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Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other serious diseases. The damage caused by cigarette smoking is multifaceted and complex. Exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs), created during the process of burning tobacco, is the main reason for the development of smoking-related diseases. An alternative way to reduce the generation of toxicants from tobacco product is to heat rather than burn tobacco. Modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) are designed to significantly reduce or eliminate the release of harmful and potentially harmful chemicals while preserving, as much as possible, taste, sensory experience, nicotine delivery profile, and the ritual component of smoking cigarettes. In this review, the chemical composition of the smoke generated by conventional cigarettes to the composition of the aerosol generated by devices for controlled tobacco heating is compared. Also, critically assess the current knowledge in the field, aiming towards an objective assessment of the alternative tobacco products.

The centrosome of Dictyostelium amoebae contains no centrioles and consists of a cylindrical layered core structure surrounded by a corona harboring microtubule-nucleating γ-tubulin complexes. It is the major centrosomal model beyond animals and yeasts. Proteomics, protein interaction studies by BioID and superresolution microscopy methods led to considerable progress in our understanding of the composition, structure and function of this centrosome type. We discuss all currently known components of the Dictyostelium centrosome in comparison to other centrosomes of animals and yeasts.

The centrosome of Dictyostelium amoebae contains no centrioles and consists of a cylindrical layered core structure surrounded by a corona harboring microtubule-nucleating γ-tubulin complexes. It is the major centrosomal model beyond animals and yeasts. Proteomics, protein interaction studies by BioID and superresolution microscopy methods led to considerable progress in our understanding of the composition, structure and function of this centrosome type. We discuss all currently known components of the Dictyostelium centrosome in comparison to other centrosomes of animals and yeasts.

Background/Aim: to examine the connection of H. Pylori in saliva and biopsy material with oral lesions. Material and Methods: Sixty patients with dyspeptic complaints were followed up at the Clinic for Gastroenterology at University Medical Clinical Centre in Skopje, divided into two groups: first group consisted of 30 patients without presence of H. pylori, and the second group with 30 subjects and presence of H. pylori. The presence or absence of H. pylori has been ascertained after endoscopic examination-gastroscopy, and implemented urease test (CLO-test). All patients were clinically followed in order to determinate mouth burning, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), acid taste and lingual papillary hyperplasia according to Cohen and Proctor. The presence of H. pylori in saliva has been ascertained before endoscopic examination, after chewing Orbit gum without sugar for 1 min using by Pronto dry test. Determination of H. pylori in biopsy material has been ascertained by rapid urease test (RUT). Results: At 30 patients with dyspeptic complaints and presence of Helicobacter pylori, 16 patients (53,33%) had lingual papillary hyperplasia, acid taste, burning mouth and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). At 4 patients (13,33%) was confirmed acid taste, and also at 4 patients (13,33%) burning mouth. At 2 patients (6,67%) was confirmed lingual papillary hyperplasia, burning mouth, and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). At the same time, at 2 patients (6,67%) was confirmed burning mouth, and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), until at 1 patient (3,33%) lingual papillary hyperplasia, as at 1 patient (3,33%) lingual papillary hyperplasia and acid taste. At patients without presence of Helicobacter pylori but with dyspeptic complaints, was confirmed burning mouth in 14 patients (46,67%), lingual papillary hyperplasia, burning mouth, and acid taste in 7 patients (23,33%); in 3 patients (10,00) lingual papillary hyperplasia, burning mouth, and in 2 patients (6,67%) was confirmed recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Acid taste was registered in 2 patients (6,67%), and also lingual papillary hyperplasia in 2 patients (6,67%). There was a significant differences in clinical aspect between the patients with and without presence of H. pylori, for p< 0,01(p= 0,002); Pearson Chi-square= 20,10 и and p

The therapy of erosive lichen planus (ELP) has been particular problem in the treatment of oral lesions. This case of ELP in male patient 29 years old was treated with topic application of the NBF gingival gel, three times a day after meal, previously rinsed with Clorhexidine gluconate 0.12%. After 5 days of treatment, initial improvements were recorded, and after two weeks of application of the NBF gingival gel we observed significant improvement. Clinical monitoring after the fifth day showed mild epithelialization of the eroded mucosa, yet still present erythematous base of the lesion. After the second week the erythema area was significantly reduced and the eroded surfaces of the mucosa were minimal, measured less than 0.5 mm. After the third week there were no erosions to detect on the oral mucosa, yet still present vague redness, which completely pulled after the fourth week. Treatment ended after the fifth week when the topical application of the NBF gingival gel was terminated, and therapy was done, and clinically achieved effects remained stable even after the third month of the treatment. Topic application of the NBF gingival gel with ELP patients showed positive clinical effects in relatively short time period.

BACKGROUND: After tooth loss, however, severely atrophic residual alveolar ridges are fairly common, especially in patients who have been edentulous for a long period. Anterior area of the mandible is areas where clinicians have greater anatomical limitations. Reduced alveolar bone height very often represents a contraindication to implant therapy, unless a procedure such as a ridge augmentation is performed.CASE REPORT: This study aims to present two separate cases in highly selected edentulous anterior mandibular sites, where one stage, mini implants were used to support total prostheses. Small diameter implants have been used for retention of complete removable mandibular overdentures. This is an excellent option for those who suffer from the inconvenience and embarrassment of loose lower dentures and are tired of having to use sticky pastes and creams to make their dentures stay in place.CONCLUSION: Small diameter implants, when used multiples may offer adequate support for a removable prosthesis and overcome this problem.

