Search

NEXUS file used for MrBayes phylogeny inference; XML file used for BEAST divergence time estimation; FASTA alignments of each locus used in the study.&nbsp

Nilotanypus Kieffer, 1923 Type-species: Nilotanypus remotissimus Kieffer, 1923, by monotypy. = Pentaneura comata Freeman, 1953, syn. nov. The identity of the genotype, N. remotissimus Kieffer, 1923, has been problematic. Freeman (1955: 34–35) could not find material matching the description by Kieffer of the wing as having surface hairs only at the tip (male) or sparse (female). Thus, essentially his concept for Nilotanypus (as a ‘group’ in Pentaneura (Pentaneura)) was based on N. comatus (Freeman, 1953), leaving open the possibility that N. remotissimus and N. comatus might prove to be synonyms. The genus has been recognised subsequently as having densely setose wings in both sexes of all species. Since all other features of N. remotissimus described by Kieffer (1923), especially the hairy eyes and attenuated radial sector of the wing, matched his material, Freeman (1955) speculated that the wings of Kieffer’s specimens may have been rubbed, but tempered this with “even then the hair pits should have been visible”. Observations on the wings of pharate and teneral males of N. comatus (Freeman) confirm the macrotrichia (hairs) are dense, long, and dark, as in all examined congeners. The pits on rubbed wings are distinctive along the veins, but much less so on the membrane, being very small (about 1 µm diameter) and visible only with phase contrast optics at high magnification (> 400×). Under regular illumination and optics, the pits are not visible. Males of the Australian species have (a) macrotrichia on the wing membrane and veins are easily lost and may appear absent, (b) the last marginal macrotrichia to remain are distal, and (c) sockets (hair pits) may not be visible under regular illumination, even at high magnification. Freeman calculated from Kieffer’s description an AR of 0.3–0.4, notably lower than any values he obtained for his examined N. comatus. Problems include the segment or flagellomere count, as including the pedicel (as in a count of 15) distorts the calculated AR against a modern understanding of 14 flagellomeres, excluding the pedicel. Kieffer’s estimate actually derived from “14 e seulement égal au tiers de 2–13 réunis, 15 e conique, à peine aussi long que le13 e” [14th only equal to one third of 2–13 combined, 15th conical, barely as long as 13th]. The pedicel was included as segment 1, as did Freeman who diagnosed 15 antennal segments for all males in the entire subfamily (Freeman 1955: 19). Inclusion or exclusion of the terminal 15th and inexactitude of ‘one third’ render doubtful Freeman’s calculated value of 0.3 as too low. Furthermore, the accuracy of Freeman’s own calculations is in doubt, appearing to derive from pinned dry specimens (Duncan Sivell, NHM, personal communication 2022). Thus, these values may not differentiate between N. remotissimus Kieffer and his N. comatus. Actually, it is the value Freeman cited of ‘about 1’ for the upper end of the AR range in N. comatus that has not been verified subsequently, whereas his lower values of 0.4 and 0.6 have been confirmed. Lehmann (1979) redescribed N. comatus from Kivu, Zaire [= DRC], with the male ‘Antenna 15 segmented; AR = 0.6’. Harrison (1991) also added description of the species from Zimbabwe and Ethiopia but did not emend previous measurements. Two pharate males from the Western Cape (South Africa) provide AR values of 0.4 and 0.53. Clearly in this widespread species (Ethiopia to the southernmost Cape) the absolute size of the adult male body varies as does the antennal ratio, and although no AR value as high as 1 (Freeman) has been observed since, it may derive in part from measurements of dry material by Freeman those of 0.4–0.6. Features suggestive of a second African species are the relative lengths of the gonostylar megaseta, the state of the L 3 seta on segment VII and the transverse spinule row on VIII in the pupa. Although the relative length of the megaseta is high (ratio to gonostylus length = 0.3–0.4), it is nearly