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An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different levels of Moringa leaf powder on immunological response in Raja II broiler chicken. A total of 150 one day old Raja II broiler chicks were distributed into five treatment groups with three replicates in each group and ten chicks in each replicate. Basal diet (T1) prepared following Indian council of agricultural research (2013) standards and the experimental diets were prepared by incorporating moringa leaf powder at 2.5 per cent (T2), 5 per cent (T3), 7.5 per cent (T4) and 10 per cent (T5). Blood samples will be collected from two birds from each replicate on 42nd day. Serum will be separated and antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus and Infectious bursal disease virus will be estimated by HI and ELISA test, respectively. At the end of the experiment, two birds from each replicate in each treatment groups will be slaughtered to record the weights of lymphoid organs viz., thymus, bursa fabricius and spleen. Results revealed no significant improvement on immune response against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease on the 42nd day of the experiment and also non-significant difference on immune organ weight.

Background: Dengue, endemic in India presents in mild to severe forms with or without bleeding. There is no specific treatment available till date hence severe dengue has to be recognized in early stages. Platelet counts are unreliable as they do not correlate with bleeding. Platelet indices have been studied for their utility as predictors of severity of the disease and aid in guide to transfusion therapy. Mean platelet volume is inexpensive and available with routine complete blood counts in hematology analyser. Its role as marker in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dengue has been investigated with platelet indices reports. Aims: To study MPV patterns, association with platelet counts and relevant laboratory parameters in dengue. Methods: The study was conducted over one month in the year 2016 in department of Hematology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Bengaluru. 100 serologically proven dengue cases were analysed with data collected from the records in the departments of Hematology and Microbiology against patient’s unique hospital identification number. Results: There was a predominance of young aged and male patients. The range for MPV was 8.7 – 13.2 (average 10.95) with 35% normal and 65% high MPV cases. There was 48% cases with moderately severe / severe thrombocytopenia. 32% with increased hematocrit, 35% with leucopenia, 54% with significant atypical lymphocytosis and 42% with antibody pattern. There was an increased number of high MPV seen in severe thrombocytopenia, increased hematocrit significant atypical lymphocytosis and antibody pattern whereas normal pattern was noted in leucopenia. Conclusion: High MPV is a useful predictor of severe dengue platelet recovery and may guide in transfusion therapy. Keywords: MPV, Dengue, Platelet.

Black, K.P.; Kulkarni, K.B.; Naik, G.B.; Naik, M., and Mathew, J., 2021. Improving training wall orientation at river and estuary entrances. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 484–493. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Natural river and estuary entrances adjust in response to the prevailing sedimentary and hydrodynamic environment. In India, during the monsoon rains, the ebb jet can be very large, firing water and sediments along a variable orientation to create the associated ebb deltas. However, once the entrance is trained onto a fixed alignment, this powerful jet “pump” can have adverse impacts. Due to downdrift erosion caused by the entrance training walls at the Old Mangalore Port (Karnataka, west coast of India), the breakwater was modified to reorient the ebb jet in the direction of the longshore drift. The goal was to beneficially use the natural pumping action to drive sand across the entrance without mechanical assistance. Three years of monitoring revealed improvements in downdrift beaches and navigational safety, while maintenance dredging has ceased. The entrance region has deepened by 854,166 m3 after reorienting the ebb jet over the period from October 2017 to February 2020. In contrast, the entrance shoaled by 160,305 m3 over the period from September 2008 to October 2017. The results are relevant to river and estuary entrances with moderate to strong river flows and/or tidal prism.

