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In this article, we present an analysis of the complexity of grammatical constraints and their impact on early language acquisition of inflectional morphemes in Malayalam. We use the natural speech production data of two monolingual children acquiring Malayalam between the ages 1;9-2;10 and 2;3-3;0 and three bilingual children acquiring Malayalam-English between the ages 1;9-2;8, 2;0-3;0 and 1;10-2;11 to recover the underlying grammatical constraints that govern the correct productions as well as errors across monolingual and bilingual contexts. We find rules that reference lexico-semantic properties to be particularly challenging to young children.

Bordetella hinzii is a gram-negative aerobic coccobacilli respiratory pathogen in poultry (1) and rodents (2). Human infections are rare but occur in immunocompromised persons (3) or upon exposure to infected [...]

Herein, we report two distinct octaphyrins obtained by the condensation of new dithieno[3,2‐b:2',3'‐d]pyrrole based tetrapyrrane under two different acidic conditions. Fourfold meso‐substituted octaphyrin was the major product when the reaction was performed in the presence of an aryl aldehyde using trifluoroacetic acid. Whereas, the sixfold meso‐substituted octaphyrin was obtained when the precursor was condensed with pentafluorobenzaldehyde using para‐toluenesulfonic acid. Such a template effect of aryl aldehydes in oxidative coupling reactions is realized for the first time in literature. Experimental and theoretical studies suggested that the oxidized form of fourfold meso‐substituted octaphyrin is 32π antiaromatic and undergoes proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) to the protonated form of 34π aromatic congener upon treatment with protic acids. Furthermore, small organic molecules such as alcohols and amines were also found to promote chemical reduction. Single crystal X‐ray structure revealed that the aromatic counterpart is highly planar and stabilized by several intermolecular H‐bonding and F−F interactions, leading to a large 3D supramolecular arrangement and exhibited colorimetric sensing for fluoride and hydroxide anions. On the other hand, sixfold meso‐substituted octaphyrin did not show (anti)aromatic features, PCET or anion sensing, but its intriguing absorption features associated with protonation could make it an ideal candidate for pH‐dependent bioimaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex neuro-muscular interplay of speech subsystems is susceptible to alcohol intoxication. Published reports have studied language formulation and fundamental frequency measures pre- and post-intoxication. This study aimed at tapping the speech motor control measure using rate, consistency, and accuracy measures of diadochokinesis and sustained phonation task. The recorded data from 10 young males on these tasks prior and post 10 minutes of intoxication with 0.08% alcohol (Widmark's formula) was studied. The results revealed significant differences in the rate of syllable repetition, syllable duration and cycle to cycle variations in fundamental frequency. The study suggests development of a new intoxication detector for successful and effective enforcement of the law.

Objectives: To determine the clinical utility of assessment of tumour invasion, markers of proliferation, and the French clinicopathological classification in pituitary tumour prognostication. Methods: This is a retrospective evaluation of adult patients undergoing pituitary surgery at Oxford University and St Vincent's Hospitals, between 1989 and 2016, with at least 12 months of clinical data. Invasion was assessed radiologically, proliferative markers (Ki67, mitotic count, p53) by immunohistochemistry. Tumours were graded according to the clinicopathological classification. Intra- and interlaboratory variability of histopathology reporting was evaluated. Outcomes: (1) Tumour recurrence (radiological or reintervention ≥12 months postoperatively) and/or (2) "aggressive behaviour" (≥4 interventions and/or invasive tumour with recurrence/reintervention between 12 and 24 months postoperatively). Results: A total of 386 patients were included, age at surgery was 56 (interquartile range [IQR] 41-67) years, 54% were male, and median followup was 90 months (range 44-126). Tumours were predominantly clinically nonfunctioning (252, 65%), with overall 53% invasive, and 10% that demonstrated ≥2 proliferative marker positivity. Recurrence was predicted by invasiveness (hazards ratio [HR] 1.6 [1.10-2.37], P .02), elevated mitotic count (HR 2.17 [1.21-3.89], P .01), grade (2b vs 1a HR 2.32 [1.06-5.03], P .03), and absence of gross total resection (HR 3.70 [1.72-8.00], P .01). Clinically defined aggressiveness was associated with elevated Ki67, mitotic count, and invasiveness. Ki67 reporting methodologies showed moderate correlation across laboratories (Phi 0.620), whereas p53 reporting reproducibility was poor (Phi 0.146). Conclusions: Proliferative markers, including Ki67 and mitotic count, but not p53, are important in predicting the development of aggressive pituitary tumour behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present an analysis of the complexity of grammatical constraints and their impact on early language acquisition of inflectional morphemes in Malayalam. We use the natural speech production data of two monolingual children acquiring Malayalam between the ages 1;9–2;10 and 2;3–3;0 and three bilingual children acquiring Malayalam-English between the ages 1;9–2;8, 2;0–3;0 and 1;10–2;11 to recover the underlying grammatical constraints that govern the correct productions as well as errors across monolingual and bilingual contexts. We find rules that reference lexico-semantic properties to be particularly challenging to young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: India lacks workforce in the field of speech and hearing leading to the hire of speech and hearing technicians at many work setups. They are allowed to work independently which affects the efficacy of rehabilitation to a greater extent. This alarm necessitates the investigation of reasons for brain drain which will, in turn, help in improvising the speech and hearing services in India. Methods: An e-survey was conducted by circulating a questionnaire which included 10 questions seeking information on the type of job placement, number of shifts in job, the reasons for shifting jobs, satisfaction level at workplace, and percentage of professionals preferring India and/or abroad for job placement. The questionnaire was sent to 3700 professionals, out of whom 360 professionals responded. Results: Lower income, poor professional growth, and unsatisfied job profile were found to be the major reasons for brain drain in India. Conclusion: A regular detailed investigation of reasons for frequent brain drain is required by the concerned bodies in India. In addition, steps should also be taken to rectify the same. Such careful actions may increase the potential employment opportunities for efficient fully trained speech and hearing professionals in India. This will, in turn, raise good quality speech and hearing services in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this retrospective study, (1–>3)-β- d -glucan (B-glucan) was an unreliable marker for AIDS-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) because a high percentage of participants with progressive disseminated histoplasmosis and respiratory symptoms had a positive B-glucan result. Where histoplasmosis is common, attributing B-glucan positivity to PCP without further testing risks misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]