impossible to determine as variable orientation of the gonostylus and megaseta prevents accuracy. Regarding the condition of the L 3 on VII all available material shows the seta is semitaeniate, and this does not distinguish two pupal types. Finally, the posterior margin on SVIII varies from quite robust, few very fine ones or absence of any such spinules. In female exuviae, the row(s) are separated medially by broad, spine-free area. Evidence of high variability derives from these variants as all occur in contemporaneous exuvial collections in similar streams of the western Cape. The above indicates that Nilotanypus remotissimus Kieffer can be reconciled with N. comatus (Freeman). Uncertainty about the genotype would be resolved by synonymy, even in the absence of original type material for N. remotissimus. Given assurance that there is a single species of Nilotanypus in sub-Saharan Africa, we confidently assert conspecificity of N. comatus with N. remotissimus and propose the formal synonym here., Published as part of Cranston, Peter S., Krosch, Matt N. & Tang, Hongqu, 2022, Verifying Australian Nilotanypus Kieffer (Chironomidae) In A Global Perspective: Molecular Phylogenetic And Temporal Analyses, New Species And Emended Generic Diagnoses, pp. 12-31 in CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research 35 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5324/cjcr.v0i35.4832, http://zenodo.org/record/7996326, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. 1923. Chironomides de I'Afrique Equatoriale (3 ieme partie). AnnaIes de la Societe entomologique de France 92: 149 - 204.","Freeman, P. 1953. Chironomidae (Diptera) from Western Cape Province 1. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B. 22: 127 - 135.","Freeman, P. 1955. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part I.","Lehmann, J. 1979. Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Fliessgewassern Zentralafrikas (Systematik, Okologie, Verbreitung und Produktionsbiologie). Teil I: Kivu-Gebiet, Ostzaire. Spixiana Supplement 3: 1 - 144.","Harrison, A. D. 1991. Chironomidae from Ethiopia. Part 1. Tanypodinae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana 14: 45 - 69."]}

Cranston, Peter S., Krosch, Matt N., Tang, Hongqu (2022): Verifying Australian Nilotanypus Kieffer (Chironomidae) In A Global Perspective: Molecular Phylogenetic And Temporal Analyses, New Species And Emended Generic Diagnoses. CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research 35: 12-31, DOI: 10.5324/cjcr.v0i35.4832

Nilotanypus ctenochelus new species http://zoobank.org/ 139262E4-37D0-4487-BC82- 093A9A05FBD7 Type material: Holotype: Australia, P ♂, slide mounted in Euparal, Queensland, Paluma, Birthday Ck., 18°59’S 146°10’E, 650 m a.s.l., 25–26. iii.1989, leg. Cranston, deposited ANIC. Paratypes, P ♂, 2P ♀, on same slide as holotype, same data. Other material examined: Australia, Northern Territory. Kakadu N.P., Pe, Djalkmara Billabong, 12°40’S 132°56’E, 10.iv.1989; 9Pe, Rockhole Mine Ck., 13°30’S 132°30’E, 1.iv.1993, 8.v.1993, leg. Smith; same except P ♂, P ♀, [on same slide as Pe, N. haplochelus] 13.v.1993; Pe, Koolpin Ck., 13°29’S 132°35’E, 15–16.v.1992. Queensland, Daintree N.P., Pe, Noah Ck., 16°08’28”S 145°25’37”E, 2–3.x.2016, leg. Krosch & Cranston; 3Pe, Oliver Ck., 16°08’S 145°26’E, 9–10.ix.1998; Mt Windsor N.P., 16°15’11”S 145°2’24”E, 6.x.2016, leg. Krosch, Bryant & Cranston; Pe, Mt. Lewis N.P., Windmill Ck., 8–9.ix.1997, leg. McKie; Pe, nr Mareeba, Davies Ck., 17°01’S 145°35’E, 27–28.viii.1997 [same slide includes Pe, N. haplochelus]; L, Mt. Hypipamee N.P., Wondecla Ck. [=Nigger Ck.,] 17°27’S 145°29’E, 11.x.2016, leg. Krosch & Cranston; (MV) FNQ16NIG15; L, same except 29.viii.2012, leg. Cranston; Pe, Tully Gorge N.P., Pixies Ck., 2–3.ix.1997, 17°47’S 145°41’E, leg. McKie; Pe, Palmerston N.P., Learmouth Ck., 650 m a.s.l., 17°35’S 145°42’E, 8–9.iv.1997, 3L, Koombooloomba N.P., Koombooloomba Ck., nr dam, 17°50’16”S 145°35’16’E, 12.x.2018, leg. Krosch & Bryant; (MV) FNQ16RAV1.4, 1.5; 2 Pe, Yuccabine Ck., 18°11’07”S 145°46’00”E, 9.vi.1997, leg. McKie; 2Pe, Yuccabine Ck., 10.vi.1997, leg. McKie; 2P ♂, 2P ♀, Paluma, Birthday Ck., 18°59’S 146°10’E, 650 m a.s.l., 25–26. iii.1989; 3L, same except 1.x.2009, leg. Krosch; L, same except 31.viii.2005, leg. Cranston; 2L, Camp Ck., 18°58’S 146°09’E, 21.ix.2008, leg. Krosch & Bryant; L, Cooloola N.P., Franki’s Gulch, 26°03’S 153°04’E, 6.iv.1996; 3L, Tamborine Mt., Cedar Ck., 27°54’S 153°11’E, 26.ix.1989. New South Wales. 