Introduction. Kidney disease is associated with many abnormalities in the oral health status as well as with alterations in salivary flow and composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to correlate oral clinical findings, salivary flow (SF) and salivary pH values in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not yet on hemodyalisis treatment, those undergoing hemodialysis and in kidney transplant recipients. Methods. In a cross-sectional study 90 patients were included. The cohort was composed of three groups: 30 patients with CKD (serum creatinine values under 120 μmol/L-group 1), 30 patients with CKD on hemodialysis (group 2) and 30 kidney transplanted patients (group 3). The control group consisted of 20 healthy individuals. Oral symptoms, signs and lesions: salivary volume, salivary pH and SF of stimulated and unstimulated saliva were evaluated. Results. Among patients with CKD without dialysis treatment inverse relationship was found between uremic fetor, unpleasant taste and unstimulated SF and also between xerostomia and stimulated SF. Negative correlation between thirst and unstimulated salivary flow was found in both groups, patients with CKD on dialysis and kidney transplant group. Furthermore, in kidney-transplant patients a negative correlation was found between petechiae and SF, while in group of patients with CKD on hemodialysis the same negative correlation was registered between uremic fetor and stimulated SF. Conclusions. Salivary flow was significantly lower in hemodialysis patients, while the highest was in the kidney-transplant recipients accompanied with improvement in the other oral clinical findings observed in our study.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a quite frequent, painful, ulcerative disease that affects the lining of the oral cavity and has an unknown etiology. The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the medication proaftol on epithelization speed and severity of pain in patients with RAS. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study respondents were divided into two groups where one group was treated with proaftol spray and the other with a placebo. Aphthae considered for treatment had a diameter of 5-6 mm. The participants were given instruction on the use of the spray, two sprayings on the place of the aphtae 3-4 times a day. We examined two parameters in the symptomatology of RAS-lesion size (mm) and pain intensity (noted on four subjective levels: 0-no pain, 1-discomfort, 2-moderate pain, 3-severe pain). These parameters were noted on the baseline, the third, the fifth and the eighth days of examination. Results: A significant faster reduction of the dimension of aphthous ulcers in patients treated with proaftol 3rd day p < 0.001, 5th day p < 0.0006, 8th day full epithelization in the control group. The magnitude of pain in the experimental compared with the control group on 3rd, 5th and 8th day was also significantly reduced: p < 0.0001, p < 0.007, p < 0.007 respectively. Conclusion: The use of proaftol positively influences the rate of epithelization and reduction of subjective feeling of pain in patients with RAS. The action of propolis should be the goal of studies with a larger number of subjects.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a quite frequent, painful, ulcerative disease that affects the lining of the oral cavity and has an unknown etiology. The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the medication proaftol on epithelization speed and severity of pain in patients with RAS. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study respondents were divided into two groups where one group was treated with proaftol spray and the other with a placebo. Aphthae considered for treatment had a diameter of 5-6 mm. The participants were given instruction on the use of the spray, two sprayings on the place of the aphtae 3-4 times a day. We examined two parameters in the symptomatology of RAS-lesion size (mm) and pain intensity (noted on four subjective levels: 0-no pain, 1-discomfort, 2-moderate pain, 3-severe pain). These parameters were noted on the baseline, the third, the fifth and the eighth days of examination.A significant faster reduction of the dimension of aphthous ulcers in patients treated with proaftol 3rd day p0.001, 5th day p0.0006, 8th day full epithelization in the control group. The magnitude of pain in the experimental compared with the control group on 3rd, 5th and 8th day was also significantly reduced: p0.0001, p0.007, p0.007 respectively.The use of proaftol positively influences the rate of epithelization and reduction of subjective feeling of pain in patients with RAS. The action of propolis should be the goal of studies with a larger number of subjects.

Background: Several factors can influence gingival tissues. Among them: disrupting tissue homeostasis and occurrence of pathological conditions. The aim of our study was to investigate and compare the presence of apoptosis in patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy, patients with periodontitis and on the other hand, healthy patients, as well as to better understand the role of apoptosis in the these processes. Methods: The first objective group consisted of 21 patients (10 males and 11 females; mean age 37.4 ± 10.2 years old) with neither kidney diseases nor treated with cyclosporine A (CsA) therapy, who had a verified periodontal disease. The second group consisted of 21 kidney-transplant patients (9 males and 12 females; mean age 36.2 ± 9.5 years old), with diagnosed gingival overgrowth (GO) subjected to continuous immunosuppressive therapy. The control group consisted of the same number of patients, clinically healthy subjects (15 males and 6 females; mean age 29 ± 14.0 years old) with plaque-induced gingivitis. The following indexes were analyzed: plaque index (PI) Sillnes-Loe, index of gingival inflammation (GI) according to Loe-Sillnes, and gingival overgrowth index (GOI) according to MacGaw et al. The determination of CsA in blood was performed by a fluorescence polarised immunoassay (FPIA).The tissue samples were estimated by semiquantitative analysis in order to determine the presence of apoptotic cells and immunohistochemical expression of the bcl-2 and p53 proteins. Results: We found statistical differences in bcl-2 and apoptotic index, among the groups: greatest expression of bcl-2 and apoptotic index was registered in the group treated with CsA, and the lowest expression was noted in the gingivitis group(p 0,05 ; r = 0.187). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that increased apoptosis may have a role in the pathogenesis of CsA-induced gingival overgrowth in the cases of patients on high dose of CsA.