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In recent decades, a lot of Western countries have been engaged in a heated debate on how to come to terms with their colonial past. Leaving behind the idea that colonial history consists mainly of common achievements, the former philanthropic narrative of ‘modernisation’ and ‘progress’ has been critically analysed and dissected as the awareness of its painful episodes grew. In this vein, the postcolonial history in Belgium is an interesting case to examine, as it has long been one of the most criticised colonial metropoles for the way in which it deals with its colonial past, precisely because Belgium has persisted in focusing on the positive aspect of that past. Consequently, a whole part of this history has not yet been processed and is mainly part of a contested past. Social work practices have long sought to remain neutral in this discussion, but this awareness of history as a dynamic weaving of a multiplicity of different strands of identity also applies directly to the development of social work as a profession. From a social work perspective, it is impossible to retreat into a viewpoint outside of history, as we must become aware that social work practices are deeply embedded in historical and cultural habits from which we cannot disengage. In this article, we argue that social work needs to critically deal with its own confusing history, with which it is interwoven, in order to be able to clarify what contemporary social work represents.

The concepts of critical reflection and reflexivity currently occupy a prominent space in social work education. Nevertheless, there is a need for more evidence on how these concepts are conceptualised and enacted in concrete social work teaching contexts. In this paper, we develop a rhetorical approach to critical and reflexive social work education building on the concepts of terministic screens, trained incapacities and rhetorical listening. We explain how we operationalised our approach in an educational project where social work students critically engage with an artistic documentary on poverty. Based on the qualitative analysis of eight reflective group discussions, we identify three critical moves in students' rhetorical reflections: deconstructing problem definitions of poverty and their performativity, negotiating multiplicity, and reflecting critically on critical reflection. Drawing on our research findings, we argue that the rhetorically aware social work professional takes the stance of a researcher, embraces ambiguity and positions oneself as a political actor. Moreover, rhetorical pedagogies offer students a 'social work education' that discloses different conceptions of critical reflection in work education as rhetorical constructs as well. We conclude the paper with recommendations for educators that wish to engage in a similar pedagogical approach in their social work classroom.

People’s intimate life-worlds are increasingly taking place in networked media spaces such as social media, smartphone applications and virtual reality environments. For (digital) ethnographers, it becomes crucial to understand people’s intense intimate attachments to mediated spaces. Many researchers are already exploring networked media spaces’ affects; what opportunities they offer for people’s intimacies as well as the, albeit hidden, damage they may bring. However, there are many challenges for qualitative researchers to operate ethically when inquiring into people’s intimate life-worlds in networked media spaces. A framework of contextual integrity needs to consider what it means to live a personal life in deeply mediatised contexts. For an ethnographic researcher, being present in the intimate networked media spaces of research subjects, means tapping into affective networks. Responsible researchers should therefore understand the contextual affective dynamics and affordances of these networked media spaces; this implies understanding what it means to be present as a researcher and what the implications are of this presence.

The topic of this special issue is Cultural Literacies in Transition. Contemporary societal transitions raise a number of important questions about what can or should currently be considered as rel...

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to present and revisit the role of rhetoric and narratives in management research and practice.Design/methodology/approachThe authors revisit the insights from previous work on the role of rhetoric and narratives in management research and introduce new perspectives based on the original contributions included in this special issue.FindingsThere is an ongoing need to stress the importance of narrative and rhetorical perspectives in management research, specifically for exploring the managing of meanings, the coaching of virtues and the mediating of rhetoric.Originality/valueThe paper revisits and provides new insights on the role of rhetoric and narratives in management research and emphasizes the interrelationship between both, specifically by focusing on the conceptual framework of Kenneth Burke, whose work can be situated at the intersection of rhetoric and narrative.

In the early 1990s, several European welfare states embraced the idea that the voice and life knowledge of people in poverty should be recognised in policymaking. In that regard, many authors procl...

Debates on arts’ social role have been prominent in cultural policy and research for the past decades. Claims for what the arts “do” to people and the ways in which they can bring about both indivi...