2L, Bungonia, Bungonia Falls, 34°47’S 150°00’E, 11.xi.1988; 2 Pe, Currowan S.F., Cabbage Tree Ck., 35°34’S 150°02’E; 2 Pe [same slide includes 1Pe N. haplochelus] Brindabella, Goodradigbee R., 35°23’54”S 148°44’51”E, 4.i.2001; 7 Pe, above Captains Flat, Molonglo R., 35°35’S 149°28’E, 6.iii.1993; Pe, nr. Mongarlowe, Mongarlowe R., 35°24’S 149°57’E, 17.iii.1993; L., Kosciuszko N.P., Leather Barrel Ck., 36°31’S 148°11’E, 4.xii.2010. Victoria, Pe, Buckland R., 36°48’S 146°51’E, 1.vii.1991, leg. Cook; 2L, Tambo R., south branch, 12.xii.1990, 36°59’S 147°51’E, leg. Hortle. Etymology: From Greek, cteno = comb, chelus = claw, recognising the comb-like larval posterior parapod claw. Diagnostic characters The two new Australian species described here conform in all stages to Nilotanypus, with additional features noted above in an expanded generic diagnosis. Male adults may be separable by the tarsal pseudospurs: N. haplochelus sp. n. has a subapical pseudospur on fore tarsomere on the foreleg (P 1), whereas N. ctenochelus sp. n, lacks pseudospurs on Ta 1 of P 1. Midleg pseudospurs may distinguish but confirmation based on teneral specimens is unsafe. The gonostylus of the male genitalia can separate: N. ctenochelus sp. n. has few (2–3) setae and tapers to thin distal part (Fig. 1L) in contrast to the more setose (7) N. haplochelus sp. n. with conventional taper to broader distal part (Fig. 1K). The two frontal setae in the female N. ctenochelus sp. n. are diagnostically stout (Fig. 1D), in contrast to the conventional narrower frontal setae of N. haplochelus sp. n. (Fig. 1B). The spermathecal ducts are of even width in N. ctenochelus sp. n., but have a dilate section in N. haplochelus sp. n., and seminal vesicles are small with a neck in N. ctenochelus sp. n. but in N. haplochelus sp. n. are larger and lack a neck. The described pupae of Nilotanypus especially from Roback (1986) and Roback & Coffman (1987, 1989) show subtle differentiation with variation in the thoracic horn and in the strength of abdominal armament. Separation of the Australian species depends upon the (unique) row of tubercles on the distal wing sheath of N. ctenochelus sp.n. (Figs 2C, 3A). The two Australian species may be separable also on the thoracic horn: in N. ctenochelus sp.n. the atrium is very narrow in the basal 1/3 and expanded from near the midpoint (Fig. 2B) whereas in N. haplochelus sp. the atrium broadens nearer the base (Fig. 2A). The larvae of the two species of Australian Nilotanypus are differentiated by the posterior parapod in N. ctenochelus sp. n. having a long comb-toothed claw (Fig. 2P, 3B) that is lacking in N. haplochelus sp.n. – hence the species epithets. Other differences include dense-packed short comb-teeth claws (Fig. 2N) on the anterior parapod of N. ctenochelus compared to few simple spinules in claws of N. haplochelus; and the mid-tooth of the ligula tending to be wider and to protrude further in N. haplochelus (Fig. 2K). The location of the dorsal cephalic seta S 5 relative to the dorsal pore and lateral cephalic setae S 7 and S 8 may inform (Fig. 2F, G). Although the head capsule of N. haplochelus is narrower (cephalic ratio ~0.5) compared to N. ctenochelus (~0.6–0.7), the ratio varies with slide preparation. Otherwise, all mensural features ranges encompass both larval types. Description Male (n=1–3, all teneral). Total length ~ 1.3 mm, wing length 750–800 μm. Overall brown throughout, legs slightly paler, abdomen with slightly paler intersegments. Antenna. With 14 flagellomeres, total length 487, terminal flagellomere 40, separate but not offset from penultimate (13th) flagellomere 122, 3× length of terminal flagellomere, apical 2 flagellomeres subequal to 6.5 (6–7) preceding segments. AR 0.50; terminal