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Climaciella Enderlein is a genus of the family Mantispidae (Neuroptera) restricted to the New World with records ranging from southern Canada to northern Argentina. The genus is currently represented by 12 valid species, three of them with records from Brazil: C. amapaensis Penny, C. duckei Navás, and C. semihyalina (Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville). Besides the relatively low number of species from Brazil, it is known that Climaciella species present some historical taxonomic problems. In this sense, the main goal of this study was to taxonomically revise the Climaciella species from Brazil, providing detailed (re)descriptions and illustrations of all species, an updated distribution map, and an identification key to the whole genus. The study resulted in some new taxonomic acts: C. tincta (Navás) is revalidated and C. duckei is considered a new synonym of C. tincta; two new species are described: Climaciella hoffmani sp. nov. and Climaciella pennyi sp. nov.

Tabanidae are considered a nuisance to humans, wild animals, and livestock due to their painful, annoying, and insistent biting. Tabanids transmit some pathogens and parasites biologically and mechanically. In humans, there are relatively few pathogens transmitted regularly. Still, tabanids serve as vectors of a number of disease agents of animals, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and nematodes. They are more abundant in tropical and humid regions, and their seasonal patterns are affected by habitat changes such as deforestation and fragmentation. Here, we analyze the tabanid fauna in Monte Negro, a central municipality of Rondônia, Brazil, comparing abundance, richness, and diversity in forest and pasture habitats. Traps were set for 5 days a month for 12 consecutive months. We also examined how abiotic factors (humidity, temperature, and rainfall) affected the abundance, diversity, and richness and the effectiveness of Malaise and Nzi traps as sample methods. The influence of climatic variables on the richness and abundance of the species was tested using generalized linear models, and we used non-parametric dimensional scaling (nMDS) for analysis of species composition and diversity in different traps and environments. We collect 1032 specimens of 25 species. The most abundant species were Tabanus antarcticus, Dichelacera tetradelta, Tabanus mucronatus, and Leucotabanus albovarius. Forest habitats had the highest number of tabanids, followed by pasture and the anthropized area, and there was no significant difference regarding the effectiveness of the Malaise and Nzi traps. The study provides new information on the distribution and ecology of tabanids in Brazil., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Tabanidae (Diptera), popularly known as horse flies, is an important vector group. This is the first study to ascertain the abundance and diversity of horse flies in horses at the cerrado biome of the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Collecting took place in typical Cerrado, and sampling occurred in the dry and rainy seasons. The horseflies were collected from horses using an entomological net. A total of 249 individuals were collected and spread over 25 species. The prevalent species were Stypommisa aripuana (25.8%) and Catachlorops rufescens (6.4%), in the dry period, and Fidena lissorhina (22.5%), Tabanus occidentalis var. dorsovittatus (10%) and Poeciloderas quadripunctatus (6.4%), in the rainy season. The results suggest that tabanids attack horses throughout the dry and rainy seasons, posing a constant threat to their health in the Cerrado of Tocantins.

Horse fly females (Diptera, Tabanidae) are hematophagous and can vector pathogens that affect livestock. Complexes of cryptic species are common in Tabanidae, as exemplified by some species of Tabanus, including Tabanus triangulum and Tabanus occidentalis, both prevalent in the Southern region of Brazil. In this study, geometric morphometrics were employed to ascertain the wing venation in species identification. It was demonstrated that this tool effectively differentiates T. triangulum from T. occidentalis in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, situated within the Pampa biome. The results indicate that T. triangulum and T. occidentalis occupy distinct regions of the morphological space, allowing their precise identification through geometric morphometrics, which is fast, affordable, and easy to implement.

In this study we provide an updated list of Plecoptera based on recent collections covering areas from northern to southeastern Tocantins state, Brazil. It is the first work focused on the geographical distribution of the order in this region. Herein, we register Anacroneuria atrifrons Klaplek, 1922, Anacroneuria jaciara Bispo & Neves, 2005, Anacroneuria manauensis Ribeiro-Ferreira, 2001,and Anacroneuria terere Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci, 2010 for the first time to Tocantins with notes and illustrations of diagnostic features for these four species. Our work raises the number of stoneflies known from Tocantins to 13 species.Despite this increase in the number of species, we highlight the importance of expanding field collection efforts in different locations of the state, especially in the west and south regions, as well as increasing collection effort in each location, aiming for a better comprehension of this fauna.