Background and purpose Cancer-induced bone pain remains inadequately controlled, and current standard of care analgesics is accompanied by several side effects. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor agonists have demonstrated broad analgesic properties in rodent neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. Here, we investigate the analgesic potential of NOP receptor activation in a rodent cancer-induced bone pain model. Experimental approach Model validation by intratibial inoculation in male Sprague Dawley rats was performed with varying MRMT-1/Luc2 cell quantities (0.5-1.5 × 106 ·ml-1 ) and a behavioural battery (>14 days post-surgery) including evoked and non-evoked readouts: paw pressure test, cold plate, von Frey, open field, and weight distribution. Anti-allodynic potential of the endogenous NOP receptor ligand nociceptin (i.t.) and NOP receptor agonist Ro65-6570 ( i.p.) was tested using von Frey filaments, followed by a combination experiment with Ro65-6570 and the NOP receptor antagonist J-113397 (i.p.). Plasma cytokine levels and NOP receptor gene expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG, L4-L6) and bone marrow were examined. Key results Inoculation with 1.5 × 106 ·ml-1 of MRMT-1/Luc2 cells resulted in a robust and progressive pain-related phenotype. Nociceptin and Ro65-6570 treatment inhibited cancer-induced mechanical allodynia. J-113397 selectively antagonized the effect of Ro65-6570. MRMT-1/Luc2-bearing animals demonstrated elevated plasma cytokine levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 plus unaltered NOP-r gene expression in DRG and reduced expression in bone marrow. Conclusion and implications Nociceptin and Ro65-6570 selectively and dose-dependently reversed cancer-induced bone pain-like behaviour. The NOP receptor system may be a potential target for cancer-induced bone pain treatment. Linked articles This article is part of a themed issue on The molecular pharmacology of bone and cancer-elated bone diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.9/issuetoc.

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSIC ; Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) grant number 72210170 (2020) This systematic research review arises from the need to conceptualise youth's literary socialisation practices in the current digital landscape to advance knowledge in literary education. The broad uses of socialisation in this research area prompted us to define this concept carefully to situate our research questions. Through a seven-step methodological approach that included database search and grounded theory thematic analysis, we asked the research available in Web of Science and Scopus databases: What are the literary socialisation practices in which adolescents engage online as studied by research? The analysis of thirty publications led to elaborating three themes to explain youth's literary socialisation practices online, namely, travelling practices, fluid identities and roles, and collaborative transmedia literacies. These findings are further discussed in the final section to propose that the digital is an enabling environment for youngsters to build meanings and feelings on the literature they read and write, through performing varied identities and roles, engaging in connected learning, and recognising affect as a valid form of experiencing fiction. We finalise with implications for literary education and the theoretical contributions of the geographies of youth for future research in this field.

Within social work, participatory arts practices have increasingly been put forward as a (new) pedagogical project that creates opportunities to deal with the challenges and complexities of living ...

Purpose In Flanders, the subventions in the cultural sector are mainly divided and decided upon within the framework of the Arts Decree. Within this policy framework, art organizations may choose in their funding applications for “participation” as one of the five possible functions to describe their artistic and cultural practices. However, questions need to be raised about the different interpretations of the notion of participation within this policy framework. The growing trend of evidence-based policy-making implies that participation risks to become a “target” that needs to be achieved instrumentally, which paradoxically ignores the fact that participatory practices within culture and the arts are very often diverse, multi-layered and context-specific practices. Starting from this paradox, the purpose of this paper is to explore how the current policy framework is translated into different “participatory” art practices by art organizations and specifically how cultural practitioners themselves conceptualize it. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors discuss the results of a qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews with cultural practitioners about how they grapple with the notion of participation within their organizations and practices. Findings The results clearly show that practitioners use micro-politics of resistance to deal with different, and often conflicting, conceptualizations of participation in relation to this cultural policy framework. Research limitations/implications The implications of the findings are vital for the discussion about cultural policy. These micro-politics of resistance do not only have an impact on the development of individual participatory art practices but also on the broader participatory arts landscape and on how the function of participation is perceived within the renewed policy framework. Originality/value The original contribution of this paper is to explore the perspective of practitioners in cultural organizations about the function of participation in the Arts Decree in Flanders and specifically how the notion of participation is operationalized in their practices in relation to this cultural policy framework.