seta 45–50 long. Pedicel with 1–2 setae, scape without setae. Head (Fig. 1C). Eye hairy with dorsomedial extension of 6 ommatidia long. Frontal setae 2, thin, at right angle to 10 uniserial temporal setae, all arising from paler field. Clypeal setae 15. Palp (2–5) 25, 47, 70, 100. Thorax with uniserial tuberculose anterior margin, curved with posteromedian projecting small sense organ (half size of adjacent setal sockets); with 2–3 lateral antepronotal setae; ~17 unevenly uni-/biserial acrostichals; ~16–20 dorsocentrals, humeral cluster disorganised becoming uniserial in pale areas; isolated prescutellar, 10–12 prealars comprising anterior cluster of 4, posterior prealars disorganised; 1 supra-anal; scutellars with posteriormost row of 8 uniserial strong setae, with shorter to much smaller setae anteriorly numbering up to 22. Wings hyaline, veins pale, membrane and veins densely setose, submarginal apical setae dense, strong, 100–120 long. Venation as in N. haplochelus. Squama with 16–20 uniserial setae, Legs. Mensural: P 1 250–255, 212–225, 178, 75, 63, 52, 50; LR 1 0.83, BV 1 2.68, SV 1 2.62; P 2 320–350, 210–275, 245, 110, 90, 60, 55 LR 2 1.18, BV 2 2.53, SV 2 2.27; P 3 290–295, 200, –, –, –, –, –; spurs 1, 1, 1, each narrow, slightly bent, 30–40 long with basal fine spines (‘hairs’), without lateral comb teeth; tibial comb on P 3 comprising slightly curved spines ~30 long. Pseudospurs 30–35 long, 2.5 wide, 2 on subapex of ta 2 of midleg (P 2), 3 slightly longer on subapex of ta 3; seemingly absent on other legs. Claws simple, gently curved, distally rounded, with strong basal rounded lobe. Pulvilli absent. Abdomen setose with setae as long as an abdominal segment, organised into partial anterior median and lateral bands, both tergal and sternal. Hypopygium. Tergite IX posteriorly with 6 or 8 aligned long setae; proctiger gently curved (median hyaline). Gonocoxite cylindrical, 55–60 long, maximum width 40, microtrichose, with dense dorso-laterally originating setae>300 long, filling pharate pupal genital sheaths, antero-median inner surface with 4–5 medially-directed setae arising from strong tubercle bases, not coalesced to appear as a lobe. Gonostylus (Fig. 1I) 38–42 long, microtrichose, broadest near base, curved from midpoint distally tapering to narrow apex, with 2 fine outer setae, 1 internally, none adjacent to slender megaseta (1 wide, 6–7 long), continuing direction of apical gonostylus, Gc:Gs ratio 1.3–1.88. Phallapodeme strong, sternapodeme shallow arched. Female (n=3, pharate/teneral). Total length ~ 2 mm, wing length ~550–650 μm. Overall brown. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres, total length 287, ultimate ~76–78, with blunt apex; AR 0.32–0.37; terminal seta 100 long. Pedicel with 4–5 setae, scape with 4-5. Head (Fig. 1D). Eye hairy with dorsomedial parallel-sided extension of 6–7 ommatidia. With 2 stout lanceolate frontal setae 40 long, aligned anteroposterior, separated from 8 slender uniserial temporals, all arising from paler field. Clypeal setae 20-23, ~100 long. Palp (1–5) 30, 25; 38; 50; 75. Thorax. With tuberculose anterior margin, without posteromedian scutal sense pit. Setal pits (and setae) in each location (ac, dc, pa, scts) bimodal, all originating from pale areas of cuticle: 2–3 lateral antepronotal setae; ~22 acrostichals +/-biserial throughout, with isolated posterior dorsocentral prescutellar, 14–15 unevenly biserial dorsocentrals; 9–10 prealars separated into anterior 2–3 and posterior cluster; 1 supra-anal; scutellum posteriorly with 8 uniserial strong setae, more anteriorly with shorter / finer setae numbering up to 30. Wings. Apparently as in male. Apical marginal setae up to 80 long. Squama with 17–19 uniserial setae. Legs. Mensural: P 1 225–250, 220–230, 150, 75, 70, 55, 75, LR 0.67, SV 2.96–3.20, BV 2.18; spur 30; P 2 325–375, 225–238, –, –, –, –; spur 38–40; P 3 325–350, 300, –, –, –, –; spur 40. Tibial spurs 1, 1, 1, fine, straight, 30–40 long with basal fine spines (‘hairs’), without lateral teeth; tibial comb on P 3 comprising 4-5 straight spines, longest 25. Paired proximate pseudospurs 38–42 long, 2.5 wide, subapical