Tabanidae is one of the most diverse families of hematophagous dipterans. Tabanids, in general, are mechanical vectors of some pathogens. Given the vector importance and the lack of knowledge of the tabanid fauna in horses in Amazon Forest fragments of the state of Rondônia, this work aimed to determine the season that the different species of horse flies prefer to carryout hematophagy on horses and verify whether the horse fly community remains the same throughout the year. The sampling areas for tabanid captures were in the municipality of Monte Negro, Western Amazon, Brazil. Four new occurrences were recorded for the state of Rondônia: Stenotabanus albilinearis, Tabanus fuscofasciatus, T. macquarti and T. restrepoensis, which increases the number of species for the state to 109. The horse flies were most frequently collected on the hind leg (43.15%) and front leg (31.11%), followed by the belly (7.41%) and the ear (5.18%). In the other anatomical regions, the collection frequency was 13.15% of the remaining individuals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Tabanidae (Diptera) captured on horses in Amazon Forest fragments of the State of Rondônia, Brazil. The authors whose names are listed immediately below certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Anaplasma marginale is transmitted biologically by infected ticks or mechanically by biting flies and contaminated fomites. In tick-free areas, such as southern Uruguay, horseflies could be the principal vectors of this pathogen for bovines, causing anaplasmosis. The objective of this work was to detect the presence of A. marginale by MSP-5 PCR and Sanger sequencing in the most prevalent species of horseflies obtained using different collection methods in Colonia, Tacuarembó and Paysandú, Uruguay. Eight horsefly species were tested (Dasybasis missionum, Poeciloderas lindneri, Tabanus campestris, T. claripennis, T. fuscofasciatus, T. platensis, T. tacuaremboensis and T. triangulum); four species were found to be positive for A. marginale, with D. missionum and P. lindneri having the most frequent infections, while only one individual each of T. fuscofasciatus and T. tacuaremboensis was positive. Both D. missionum and P. lindneri were positive for A. marginale in tick-free areas, and the implications are discussed in this report., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

We describe a new species of Tabanus (for Uruguay, the first in more than 90 years) based on females from the Department of Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Tabanus tacuaremboensis sp. n. is the 15th species of the genus Tabanus recorded from Uruguay. The species description is accompanied by illustrations of the diagnostic external and internal characters. In addition, for comparison with the new species, we provide photographs of the regional species of Tabanus whose distributions are still poorly known. In view of the lengthy hiatus since the last new tabanid species was described from Uruguay, we offer a brief discussion of the importance of new and further sampling in areas where the tabanofauna is still poorly known., (© 2022. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.)

Background: The genus Tabanus Linnaeus has a worldwide distribution and is the richest in species; however, it is probably not monophyletic. In the Neotropical Region, its richness is certainly underestimated, mainly due to the large number of species and the absence of recent taxonomic revisions., New Information: We describe Tabanusrondoniensis sp. n. from the State of Rondônia, Brazil, based on a conspicuous tabanid species possibly related to the T.nebulosus species group. Diagnosis, discussion and illustrations are also provided., (Augusto Loureiro Henriques, Tiago Kütter Krolow, Tallita Beatriz de Oliveira Zamarchi, Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo.)

Purpose: The species of the genus Trypanosoma are carried and transmitted by horseflies parasitizing a high diversity of vertebrates. In the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, Tabanus triangulum is the most abundant species and, similarly to the other species of horseflies, there is little knowledge about its vector competence. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the field-collected T. triangulum for the presence of Trypanosoma, to estimate infectivity., Methods: Horseflies were sampled by the Malaise trap in the forest fragments at the coastal plain and DNA was extracted from whole body flies. The Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed., Results: Horseflies presented amplification of 18S ribosomal gene-specific of Trypanosoma species. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis positioned the strains in the Kaiowa clade with Trypanosoma kaiowa, associated with the crocodilian clade of Trypanosoma., Conclusion: This study represents the first report of the presence of the Tr. kaiowa in T. triangulum and the expansion of the parasite's range further south in South America., (© 2021. Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences.)