This chapter describes the relevance and importance of preclinical models and readouts in the drug development process. Recently, animal behavioral models have been criticized on their role in the poor translation into novel pharmacotherapies. The first section addresses the importance of validity, ethics, and model/readout selection in preclinical behavioral pharmacology. As an example, models and readouts in the preclinical development of analgesic drugs for inflammatory and neuropathic pain are described. Furthermore, evoked and non-evoked pain readouts are reviewed. In the second section, the shortcomings of conventional preclinical models are discussed, and the necessity of improving translation in CNS drug discovery and development are also discussed. Several steps are proposed that could enhance translation from animal data to clinical efficacy. In this regard, neuroimaging and PK-PD modeling strategies are posed as crucial aspects in generating more valid, robust, reliable preclinical data resulting in more effective and translatable therapies. In conclusion, applying classical pharmacology to problems of translational medicine will aid us in improving the way we think about and use animal models. Closer collaboration and cross-over between clinical, pathological, and pharmacological research are paramount in optimizing the success of preclinical translation into novel medicines for patients in need worldwide.

Background The mental healthcare treatment gap (mhcGAP) in adult populations has been substantiated across Europe. This study formed part of MentALLY, a research project funded by the European Commission, which aimed to gather qualitative empirical evidence to support the provision of European mental healthcare that provides effective treatment to all adults who need it. Methods Seven focus groups were conducted with 49 health professionals (HPs), including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, general practitioners, and psychiatric nurses who worked in health services in Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The focus group discussions centered on the barriers and facilitators to providing quality care to people with mild, medium, and severe mental health problems. Analyses included deductively and inductively driven coding procedures. Cross-country consensus was obtained by summarizing findings in the form of a fact sheet which was shared for triangulation by all the MentALLY partners. Results The results converged into two overarching themes: (1) Minding the treatment gap: the availability and accessibility of Mental Health Services (MHS). The mhcGAP gap identified is composed of different elements that constitute the barriers to care, including bridging divides in care provision, obstacles in facilitating access via referrals and creating a collaborative ‘chain of care’. (2) Making therapeutic practice relevant by providing a broad-spectrum of integrated and comprehensive services that value person-centered care comprised of authenticity, flexibility and congruence. Conclusions The mhcGAP is comprised of the following barriers: a lack of funding, insufficient capacity of human resources, inaccessibility to comprehensive services and a lack of availability of relevant treatments. The facilitators to the provision of MHC include using collaborative models of primary, secondary and prevention-oriented mental healthcare. Teamwork in providing care was considered to be a more effective and efficient use of resources. HPs believe that the use of e-mental health and emerging digital technologies can enhance care provision. Facilitating access to a relevant continuum of community-based care that is responsive coordinated and in line with people’s needs throughout their lives is an essential aspect of optimal care provision.

This article theorises the role of educational agents in democratic education in urban contexts by engaging in the discussion about the relationship between citizenship, democracy and education. Therefore, we confront Gert Biesta’s conceptualisation of a ‘pedagogy of interruption’ with the empirical insights that emerge from a qualitative research project on democratic education in a particular urban context in Ghent (Belgium). We elaborate on the historical developments and origins of the educational practices and interventions in this urban context and reveal three contemporary educational strategies that coincide and complement each other while implementing the democratic ideal of equality in differentiated ways: integration, activation and instigation. Our analysis enables us to reflect on the complexities, ambiguities and dilemmas at stake when educational agents shape a ‘pedagogy of interruption’. This pedagogy entails the constant search to balance the multidimensional purposes of democratic education, that is, between socialisation and subjectification.

Through a self-reflexive review of collaboration in two anthropological film projects conducted during the period from 2013 to 2018, we address the dilemmas that are at stake when producing and distributing audio-visual images of vulnerable subjects (for example, refugees), and the consumption of so-called "subject-generated" imagery. The poetical and political strategies of audio-visual forms of anthropological (re)presentation as well as the existing shortcomings related to those topics, such as the 'refugee crisis', which is caught in the current context of our media-saturated society is explored. We suggest the notion of "shared anthropology" as a framework for exploring the critical potential of collaborative audio-visual rhetoric. From this perspective, we discuss the films Unless the water is safer than the land, in which performers re-enact the narratives of refugees; and Passager, a collaborative film project between an audio-visual anthropologist and a young Afghan refugee who left his country in search of safer living conditions. We explore how these films can be conceptualised as distinctive forms of "collaborative audio-visual rhetoric".