of ta 1 of foreleg (P 1), no others detected. Claws simple, gently curved, distally rounded, with strong basal rounded lobe. Pulvilli absent. Abdomen. Moderately dense setae more or less aligned in anterior and median transverse rows. Genitalia: Gonocoxapodeme VIII weak. Gonapophysis VIII simple microtrichose lobe with short setae throughout. Gonotergite IX weakly protruding, without setae. Coxosternapodeme strong, dark, curved. Notum thin, short (40–50 long) 2× seminal capsule length, posterior part of rami 45– 50 long. Three globular seminal capsules, 25–28 diameter, with distinct neck; spermathecal ducts 120–125 long, of overall even width, bare, ending uncertain. Gonocoxapodeme VIII forming continuous arc across anterior vaginal chamber. Cerci squat, small, 20–25 × 15–18. Pupa (n=10). Small, total length 2.0– 2.7 mm. Cephalothorax. Thoracic horn (Fig. 2B) flattenedtubular, spinulose, 130–175 long, 3–3.5 × maximum breadth, with narrow poorly-defined atrium expanded only distally (beyond 50%), with ovoid corona 75–90 long (ratio 48–51%). Thoracic comb uniserial row of 12–15 apically rounded, tubercles, 12–16 (longest) diminishing in size laterad. Basal lobe 32–50 wide, 25–30 high. resembling sharkfin. Thorax microtuberculose anteriorly and close to mid-dorsal ecdysial line. Wing sheath apicodistally with row of c. 20 small marginal tubercles aligned on anterior distal sheath (Fig. 2C, 3A), nose shallow to strong. Abdomen. Armament as in N. haplochelus, except reduced on anterior segments to very fine scattered spinules, more microtuberculose on caudal tergites and all pleurae. Setation apparently as in N. haplochelus including L setae fine, short on VII; on VIII the 5 taeniate LS are distributed across caudal 70% of segment. SVIII posteriorly with subapical spinules, 3–4 long, numbering>50 spinules, uni-biserial, continuous in male; multiserial, shorter and medially interrupted in female. Anal lobe in both sexes, 175–205 long, 170–190 wide, bare, without spinules on either margin, terminating with inwardly curved hyaline blunt hook; anal setae adhesive, with greatest width of anterior (AL 1) seta much narrower than broad posterior (AL 2) seta (width 5–8 versus 20–25). Genital sacs sexually dimorphic, of male tapering,> 400 long,>2× anal lobe; in female bluntly rounded, 0.4× anal lobe length. Bases of genital sacs microspinulose more so in male. Larva (n=3–4). Head length 380–440, width 190– 240, cephalic index ~0.51–0.60. Yellow with mandible, ligula and occipital margin mid-brown. Antenna: basal segment 140–155 long, segment 2 30–36, segment 3 ~ 5–6, segment 4 ~4 long; style and Lauterborn organ ~5 long; blade and accessory blade subequal to flagellum; AR 2.95–3.4; Ring organ slightly protruding at ~55–70% from base. Antenna / mandible ratio 4.2–4.8. Mandible. 40–47 long, seta subdentalis on welldeveloped distal molar projection (‘tooth’), proximal to distinct, rounded inner tooth. Maxillary palp. 21–23 long, ring organ faint ~60% from base, longest component of apical crown 16- 20 long. Ligula. 35–39 long, 3–3.5 × as long as apical width, ‘waisted’, with 5 teeth, near straight with central tooth extending only slightly beyond outer teeth. Paraligula squat, bifid, 16 long, Pecten hypopharyngis with 6–8 teeth, innermost largest and directed antero-medially, remainder subequal / narrower points directed anteriorly. Submentum / anterior gula. Ventrally V 9, V 10, VP, SSm as in N. haplochelus (Fig. 2F, left). Dorsally with S 7 well separated from S 8 with dorsal pit (DP) near midway, but closer to ecdysial line, S5 anterior to DP (Fig. 2G). Abdomen. Anterior parapod with many small pectinate spinules (Fig. 2N) proximal to conventional claws. Posterior parapod 175–300 long, ventrally with slender spine, 130–185 long, inserted at 1/3 from base; solitary pectinate claw, 50–55 long with 16–21 internal teeth (Fig. 2P, 3B), amongst otherwise simple claws. Procercus slightly darkened posteriorly, paler anteriorly, length 42–50, width 12–16, bearing 7 anal setae length 300–400. Supra-anal seta strong, 200–250 long. Anal tubules narrow, tapering, hyaline, up to 400 long, often damaged.