BACKGROUND Recent management of acute cholecystitis favors same admission (SA) or emergent cholecystectomy based on overall shorter hospital stay and therefore cost savings. We adopted the practice of SA cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis at our tertiary care center and wanted to evaluate the economic benefit of this practice. We hypothesized that the existence of complications, particularly among patients with a higher degree of disease severity, during SA cholecystectomy could negate the cost savings. AIM To compare complication rates and hospital costs between SA vs delayed cholecystectomy among patients admitted emergently for acute cholecystitis. METHODS Under an IRB-approved protocol, complications and charges for were obtained for SA, later after conservative management (Delayed), or elective cholecystectomies over an 8.5-year period. Patients were identified using the acute care surgery registry and billing database. Data was retrieved via EMR, operative logs, and Revenue Cycle Operations. The severity of acute cholecystitis was graded according to the Tokyo Guidelines. TG18 categorizes acute cholecystitis by Grades 1, 2, and 3 representing mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Comparisons were analyzed with χ2, Fisher's exact test, ANOVA, t-tests, and logistic regression; significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Four hundred eighty-six (87.7%) underwent a SA while 68 patients (12.3%) received Delayed cholecystectomy. Complication rates were increased after SA compared to Delayed cholecystectomy (18.5% vs 4.4%, P = 0.004). The complication rates of patients undergoing delayed cholecystectomy was similar to the rate for elective cholecystectomy (7.4%, P = 0.35). Mortality rates were 0.6% vs 0% for SA vs Delayed. Patients with moderate disease (Tokyo 2) suffered more complications among SA while none who were delayed experienced a complication (16.1% vs 0.0%, P < 0.001). Total hospital charges for SA cholecystectomy were increased compared to a Delayed approach ($44500 ± $59000 vs $35300 ± $16700, P = 0.019). The relative risk of developing a complication was 4.2x [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-12.9] in the SA vs Delayed groups. Among eight patients (95%CI: 5.0-12.3) with acute cholecystitis undergoing SA cholecystectomy, one patient will suffer a complication. CONCLUSION Patients with Tokyo Grade 2 acute cholecystitis had more complications and increased hospital charges when undergoing SA cholecystectomy. This data supports a selective approach to SA cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.

Objective This study was done with the aim to compare the clinical outcome and patient's quality of life between early (within 24 hours post-injury) versus delayed (after 24 hours to 7 days) surgically treated patients of acute cervical spinal cord injury. The current study was based on the hypothesis that early surgical decompression and fixations in acute cervical spinal cord trauma are safe and are associated with improved outcome as compared with delayed surgical decompression. Methods A total of 54 patients were recruited and divided into early decompression surgery group A (operated within 24 hours of trauma; n = 25) and late/delayed decompression surgery group B (operated between 24 hours and 7 days of trauma; n = 29). The patients in both groups were followed up, and comparative differences noted in the neurological outcome, quality of life, and bony fusion. Results The early surgery group had lesser postoperative complications. In group A, 54.17% patients had 1 American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade improvement, while 29.17% experienced > 2 AIS grade improvement (p = 0.015). In group B, the neurological improvement was 50 and 21.43%, respectively (p = 0.003). There was a significant improvement in the postoperative quality of life scores in early surgery group. Conclusion Early surgery in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury should be considered strongly in view of the lesser complications, better neurological recovery, and reduced mortality.

Introduction Delay in doing cranioplasty (CP) after decompressive craniectomy (DC) may cause motor, cognitive, and language deficits. Studies show doing CP before developing such symptoms helps in improving the outcome. CP improves cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cerebral blood flow, which may lead to better cognitive and functional outcome. Objective The aim of the study was to assess cognitive and functional outcomes of early versus delayed cranioplasty (DCP) after DC. Methodology This was a prospective observational study on 42 patients aged over 16 years and up to 70 years, who had undergone CP after DC for severe traumatic brain injury in in-patient and outpatient department of neurosurgery at a tertiary care hospital in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India from the period of March 01, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Cognitive and functional outcomes were compared in early and DCP groups in preoperative and follow-up period at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Early cranioplasty (ECP) was within 2 months, and DCP was beyond 2 months. Results Total sample size under this study was 42; 21 in ECP and 21 in DCP group. Mean age was 41.40 ± 15.95 years. The age distribution was quite young with 38.1% in 30 to 49 age group and had very high proportion of males (85.7%). This analysis revealed that both the ECP and DCP groups have resulted in significant improvement in mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) score after CP. But in the ECP group, there has been steady and significant improvement in MMSE and GOSE score at different follow-ups starting from postoperative 1 month in MMSE score and from 3 months up to 6 months in GOSE score. Conclusion Neurosurgeon should evaluate and carefully monitor each individual case and take up CP as early as possible with suitable indication.