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We aimed to explore the distribution of positive and negative emotions across nine low-, middle- and high-income countries; and the association between social factors and these emotions. Data were drawn from the SAGE and the COURAGE studies, with 52,553 participants. Emotions were assessed through the day reconstruction method.Sociodemographic characteristics and social factors were also measured. Multiple linear regressions were performed. Finland, China and African countries showed significantly lower scores on the negative emotions, whereas positive emotions were more homogeneous across countries. Loneliness was positively associated with negative. emotions and negatively associated with positive ones; frequent social participation was related with higher scores in positive emotions; and lower trust with higher levels of feeling rushed, irritated, depressed and less calm. The extent to which each emotion was felt varied across countries, but there seems to exist an association of social factors with the emotions, The research leading to these results has received funding from the US National Institute on Ageing Interagency Agreements (OGHA 04034785, YA1323–08-CN-0020, Y1-AG-1005-01 and R01-AG034479) and research grant (R01-AG034479), the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (grant agreement 223071 - COURAGE in Europe), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS research grants PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073 and PI16/00177), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness ACI Promociona (ACI2009–u201310101010) and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (DOI: 10.13039/501100006751). Elvira Lara’s work is supported by the “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral program (IJC2019-041846-I) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Beatriz Olaya’s work is supported by the Miguel Servet (CP20/00040) contract, funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by the European Union (ERDF/ESF, “Investing in your future”). Chiara Castelletti’s work is supported by the programme “Contratos predoctorales para Formación de Personal Investigador, FPI-UAM,” Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Data collection tools and methods. Supplementary Table 2. Planning and funding for NCD surveillance activities. Supplementary Table 3. Questionnaire sections for the self-administered survey. Supplementary Table 4. The specialized documents for NCD surveillance. Supplementary Table 5. Source of information for identifying the number of death and cause of death in CHSs. Supplementary Figure 1. Self-assessment of data quality, timeliness, and completeness.

Due to the simple structure and the possibility of manual production, coin cells enable fast and, compared to larger cell formats, an inexpensive examination option in battery research. The comparability and traceability of coin cell structures in literature are only feasible to a limited extent due to the lack of a standard in manual production. Since the findings from the literature are barely building up on each other and have not been repeated, a full factorial Design of Experiments (DoE) was performed to investigate the significance of earlier findings in terms of their influence on the reproducibility of the performance. The parameters studied were the anode-to-cathode ratio, the amount of electrolyte, the spring type and the separator count. To quantify the reproducibility of coin cell assembly, the number of functional cells (here: successful formation followed by 30 cycles) and the empirical coefficient of variation for the performance parameters discharge capacity, internal resistance and coulombic efficiency were compared. The critical parameters found in prior literature have no statistically significant influence on reproducibility when focusing on the number of functional cells. Instead, other uninvestigated parameters seem to influence the system coin cell more. By further examining the parameter settings that produced the most functional cells (≥75% of 8 cells), guidance for constructing coin cells (type R2032) was suggested, and other potential influencing parameters are discussed for further study.

For the research and development of new battery materials, achieving high reproducibility of the performance parameters in the laboratory test cells is of great importance. Therefore, in the present work, three typical small-format lithium-ion cells (coin cell, Swagelok cell and EL-CELL ECC-PAT-Core) were tested and compared with regard to the reproducibility of their performance parameters (discharge capacity, internal resistance and coulombic efficiency). A design of experiments (DOE) with the two factors separator type and anode–cathode ratio (N/P ratio) was carried out for all cells. For the quality features discharge capacity, internal resistance and coulombic efficiency, the coefficient of variation is used as a measure of reproducibility. The statistical evaluation shows that in 83% of all cases, higher reproducibility is achieved when the Freudenberg separator is used instead of the Celgard separator. In addition, higher reproducibility is achieved in 78% of all cases if the anode and cathode are the same size. A general statement about which test cell format has the highest reproducibility cannot be made. Rather, the format selection should be adapted to the requirements. The examined factors seem to have an influence on the reproducibility but are more insignificant than other still-unknown factors. Since the production of small-format test cells is a manual process, the competence of the assembler seems to prevail. In order to mitigate the influence of as many unknown variables as possible, assembly instructions are proposed for each cell type.