily milk yield as well as daily fat and protein content were estimated by several statistical models. Determination coefficients of models for estimation of daily milk yield as well as daily protein were slightly lower when estimation was based on evening milkings, while the determination coefficients of models were slightly higher when daily fat content was estimated from evening milking. With the complexity of the models the amount of explained variance increases and the bias between true and estimated daily yields decreases. Inclusion of other effects in models, beside single milking weights, like effects of breed, lactation stage and number of liveborns, did not significantly increase the amount of explained variance, so the differences between models used for estimation were minor and statistically insignificant, therefore we would recommend use of model A in practice. That model included only partial milk yield as linear regression so, because of its simplicity, the implementation in routine work is simple. Because in present research the information of the interval between successive milkings, which is the most important effect in estimation of daily yields, was not available there is a need for further investigation in which we would be able to take that effect into account. Keywords: alternative milk recording scheme, daily milk yield, estimation, sheep

The objective of this research was to compare different approaches to daily milk yield prediction from alternative milk recording scheme (single morning and evening milking records). The data used in this study were 3, 730 individual test-day milk yield records collected from November 2004 to November 2005 on 560 cows reared on 15 family farms in Croatia. Daily milk yield, as well as, daily fat and protein content were predicted by several different approaches. The correlations between true and estimated daily milk yield are slightly lower when prediction is based on evening milkings, while the correlations between true and estimated daily fat as well as protein content are slightly higher when prediction is based on evening milkings. Model D, which included single yields as covariate as well as effect of daily interval, and model E, which also included effect of lactation stage as lactation curve by Ali and Schaeffer, gives the best fit to the data both for prediction of daily milk yield or milk content (fat and protein) based on morning or evening milkings. Differences between those two models were minor and statistically insignificant, so we would recommend use of model D in practice as the model which could be easier to implement in routine work.

Za odabir nerastova testiranih u proizvodnim uvjetima uvodi se procjena uzgojnih vrijednosti metodom mješanog modela. Za to su potrebna mjerenja, dovoljno velike usporedive skupine u testu, točno porijeklo životinja i točnost ocjene genetskih parametara. Uzgojne vrijednosti se procijenjuju za svojstva, trajanje testa od rođenja do prosječne mase kod odabira u populaciji te za debljinu leđne slanine pomoću mješovitog linernog modela u programu PEST. Pasmina, spol i sezona (interakcija godina-mjesec) predstavljaju fiksni dio modela, dok uzgajivač, utjecaj zajedničkog legla, te direktni genetsku utjecaj su slučajni dio modela. Komponente (ko)varijanci ocjenjene su pomoću programa VCE-5. Zbog kvalitete podataka, 4 % nerastova bilo je isključeno iz analize. Kao dodatan izvor informacija korišteni su podaci nazimica također iz proizvodnih uvjeta. Bazirano na modelu koji se koristi u procjeni uzgojnih vrijednosti nazimica, model u nerastova je proširen za utjecaj spola, te uslijed slabije genetske povezanosti i malog broja podataka na obiteljskim gospodarstvima u model je uključen i utjecaj uzgajivača.

Proces prilagodbe uvjetima Europske unije (EU) u svinjogojstvu, započeo je prije pregovora na nacionalnoj razini. Hrvatska u svojim nastojanjima za što bržom integracijom u europske okvire mora, između ostalih, zadovoljiti i visoke kriterije koji se odnose na uzgojno selekcijski rad. Iz iskustva s predavanja uzgajivačima, svinjogojskim farmama, stočarskim službama i kolegama oko uvođenja nove metode u procjenu uzgojnih vrijednosti u hrvatsko svinjogojstvo, uvidio sam da razumijevanje navedene tematike nije jednostavno pa je radi toga glavna smjernica bila pisanje u vrlo « ; slikovitom» ; jeziku. Naime, jedna slika govori više od tisuću riječi. Iako je ova knjiga samo nadopuna « ; Uputa i pravilnika za provedbu programa uzgoja svinja» ; u području procjene uzgojnih vrijednosti, smatram da će prvi dio knjige također poslužiti za razumijevanje određenih zakonitosti nasljeđivanja i u drugih vrsta životinja. Sustav je sličan za sve vrste u dijelu procjene, samo treba odrediti ekonomski važna svojstva na koja će se vršiti selekcija i pronaći optimalne modele (mliječnost kod krava, koza i ovaca, linear scoring kod prvotelki) za procjenu uzgojnih vrijednosti. Drugi dio knjige specijaliziran je u tumačenju procjene i odabira u svinjogojstvu. Ponuđeni su prijedlozi za ostvarenje određenih ciljeva unutar uzgojnog programa u svinjogojstvu koji su temeljeni na dosadašnjim rezultatima. Pokrenimo i izgradimo svinjogojstvo vlastitim potencijalima, jer ćemo samo tako moći osigurati zadovoljstvo svih sudionika. U protivnom, ako pustimo da nam svinjogojstvo razvijaju drugi, tada će u Hrvatskoj ostati samo fizički rad, potrošnja i zagađenje dok će zarada odlaziti iz Hrvatske.