A catalog of the Tabanidae from Chile is provided. All valid names and synonyms for the 116 species and 25 genera known for the country including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality and references are listed. The species Dasybasis albohirta (Walker) is cited for the first time for Chile. The type locality of Dasybasis nigrifrons (Philippi) is corrected to Chile (Todos Los Santos Lake). The dates of the description of Tabanus nigrifrons Philippi (now Dasybasis), and Pangonia australis Philippi (now Pseudoscione) are corrected from their original description by Philippi; the original description dates for Tabanus andicola (now Dasybasis), and Tabanus magellanicus (now synonym junior of Dasybasis trita (Walker)) are corrected from 1865 to 1862. Three species previously recorded from Chile are deemed to have been misidentified or misrecorded from Chile: Esenbeckia (E.) cisandeana Wilkerson Fairchild and Esenbeckia (E.) enderleini Krber, and Esenbeckia (E.) testaceiventris (Macquart, 1848). The genus Dasybasis Macquart is the richest genus in Chile, with 33 species. Seven genera (Mycteromyia Philippi, Promycteromyia Coscarn Philip, Archeomyotes Philip Coscarn, Austromyans Philip Coscarn, Chaetopalpus Philippi, Pseudomelpia Enderlein, and Sixtomyia Krolow, Henriques Gonzlez), three subgenera (Esenbeckia (Astomyia) Burger, E. (Palassomyia) Fairchild, and Protodasyapha (Protodasyapha) Enderlein), and 64 species are known only from Chile. There are also one subgenus (Protodasyapha (Curumyia) Coscarn), and 36 specie with distribution shared only between Chile and Argentina.

An annotated checklist with complementary information for leptophlebiid mayflies from Tocantins State, Brazil is provided. Additionally, we describe a new species of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 based on male adults. New reports are based on collections conducted between August 2017 and August 2019 in 13 localities of 10 municipalities. A total of 436 adults distributed in 11 genera, 16 species and five morphospecies treated as undescribed species were collected. Of the total species examined, 11 are new records.

The Tocantins-Araguaia Basin is one of the largest river systems in South America, located entirely within Brazilian territory. In the last decades, capital-concentrating activities such as agribusiness, mining, and hydropower promoted extensive changes in land cover, hydrology, and environmental conditions. These changes are jeopardizing the basin's biodiversity and ecosystem services. Threats are escalating as poor environmental policies continue to be formulated, such as environmentally unsustainable hydropower plants, large-scale agriculture for commodity production, and aquaculture with non-native fish. If the current model persists, it will deepen the environmental crisis in the basin, compromising broad conservation goals and social development in the long term. Better policies will require thought and planning to minimize growing threats and ensure the basin's sustainability for future generations., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Megaloptera is a small order of conspicuous holometabolous insects with 397 species and 35 genera distributed worldwide. The order comprises two extant families, the Sialidae (8 genera and 83 species) and the Corydalidae (27 genera and 314 species), both with aquatic larvae, wherea eggs, pupae, and adults are terrestrial (Rivera-Gasperín et al. 2019). Three Corydalidae genera are known from Brazil: Corydalus Latreille, 1802 (11 species), Chloronia Banks, 1908 (4 species) and the monospecific Puri Cardoso-Costa, 2013 (Cardoso-Costa et al. 2013; Rafael Câmara 2020). Whereas, for the Sialidae, only the genus Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (3 species) has been found to occur in Brazil (Liu et al. 2015; Rafael Câmara 2020, as ProtosialisVan der Wheele, 1909).

The classification of the Tabanidae had remained stable over the last 60 years after Mackerras proposed a great revolution in the arrangement of the family. Recently, some new proposals based on molecular data have once again changed the classification of the family, mainly with a focus on the tribe Scionini. The present paper introduces a critical analysis based on the taxonomical view of the recent proposed classification of Scionini. Three genera are discussed: Lepmia Fairchild, Parosca Enderlein, and Pseudoscione Lutz. Lepmia atra (Philippi), L. grisea (Jaennicke), and L. leucothorax (Ricardo) are transferred to a new genus, Sixtomyiagen.n., based on its morphological differences from Lepmia. Other three species receive a new combination: Parosca subulipalpis (Enderlein) n. comb., Pseudoscione albifrons (Macquart) n. comb., Ps. hibernus (Wilkerson & Coscarón) n. comb. A key to species of Sixtomyia is provided and diagnostic characters are illustrated.