Social work scholars have argued that poverty reminds us of the necessary commitment to educate professional social workers. Being inspired by a conceptual framework that captures how poverty-awareness can be the subject of teaching in social work programmes, this article offers a qualitative analysis of the reflections being made by a cohort of students about their learning process in a post-academic course. Five common themes are discussed: (i) from recognising micro-aggressions to tackling macro-aggressions; (ii) poverty is an instance of social injustice and requires collective indignation; (iii) notions of commitment and solidarity are ambiguous; (iv) poverty is an instance of social inequality rather than merely social exclusion; and (v) from being heroic agents to social change ‘from within’. Based on these findings, we raise the lessons learned for social work educators. First, they should invite students to reinvigorate the social justice aspirations of social work practices and take a stance in relation to their environment and the wider historical and socio-political circumstances. Secondly, a poverty-aware pedagogy requires collective and long-lasting supervision at the frontline individual, organisational and societal/social policy level. Collective critical reflection and supervision might open up avenues to collectively challenge and change socially unjust rhetoric and practice.

In this study, we aim to contribute to the field of critical health communication research by examining how notions of mental health and illness are discursively constructed in newspapers and magazines in six European countries and how these constructions relate to specific understandings of mental health literacy. Using the method of cluster-agon analysis, we identified four terminological clusters in our data, in which mental health/illness is conceptualized as “dangerous,” “a matter of lifestyle,” “a unique story and experience,” and “socially situated.” We furthermore found that we cannot unambiguously assume that biopsychiatric discourses or discourses aimed at empathy and understanding are either exclusively stigmatizing or exclusively empowering and normalizing. We consequently call for a critical conception of mental health literacy arguing that all mental health news socializes its audience in specific understandings of and attitudes toward mental health (knowledge) and that discourses on mental health/illness can work differently in varying contexts. publishedVersion

Background Burrowing is a rodent behavior validated as a robust and reproducible outcome measure to infer the global effect of pain in several inflammatory pain models. However, less is known about the effect of analgesics on burrowing in neuropathic pain models and no studies have determined burrowing performance in models of diabetes-associated neuropathic pain. Objective To compare the sensitivity of the burrowing assay in different neuropathic pain models: mononeuropathic pain and diabetic polyneuropathy. Methods Burrowing performance was determined by the amount of substrate left in a hollow tube by rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI). In addition, burrowing performance, locomotion and pain development was assessed in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model, resembling type-2 diabetes. Efficacy of clinically-active reference drugs (opioids, gabapentin and/or pregabalin) were investigated in these models. Burrowing behavior was additionally assessed in a second model, induced by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment, resembling type-1 diabetes. Results In the CCI model, moderate but consistent burrowing deficits were observed that persisted over a period of ≥20 days. Systemic administration of morphine, pregabalin and gabapentin reversed this deficit. In contrast, none of the reference drugs improved marked burrowing deficits detected in ZDF rats, and pregabalin did not reverse severe burrowing deficits observed in STZ rats. Conclusions Burrowing performance cannot necessarily be used as pain-related readout across pain models and largely depends on the model used, at least in models of neuropathy. Specifically, analgesic drug effects might be masked by general diabetes-associated alteration of the animals’ well-being, resulting in false negative outcomes.

Reflection has gained increasing attention in theory, practice and education in social and behavioral sciences. In this study, we systematically review empirical research on the concept of reflection within educational contexts in social work, psychology and teacher education to discern trends regarding the educational purposes attributed to reflection. Based on an inductive analysis of 42 relevant studies, we found that reflection is attributed diverse -and sometimes opposing-educational purposes. Furthermore, we distinguished three dimensions to which these purposes are primarily related: a personal, interpersonal and socio-structural dimension. Our findings illustrate both a conceptual and an empirical complexity and openness of reflection as an educational notion. Based on these results, we argue for the explicit articulation of the value and theoretical bases underpinning one's conceptualization of reflection when it is operationalized both in research and in practice.