Genetic parameters for number of piglets born alive (NBA) were estimated using random regression model. Litter records data from three large Slovenian pig farms from the first to the tenth parity were used for analyses. Fixed part of the model included genotype of sow, mating season, parity and weaning to conception interval as class effects. The age at farrowing was adjusted as quadratic regression nested within parity. Previous lactation length was fitted as linear regression. Random regressions on Legendre polynomials of standardized parity were included for direct additive genetic, permanent environmental and common litter environmental effect. Legendre polynomials from the linear power to cubic power were fitted. Heritabilities on all three farms ranged from 0.09 to 0.14. Permanent environmental effect as ratio increased along trajectory from 0.03 to 0.12. Magnitudes of common litter effect were generally small (0.01 to 0.02). The eigenvalues of covariance functions showed that between 10 and 20 % of genetic variability was explained by individual genetic curve of sow. This proportion of variability was mainly covered by linear and quadratic coefficients. The solutions for the random regression coefficients were used to compute breeding value for NBA along trajectory.

Selekcija nazimica u Republici Hrvatskoj do nedavno se provodila prema selekcijskim ekonomskim indeksima Međutim koeficijenti upotrebljavanih indeksa nisu bili procijenjeni na temelju podataka domaće populacije, već su preuzeti iz literature. U svinjogojstvu Hrvatske prelazi se na odabir nazimica temeljem procjene uzgojne vrijednosti pomoću BLUP-a. Pri procjeni uzgojnih vrijednosti korišten je bivarijatni model za trajanje testa i debljinu leđne slanine u programu PEST. Komponente (ko)varijanci ocjenjene su za svaku farmu posebno pomoću programa VCE-5. Zbog kvalitete podataka, 37 % nazimica bilo je isključeno iz analize. Zajedno sa jedinkama iz porijekla u istraživanje je uključeno 29206 životinja sa tri svinjogojske farme. Procijenjeni heritabiliteti za trajanje testa nalaze se u intervalu između 0.04 i 0.20, dok se heritabiliteti za debljinu leđne slanine kreću između 0.02 i 0.29. Temeljem agregatnog genotipa, životinje se raspoređuju u određene kategorije odabira: nukleus, proizvodnja F1 križanki, i izlučenja u čistih pasmina, te proizvodnja prasadi i izlučenja kod križanki. Udjeli pojedinih kategorija odabira kao i ekonomske težine trebaju se uskladiti sa svakim pojednim uzgajivačem.

Cilj priopćenja je bio ukazati na povezanost duljine intervala od odbića prasadi do ponovne koncepcije krmača i veličine legla te naglasiti važnost optimalnog vremena pripusta.

Pig production in Croatia has passed through specific changes after 1990. Possibilities for the management improvements are described in the article.

Cilj priopćenja je bio prikazati učinkovitost proizvodnje prasadi kroz utrošak hranidbenih dana po živooprasenom prasetu na tri svinjogojske farme u Hrvatskoj.

The aim of this study was to analyze reproduction data in order to find possibilities for further improvements. Detailed descriptions about possible advances of sow productivity in Slovenia are explained in the article.

In pigs, random regression models were mainly used for growth and feed intake. Although litter size differs from fattening traits, some authors sugest that random regression models could be applied in selection on this trait. Possible genetic differences in litter size along the trajectory could be identified using random regression models and something like persistency in litter size could be used to select breeding sows. The aim of this paper was to estimate and compare dispersion parameters from multiple-trait and random regression models with Legendre polynomials of different order for number of piglets born alive.

In Croatia at this moment, selection index is used for selection of boars and gilts which doesn&#8217 ; t consider genetic and economic parameters of pig population in Croatia and therefore doesn&#8217 ; t guarantee selection of the best animals. In year 2003, experimental genetic evaluation with BLUP was implemented. At the beginning only pure breed animals were considered. However, Slovenian information system PiggBank (1) had to be adapted for implementing such task. Additional validation checks were applied in order to assure consistency of the data. In first part we will begin with genetic evaluation for boars and gilts from field test.