In stream ecosystems, waterfalls intercept the fluvial continuum and limit the dispersion of aquatic organisms. However, the barrier effect may be minimized or absent for insects whose life cycle is not restricted to the aquatic environment (i.e., winged adults), such as the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT). In this study, we investigated EPT diversity (abundance, richness, and composition) in savanna headwater streams (Cerrado Domain, Brazil) to investigate the hypothesis that large waterfalls have little effect on instream assemblage structure. During 2017 and 2018, we sampled EPTs and measured environmental conditions at reaches adjacent (downstream and upstream) to waterfalls (5 to 70 m high). We collected 2532 immature specimens of 33 genera, including the first record of 14 genera of Ephemeroptera, 11 Trichoptera, and three Plecoptera for the Tocantins State. Hydro-geomorphic and streambed conditions varied among sites, but they were not related to the presence of waterfalls. Assemblage structure was similar between downstream and upstream reaches, with no significant difference in taxa richness, abundance, and composition. This pattern was consistently observed considering all data combined, and each order separately. These results support the hypothesis that physical barriers have weak effects on EPT assemblages at small spatial scales, where strong dispersal and habitat similarity probably homogenizes the structure of local assemblages in stream corridors adjacent to large waterfalls. The study provides important information about factors driving the distribution of biodiversity in savanna streams, which are relevant to support conservation and management plans in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) cause direct and indirect losses in livestock production and are important vectors of pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and seasonality of horse fly species at an experimental farm in Tacuarembó and the diversity of species in different departments of Uruguay. For 20 months, systematic collections were performed in two different environments at the experimental farm using Nzi and Malaise traps. In addition, nonsystematic collections were performed at farms located in the departments of Paysandú, Tacuarembó and Colonia. A total of 3,666 horse flies were collected, and 16 species were identified. These species included three species that had not been previously recorded in Uruguay, namely, Dasybasis ornatissima (Brèthes), Dasybasis missionum (Macquart), and Tabanus aff. platensis Brèthes, and a species that had not been previously taxonomically described (Tabanus sp.1). Among the systematically captured samples, the most abundant species were Tabanus campestris Brèthes, T. aff. platensis and D. missionum, representing 77.6% of the collected specimens. The horse fly season in Tacuarembó started in September and ended in May. No horse flies were caught during winter. Variations in the prevalences of species in the different departments were observed, which indicates the need for new sampling efforts.

The genera Macrogynoplax Enderlein, 1909 and Kempnyia Klapálek, 1914 are reported for the first time from Tocantins State, a new locality record for Brazil. The nymphs of M. matogrossensis Bispo & Neves (2005) and K. goiana Bispo & Froehlich (2004) are described. Additionally, we also describe the female of K. goiana.

There are seven genera and eight species of mayflies recorded for Tocantins state, Brazil, but only three belonging to the family Leptophlebiidae. Based on male imagoes, Simothraulopsis primus sp. nov. is described from Tocantins state, Northern Brazil. The species is characterized by the male genitalia being short, lanceolate, with a straight spine and by the "U" shape between the penis lobes. Other distinguishing features are the brown thorax and yellowish brown abdomen.

The Leucotabanus species with records in the Amazon are reviewed. Seven species are included: L. albovarius, L. exaestuans, L. flavinotum, L. janinae, L. pauculus, L. weyrauchi, and L. fairchildi n. sp., which is described herein. The male of L. weyrauchi is described for the first time. Another two non-Amazonian species, L. canithorax and L. sebastianus, were compared, illustrated, and discussed, with new distribution records for the latter species. A key for the seven Leucotabanus species found in the Amazon, along with diagnoses, discussions, distributions and illustrations, are presented.

Adults of Anacroneuria Klapálek (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from an unexplored area of the Tocantins State, Brazil were studied. As result, we describe A. zantedeschia n. sp and present new geographic records for the genus. Additionally, we also include comments for A. corae Bispo Novaes, A. debilis (Pictet), A. marlieri Froehlich, A. minuta Klapálek, A. singularis Righi-Cavallaro Lecci and A. otafroehlichi Righi-Cavallaro Lecci.

A new species of Dichelacera (Tabanidae, Diptera) is described, based on females from Arraias, state of Tocantins, Brazil. Diagnosis, discussion, and illustrations of external and internal characters are provided. In addition, we provide unpublished photographs of Dichelacera callosa Lutz for comparison.

This paper documents the horse fly fauna collected in lowland rainforest in the southwesternmost part of French Guiana (Mitaraka). During this "Our Planet Revisited" survey nine tabanid species were recorded from French Guiana for the first time: Chrysops ecuadorensis Lutz, C. incisus Macquart, Catachlorops amazonicus Henriques & Gorayeb, Chlorotabanus flagellatus Krolow & Henriques, Cryptoylus cauri Stone, Phaeotabanus phaeopterus Fairchild, Philipotabanus stigmaticalis (Kröber), Stypommisa captiroptera (Kröber) and Tabanus amapaensis Fairchild. An updated check list of Tabanidae of French Guiana is presented, including 79 species and one unidentified Chrysops .