The novel potent analgesic cebranopadol is an agonist at nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) and classical opioid receptors, with the highest in-vitro activity at NOP and mu-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors, and somewhat lower activity at kappa-opioid peptide (KOP) and delta-opioid peptide (DOP) receptors. We addressed the question of which of these pharmacological activities contribute to the stimulus properties of cebranopadol using a rat drug discrimination procedure. First, cebranopadol was tested in generalization tests against a morphine cue, including receptor-specific antagonism. Second, cebranopadol was established as a cue, and MOP, NOP, KOP and DOP receptor-selective agonists were tested in generalization tests. Third, cebranopadol in combination with receptor-selective antagonists was tested against the cebranopadol cue. Cebranopadol generalized to the morphine cue. Full generalization was only seen at clearly supra-analgesic doses. The effect of cebranopadol was reduced by naloxone, but was enhanced by the NOP receptor antagonist J-113397. In cebranopadol-trained rats, cebranopadol as well as morphine produced generalization. A NOP receptor agonist did not, while a DOP receptor agonist and a KOP receptor agonist weakly generalized to the cebranopadol cue. Conversely, generalization of cebranopadol was reduced by naloxone and J-113397, but not by a DOP or a KOP receptor antagonist. These results suggest a contribution of MOP receptor activity and a relative lack of contribution of DOP and KOP receptor activity to cebranopadol's stimulus properties. The findings regarding the contribution of NOP receptor activity were equivocal, but interestingly, the morphine-like stimulus property of cebranopadol appears to be reduced by its intrinsic NOP receptor activity.

Purpose In previous research on rhetoric and narrative in management research, cultural narratives have been studied as tools to reflect on rhetorical situations from the perspective of management. The purpose of this paper is to present a similar exploration of rhetoric while focusing on a modern example from popular culture: the television series Mad Men. Design/methodology/approach This paper first discusses rhetorical concepts from the work of Kenneth Burke and Richard Lanham as inspirational guides, thereafter, these concepts are used to analyze the case of Mad Men. Specifically, the main character Don Draper is analyzed as a homo rhetoricus in an attention economy. Findings Don Draper becomes a case study of what it means to introduce a rhetorical perspective in advertising and management. It is argued that Don Draper’s reflections in the series can be described as a “perspective on perspectives” or as a “toggling” between different rhetorical perspectives. Originality/value Previous research discussed the emergence of spinning and the appearance of the “spin doctor” as a major figure in society in general and fiction in particular. In this article, it is argued that the same is also true for advertising. Mad Men is introduced as a case study about the revival of rhetoric as a major skill and an important perspective in and for our personal, professional and social lives.

Critical Arts has hosted a number of special issues that revisit the “ethnographic turn” in contemporary art (see previous volumes 27 [5], 27 [6], and 30 [3]). The aim of these issues is to explore...

BACKGROUND: Cancer-induced bone pain remains a serious public health concern, with a need for translational behavioural tests in order to assess nociception in preclinical models of this condition. Burrowing is an innate, ethologically relevant rodent behaviour that has been proven sensitive to chronic pain conditions. Herein, we studied for the first time whether burrowing performance is altered in preclinical models of cancer-induced bone pain.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice and rats were inoculated with syngeneic breast cancer cells. Bone degradation was radiographically evaluated and nociception was assessed in limb-use and burrowing tests.RESULTS: Cancer-bearing rodents showed reduced relative bone density and limb-use scores, confirming disease development. Burrowing performance decreased over time in both rodent models.CONCLUSION: Burrowing performance was reduced in both rodent models, indicating that the burrowing test is a relevant and reproducible behavioural test for assessing disease development in both mouse and rat models of cancer-induced bone pain.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. This unique multicenter approach provides high-quality evidence validating burrowing as a robust and reproducible outcome measure to infer the global effect of pain on rodents., Burrowing, an ethologically relevant rodent behaviour, has been proposed as a novel outcome measure to assess the global impact of pain in rats. In a prospective multicentre study using male rats (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley), replication of suppressed burrowing behaviour in the complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced model of inflammatory pain (unilateral, 1 mg/mL in 100 µL) was evaluated in 11 studies across 8 centres. Following a standard protocol, data from participating centres were collected centrally and analysed with a restricted maximum likelihood-based mixed model for repeated measures. The total population (TP—all animals allocated to treatment; n = 249) and a selected population (SP—TP animals burrowing over 500 g at baseline; n = 200) were analysed separately, assessing the effect of excluding “poor” burrowers. Mean baseline burrowing across studies was 1113 g (95% confidence interval: 1041-1185 g) for TP and 1329 g (1271-1387 g) for SP. Burrowing was significantly suppressed in the majority of studies 24 hours (7 studies/population) and 48 hours (7 TP, 6 SP) after CFA injections. Across all centres, significantly suppressed burrowing peaked 24 hours after CFA injections, with a burrowing deficit of −374 g (−479 to −269 g) for TP and −498 g (−609 to −386 g) for SP. This unique multicentre approach first provided high-quality evidence evaluating suppressed burrowing as robust and reproducible, supporting its use as tool to infer the global effect of pain on rodents. Second, our approach provided important informative value for the use of multicentre studies in the future.

