Search

Thanks to the progress in early diagnosis and treatment of cancer, the life expectancy of cancer patients has now increased. Patients are, therefore, more likely to experience their individual cancer pain as a chronic pain. As a consequence, long-term treatment of cancer-related pain and oncological therapy-related pain are a major need for all patients and a challenge to all healthcare professionals. Tapentadol is a centrally acting analgesic drug characterized by two synergistic mechanisms of action, since it acts at the µ-opioid receptor (MOR) and inhibits noradrenalin re-uptake (NRI). Therefore, tapentadol has been considered the first of a new class of drugs, MOR-NRI. Tapentadol has been tested in different populations of cancer patients (opioid-naive and -pretreated), such as those with pain of mixed etiology, patients with pain from hematological malignancies and patients experiencing pain conditions due to anticancer treatment. According to available evidence, tapentadol prolonged release was well tolerated and effective in cancer pain patients. In randomized, double-blind and active-controlled trials it proved non-inferior to standard opioids like morphine or oxycodone in the management of moderate-to-severe cancer pain, both in opioid-naive and in opioid-pretreated patients. The good analgesic efficacy may be partly due to the action of tapentadol on neuropathic pain components. Together with the low rate of gastrointestinal adverse effects and the overall favorable safety profile, tapentadol can be considered a good option in cancer pain patients, who can suffer frequently from nausea, vomiting, constipation or other events that further reduce their quality of life.

Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is a helix-shaped magnetotactic bacterium that synthesizes iron-oxide nanocrystals, which allow navigation along the geomagnetic field. The bacterium has already been thoroughly investigated at the molecular and cellular levels. However, the fundamental physical property enabling it to perform magnetotaxis, its magnetic moment, remains to be elucidated at the single cell level. We present a method based on magnetic tweezers; in combination with Stokesian dynamics and Boundary Integral Method calculations, this method allows the simultaneous measurement of the magnetic moments of multiple single bacteria. The method is demonstrated by quantifying the distribution of the individual magnetic moments of several hundred cells of M. gryphiswaldense. In contrast to other techniques for measuring the average magnetic moment of bacterial populations, our method accounts for the size and the helical shape of each individual cell. In addition, we determined the distribution of the saturation magnetic moments of the bacteria from electron microscopy data. Our results are in agreement with the known relative magnetization behavior of the bacteria. Our method can be combined with single cell imaging techniques and thus can address novel questions about the functions of components of the molecular magnetosome biosynthesis machinery and their correlation with the resulting magnetic moment.

Introduction. A historical overview is often quite useful in search for answers to some pressing issues. Learning from others can also help to cope with separate current problems. One of such problems encountered by modern Russian professional education is restoration and consolidation of its practice orientation through selection of an appropriate content and upbringing of youth in the course of pre-employment process. A considerable variety of material in this regard has been accumulated over the last several centuries in Germany. The aim of this paper was to analyse the cause-and-effect relationships of developmental priorities in the German professional pedagogy during the 18th – early 20th centuries.Methodology and research methods. System and comparative approaches were used as main methodological tools. The leading method was a comparative retrospective analysis, which allowed the authors to compare various scientific resources. In addition, the approaches of goal-setting and formalisation of expected results were applied. The content analysis and systematisation of documents and other historical and pedagogical resources were employed. In view of information extensiveness, the selection was compiled with the principle of necessity and sufficiency, i. e. reduction of excess data when maintaining the completeness of facts for continued use. Results and scientific novelty. The stages of formation and development of labour school were identified according to the ideas of the German scientists and the educational practice accepted in Germany during the considered historical period. The main directions of training through activity were characterised: philanthropinism, manualism, professionalism and activism. The influence of social and economic conditions on formation and transformation of various educational concepts was demonstrated, which constant despite everything was a combination of fundamental and applied components of vocational training. The continuity of pedagogical theory and practice of the past in the modern system of the German professional education was shown.Practical significance. The findings obtained by the Russian-German research team can be useful when developing and implementing flexible and adaptive differentiated curricula into modern vocational education in Russia. Введение. Исторический экскурс зачастую бывает весьма полезен при поиске ответов на злободневные вопросы. Изучение чужого опыта также может помочь справиться с отдельными актуальными проблемами. Одной из таких проблем, стоящих перед современным российским профессиональным образованием, является восстановление и закрепление его практикоориентированности путем отбора оптимального содержания воспитания молодежи в процессе подготовки к трудовой деятельности. Обширный материал в этом плане накоплен за несколько последних столетий в Германии. Цель статьи – выявление причинно-следственных связей смены приоритетов в процессе развития немецкой профессиональной педагогики на протяжении XVIII – начала XX в. Методология и методы. В качестве основного методологического инструментария были задействованы системный и компаративный подходы к решению исследовательских задач. Ведущим методом представленной в публикации работы был сравнительно-ретроспективный анализ, позволивший сопоставить различные научные источники информации. Кроме того, применялись методы целеполагания и формализации ожидаемых результатов; контент-анализ и систематизация документов и иной историко-педагогической информации, при отборе которой ввиду ее обширности соблюдался принцип необходимости и достаточности – сокращения избыточных сведений при сохранении полноты фактов для дальнейшего их использования. Результаты и научная новизна. Определены этапы становления и развития трудовой школы в соответствии с идеями, выдвигаемыми немецкими учеными, и образовательной практикой, принятой в Германии в рассматриваемый исторический период. Охарактеризованы основные направления обучения через деятельность: филантропизм, мануализм, профессионализм, активизм. Продемонстрировано влияние социально-экономических условий на формирование и трансформацию различных концепций воспитания и обучения, константой которых, несмотря ни на что, оставалось сочетание фундаментальной и прикладной составляющих профессиональной подготовки. Показана преемственность педагогической теории и практики с прошлым современной системы профессионального образования ФРГ. Практическая значимость. Выводы, полученные в результате предпринятого ретроспективного изыскания, осуществленного российско-германской группой исследователей, могут быть востребованы при разработке и внедрении гибких, адаптивных практикоориентированных образовательных программ в российском профессиональном образовании. Federal Institute for Development of Education German Federal Institute for Vocational Education Федеральный институт развития образования Федеральный институт профессионального образования ФРГ