This paper provides the first record of order Embioptera for the State of Tocantins, Brazil, with the description of Clothoda tocantinensis sp. nov. This genus has just three previously described species; only C. nobilis (Gerstäcker) has been recorded from Brazil (Amazon basin). An identification key is provided for males of Clothoda.

The Neotropical species of Caenopangonia Kröber are revised herein based on examination of external and internal morphology of type material and specimens from Argentina and Chile. Three currently valid species are recognized: Caenopangonia aspera (Philip, 1958), Caenopangonia brevirostris (Philippi, 1865), and Caenopangonia hirtipalpis (Bigot, 1892). Two new species are described, Caenopangonia cerdai n. sp. Krolow, Henriques & González (Chile, Chacabuco) and Caenopangonia coscaroni n. sp. Krolow, Henriques & González (Chile, Malleco). We provide diagnosis and/or descriptions, distribution records, illustrations and discussion for all species, as well a key for identification.

The genus Spiroberotha Adams, 1989 is classified in Berothidae (Neuroptera) with two described species: S. fernandezi Adams, 1989 from Venezuela and S. sanctarosae Adams, 1989 from Colombia, Costa Rica and Venezuela. Here we describe a new species, S. tocantinensis n. sp., from Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. This is the first record of the genus in Brazil, extending its geographical distribution.

Fluctuations in seasonal patterns of horse fly populations were examined in rainforests of tropical South America, where the climate is seasonal. These patterns were evaluated with robust analytical models rather than identifying the main factors that influenced the fluctuations. We examined the seasonality of populations of horse flies in fields and lowland areas of the Pampa biome of southern Brazil with generalized linear models. We also investigated the diversity of these flies and the sampling effort of Malaise traps in this biome over two years. All of the 29 species had clear seasonality with regard to occurrence and abundance, but only seven species were identified as being influenced by temperature and humidity. The sampling was sufficient and the estimated diversity was 10% more than observed. Seasonal trends were synchronized across species and the populations were most abundant between September and March and nearly zero in other months. While previous studies demonstrated that seasonal patterns in population fluctuations are correlated with climatic conditions in horse fly assemblages in South America rainforests, we show a clear effect of each factor on richness and abundance and the seasonality in the prevalence of horse fly assemblages in localities of the Pampa biome., (© 2015 The Society for Vector Ecology.)

The genus Pityocera Giglio-Tos is revised based on examination of external morphology and genitalia of type material and specimens from Brazilian and foreign institutions. Five currently valid species in three subgenera are recognized: P. (Elaphella) cervus (Wiedemann, 1828); P. (Pityocera) festai Giglio-Tos, 1896; P. (Pseudelaphella) nana (Walker, 1850); P. (Pseudelaphella) nigribasis Fairchild, 1964; P. (Pseudelaphella) patellicornis (Kröber, 1930). Five new species are described: P. (Pseudelaphella) barrosi Gorayeb & Krolow sp. nov. (Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul); P. (Pseudelaphella) gorayebi Limeira-de-Oliveira & Krolow sp. nov. (Brazil: Maranhão, Tocantins and Bahia); P. (Pseudelaphella) pernaquila Gorayeb & Krolow sp. nov. (Brazil: Pará and Rondônia); P. (Pseudelaphella) rhinolissa Krolow & Henriques sp. nov. (Brazil: Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul; Bolivia: Santa Cruz); P. (Pseudelaphella) ecuadorensis Buestán & Krolow sp. nov. (Ecuador: Manabí, Guayas, Santa Elena and Loja). We provide diagnosis, descriptions, redescriptions, distribution records, illustrations and discussion for all species, as well as a key for identification of species.

A new genus of Tabanidae mimetic of flies is described: Muscotabanus new genus, Muscotabanus rafaeli new species, based on 12 females collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is presented a discussion for separating the new genus from Diachlorini species which resemblance with sarcophagids flies. It is characterised by striped thorax, banded abdomen, long slender palpus subequal antenna length, labella predominantly membranous, except for a narrow sclerotised plate, basicosta bare, wing hyaline and stigma brown.