Based on the ongoing and growing body of work that can be situated at the intersection of art and ethnography, Critical Arts has decided to host an annual themed issue that explores the ‘et...

In this article, we seek to merge an insider with an outsider perspective on participatory arts projects, by engaging with the ethnographic turn in arts and promoting the idea of a ‘researcher template’ (Goodley 1999) as a way of enabling reflexivity in practice-led inquiries. Situated at the intersection between artistic, educational and academic work, this template allows us to address and reflect upon the complexities and vicissitudes emerging from an interpretative study of the Ghent-based participatory arts project, rocsa singers. While revealing the roles of the diverse protagonists within this practice, we highlight three main challenges and tensions: (1) nurturing and supporting diversity; (2) the thin line between directing and going along; and (3) the need to go public. We argue that participatory arts practices form a tempting field to move beyond dominant interpretations and well-known (art) strategies and forms. ‘Having one foot in and one foot out’ invites us to become aware of this ...

The purpose of this article is to explore how fictional narratives that focus on educational taboos can be introduced in teacher education to reflect on disturbing practices and sensitive issues. We conducted a study to examine how student-teachers engage in “discomforting dialogues” about teaching and teacher identity in response to school movies that deal with specific taboos, i.e. the failed teacher and teacher-pupil relationships. Based on a rhetorical analysis of student reflections, we argue that confronting student-teachers with disruptive school movies provides them with a language to discuss the complex, sensitive and (inter)personal aspects of teaching.

Agonists selectively acting at NOP, MOP, DOP and KOP receptors as well as mixed opioid receptor agonists are known to exert anti-hypersensitive efficacy in the rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain. To investigate the relative contribution of individual opioid receptor activation to the overall efficacy of mixed opioid receptor agonists, selective doses of respective opioid receptor antagonists have to be employed. In order to identify such selective antagonist doses, doses of the selective NOP, MOP, DOP and KOP receptor agonists Ro65–6570, morphine, SNC-80 and U50488H, that produced maximum efficacy without apparent side effects, were challenged by each of the receptor antagonists J-113397 (NOP receptor), naloxone (MOP receptor), naltrindole (DOP receptor) and nor-binaltorphimine (KOP receptor). J-113397, naloxone, naltrindole and nor-binaltorphimine at intraperitoneal doses of 4.64, 1, 10, and 10 mg/kg, respectively, inhibited anti-hypersensitive effects mediated by the corresponding cognate NOP, MOP, DOP and KOP receptor selective agonists. Selectivity could be demonstrated for MOP, DOP and NOP receptor antagonists, as they did not attenuate effects mediated by agonists acting on non-cognate receptors, whereas the KOP receptor antagonist nor-BNI demonstrated partial cross-antagonism of the DOP receptor agonist SNC-80. Thus, specific doses of opioid receptor antagonists that completely but still selectively attenuate full anti-hypersensitive efficacy of corresponding opioid receptor agonists were identified in the rat SNL model.

In their article "Perspectives on Video Games as Art" Jeroen Bourgonjon, Geert Vndermeer­sche, Kris Rutten and Niels Quinten engage in discussing whether or not video games can be considered a form of art. Although this question has already been discussed elaborately, the debate is guided by many differ­ent and often conflicting positions. The aim of this article is to revisit this debate by mapping out a range of perspectives on video games as art. The authors explore the relation between games and differ­ent definitions and functions of art, different motives of artists, and the potential impact of the arts. The authors postulate that the discussion about the art status of video games is neither singular nor straightforward, and that the artistic possibilities of video games should instead be assessed by confronting a number of interrelated perspectives.

In this article it is assumed that the documentary impulse that gave the impetus to Courage, a photobook on people in poverty published in Belgium in 1998, is related to how the General Report on P...

