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Background: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is accompanied by a risk of thrombotic complications due to hypercoagulability. Routine laboratory tests are not sensitive enough to detect these disorders, and therefore the use of integral coagulation tests, including a new thrombodynamic test (TT) in patients with NS, is of high relevance., Aim: Using a TT to determine hemostasis disorders in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) with NS., Materials and Methods: The study included 49 patients with CGN, mean age 37 years, of which 25 (51%) women and 24 (49%) men. Of all the examined patients, 20 (40.8%) of people had NS, 29 (59.2%) had no NS. The process of clot formation was assessed by TT., Results: According to TT, 30% (6/20) of patients with NS and 13.7% (4/29) of patients without NS have hypercoagulation with changes in parameters that go beyond the reference values. In patients with NS, an increase in clot density (D), clot formation rate (V) and clot size (CS) was found, especially when albumin decreased below 25 g/l. Negative correlations were found between the levels of albumin, creatinine and clot density (D), which reflects the level of hyperfibrinogenemia, the rate of clot formation (V) and the integral index of coagulation (CS). The results indicate mainly the activation of the plasma hemostasis due to the internal coagulation pathway. However, the correlation of Tlag (delay time for the onset of clot formation after contact of blood plasma with the insert-activator) with serum cholesterol levels may also indicate activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway., Conclusion: In CGN patients with NS, activation of the plasma hemostasis is noted, as evidenced by an increase in the rate of formation (V) and size of the clot (CS) after 30 minutes, as well as the density of the formed clot (D).

Aim: In a retrospective study, we evaluated factors associated with the early development of septic shock in patients with severe COVID-19., Materials and Methods: We collected medical records of the intensive care unit patients submitted by the local COVID-19 hospitals across Russia to the Federal Center for the Critical Care at the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University). Septic shock in crticially ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation was defined as a need in vasopressors to maintain blood pressure., Results: We studied 1078 patients with severe COVID-19 who were admitted to the intensive care units for respiratory support. There were 611 males and 467 females. The mean age was 61.013.7 years. Five hundred twenty five medical records (48.7%) were received from the Moscow hospitals, 159 (14.7%) from the Moscow region, and 394 (36.5%) from the hospitals located in 58 regions of the Russian Federation. In 613 (56.9%) patients, diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by PCR, and in the other cases it was established on the basis of the clinical picture and the results of the chest CT scan. Septic shock developed in 214 (19.9%) of 1078 patients. In the logistic regression model, the risk of septic shock in patients older than 50 years was higher than in patients of a younger age (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.533.67; p0.0001). In patients with more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, there was an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation, type 2 diabetes and malignant tumors. The risk of septic shock in patients with three or more concomitant diseases was higher than in patients without any concomitant chronic diseases (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.762.70)., Conclusion: The risk of septic shock in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 is higher in patients older than 50 years with concomitant diseases, although a severe course of the disease is also possible in younger patients without any concomitant disorders.

In the article, we report the causes of pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) according to the literature data and own experience, with an emphasis on patients suffering from rheumatic diseases. Methods of diagnosis and modern approaches to the treatment of PH are analyzed.

Aim: To determine the role of enhanced blood coagulation in pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) at an early stage of fibrosing alveolitis (FA)., Material and Methods: Clinical, functional, roentgenological, coagulation and immunological examinations were performed in 17 patients with idiopathic FA (IFA), in 6 patients with exogenic allergic alveolitis (EAA), in 15 FA patients with diffuse diseases of the connective tissue (FA-DDCT). The diagnosis was verified with high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Lesser circulation was assessed by Doppler echocardiography. Morphological impairment of the lungs was specified in all the patients using analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage. In 9 FA patients the diagnosis was verified at thoracoscopic biopsy of the lung. The control group consisted of 16 healthy volunteers. Thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and thrombocytic factor 4 (TF-4) were estimated with ELISA as stable, highly sensitive markers of thrombophilia., Results: The TF-4 level was elevated in all IPD patients (p < 0.05), the elevation being highest in FA-DDCT (p < 0.007). With FA progression, TF-4 concentration went down. A weak negative correlation (p < 0.047, r = -0.38) was found with average pressure in the pulmonary artery (PAAP). TAT was higher than control in all the groups (p < 0.05). Maximal TAT values were registered in EAA. If HRCT detected active inflammation and in development of irreversible fibrous changes TAT was higher vs control. A direct correlation between TAT level and PAAP was not found., Conclusion: Disorders in thrombocytic and plasmic links of hemostasis are detectable early in IPD. Stable markers of thrombophilia (TAT and TF-4) reflect activity of inflammation in FA. They can be also used as sensitive diagnostic tests for diagnosis of PH and diagnosis of patients with activated coagulation system in IPD.

Relationships between sclerosis and carcinogenesis in the honeycomb lung were studied in the outcome of two variants of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis (IFA)-common interstitial pneumonia (CIP) and desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) which may be a background for lung carcinoma development. The material was obtained from 43 patients with the diagnosis of IFA. Immunohistochemically were studied: TNF-alpha (DAKO, Denmark, 1:100), pancytokeratines (Immunotech, Germany, concentration 1:100), Ki67 (DAKO, Denmark, 1:40), TGF-beta (Biosource international, USA, 1:100), CD34 (Novocastra, Great Britain, 1:100), EMA (DAKO, Denmark, 1:100). Differences in morphogenesis of CIP and DIP were found. CIP is characterised by primary pronounced lung interstitium damage with stroma vascularisation already at early stages with secondary involvement of the epithelium with development of adenomatous hyperplasia with or without atypia which is usually observed at the stage of lung honeycomb. Pronounced primary damage of alveolar epithelium as a result of action of activated alveolar macrophages with subsequent proliferation, desquamation and squamous epithelium metaplasia were more typical for DIP. The presence of squamous meta- and dysplasia of the epithelium is characteristic for DIP outcome in the honeycomb lung.