Targeting functionally independent receptors may provide synergistic analgesic effects in neuropathic pain. To examine the interdependency between different opioid receptors (µ-opioid peptide [MOP], δ-opioid peptide [DOP] and κ-opioid peptide [KOP]) and the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic polyneuropathy, nocifensive activity was measured using a hot plate test in wild-type and NOP, MOP, DOP and KOP receptor knockout mice in response to the selective receptor agonists Ro65-6570, morphine, SNC-80 and U50488H, or vehicle. Nocifensive activity was similar in non-diabetic wild-type and knockout mice at baseline, before agonist or vehicle administration. STZ-induced diabetes significantly increased heat sensitivity in all mouse strains, but MOP, DOP and KOP receptor knockouts showed a smaller degree of hyperalgesia than wild-type mice and NOP receptor knockouts. For each agonist, a significant antihyperalgesic effect was observed in wild-type diabetic mice (all P

In this article we introduce the special issue Attitudes Toward Education: Kenneth Burke and New Rhetoric, which brings together a number of contributions that were first presented at the conference Rhetoric as Equipment for Living. Kenneth Burke, Culture and Education (Ghent University, May 2013). Kenneth Burke [1897–1993] is one of the foundational figures in the development of what is known as the ‘new rhetoric’. The aim of the contributions to this special issue is to explore what is pedagogical about Burke’s anthropological account of rhetoric and, more specifically, whether his concepts and ideas can still be relevant for educational research and practice. In this article, we briefly introduce some key concepts from Burke’s rhetorical framework and we give an overview of the different contributions that are part of the special issue by summarizing how they address the educational dimension of (parts of) Burke’s corpus. We end by introducing a ‘grammar of educational motives’ to explore educational purposes and implications.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical background for studying rhetoric and narratives as equipment for living. Analyzing a case study on spinning and the spin doctor in recent narratives with a major focus on the Danish TV-seriesBorgen. Arguing that narratives can be equipment for teaching.Design/methodology/approach– Introducing rhetorical concepts as tools for an analysis of narratives (based on the work of Kenneth Burke).Findings– The authors argue for the importance of rhetoric and narrative as tools for meaning-making, illustrate how spinning has become a major topic in recent fiction (and the TV-seriesBorgenin particular), and focus on howBorgencan be equipment for living from different “terministic screens.”Originality/value– The authors analyze how a popular narrative asBorgencan be read as equipment for living, focussing on how the spin doctor has become a major character in fiction, and illustrate what the authors can learn from narratives about rhetoric and spinning.

In our research and teaching we explore the value and the place of rhetoric in education. From a theoretical perspective we situate our work in different disciplines, inspired by major turns': linguistic, cultural, anthropological/ethnographic, interpretive, semiotic, narrative, literary, rhetorical etc. In this article we engage in the discussion about what all these turns might entail for education by elaborating on what it implies to read the world as a text'as is central in a semiotic approachand by introducing new rhetoric in general, and the work of the literary critic and rhetorician Kenneth Burke in particular, as a possible theoretical and methodological resource. We illustrate its application in the analysis of a fictional narrative. Our aim is to explore how an understanding of education as rhetoric can be integrated into the teacher education curriculum.

Memory consolidation is defined by the stabilization of a memory trace after acquisition, and consists of numerous molecular cascades that mediate synaptic plasticity. Commonly, a distinction is made between an early and a late consolidation phase, in which early refers to the first hours in which labile synaptic changes occur, whereas late consolidation relates to stable and long-lasting synaptic changes induced by de novo protein synthesis. How these phases are linked at a molecular level is not yet clear. Here we studied the interaction of the cyclic nucleotide-mediated pathways during the different phases of memory consolidation in rodents. In addition, the same pathways were studied in a model of neuronal plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP). We demonstrated that cGMP/PKG signaling mediates early memory consolidation as well as early-phase-LTP, while cAMP/PKA signaling mediates late consolidation and late-phase-like LTP. Additionally, we show for the first time that early-phase cGMP/PKG-signaling requires late-phase cAMP/PKA-signaling in both LTP and long-term memory formation.Neuropsychopharmacology accepted article preview online, 12 May 2014; doi:10.1038/npp.2014.106.