Nilotanypus haplochelus new species http://zoobank.org/ 3F39CDE1-B48A-4643-9D49- A09EF31A9A6D Type material: Holotype, Australia: P ♂, slide mounted in Euparal, Queensland, Mt. Lewis N.P., Mt. Lewis, Churchill Ck., 16°34’S 145°20’E, 6–7. iv.1997, leg. Cranston, ANIC. Paratypes, Australia: P ♀, 6Pe (on 2 slides), as holotype; P ♂, same except 8.x.2016, leg. Krosch, Bryant, Cranston, (MV) FNQ16ML4.6; 3 Pe, same (non– MV). Other material examined: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory; 2Pe, Kakadu N.P., Magela floodplain, Stoned Billabong, 12°38’S 132°53’E, 11.iv.1989; L, Gulungul Billabong, Gulungul Ck., 12°39’S 132°53’E, 11.iv.1989; L, L(P), 10Pe, Djalkmara Billabong, 12°40’S 132°56’E, 10.iv.1989; 3L, Ranger, Magela Ck., 12°40’39”S 132°56’10”E, –. iv.2005, leg. Humphrey, (MV); ♂, Radon Springs, 12°45’S 130°47’E, 13–14.iv.1989; P ♂, Nourlangie Ck., 12°49’S 132°45’E, 26.v.1988; Pe, Litchfield N.P., Florence Falls Ck., 13°06’S 132°26’E, 29.vii.2014, legs. Krosch & Cranston; Pe, Koolpin Ck., 13°29S 132°35’E, 25.v.1988; Pe, Plum Tree Ck., 13°32’S 132°26’E, 25.v.1989; L, L(P), 3P ♂, 3P ♀, Rockhole Mine Ck., 13°30’S 132°30’E, 15.iv.1993, leg. Smith; P ♂, [same slide as Pe, N. haplochetus], same except, 13.v.1993; 7L, L(P), Kakadu N.P., Kambolgie Ck., 13°30’S 132°23’E, 6.ix.2017; L, Pe, 4♂, S. Alligator R., Gimbat spillway, Guratba [= Coronation Hill] 13°34’S 32°35’E, 19/20.iv. 1989; 3♂, 2Pe, S. Alligator R., Guratba [= Coronation Hill], 13°35’S 132°36’E, 4/ 5.vi.1989. Queensland: Daintree N.P., Oliver Ck., 16°08’3’’S 145°26’7’’E, 9–10. ix.1997, leg. McKie; Pe, Cassowary House Ck., 1–2.x.2016, leg. Krosch & Cranston; 3Pe, Mossman, Rex Ck., 16°28’S 145°19’E 19–20.x.1998, legs. Dimitriadis & Cranston; 7Pe, same except 10–11.iv.1997; Pe, same except 17–18.xii.1987, leg. Cranston; Julatten, Kingfisher Lodge, Sandy Ck., 16°35’20”S 145°20’17”E, 6.x.2016 (to light); 6Pe, Shoteil Ck., 16°56’S 145°37’E, 9–10. ix.1997, leg. McKie; 2Pe, Clohesy R., 16°59’S 145°38’E, 7–8.ix.1997, leg. McKie; 2Pe, Mareeba, Davies Ck., above falls, 17°01’S 145°35’E, 11–12.iv.1997; Pe, same except 19–20.vi.1997; same except 27–28.viii.1997 [same slide includes Pe, N. ctenochelus]; Pe, 20 km E. Mareeba, Davies Creek N.P., [~ 17°01’S 145°35’E], drift, 14-15. vi.1993, legs. M & B. Baehr; det. M. Spies, 2022 (ZSM); P ♂, Danbulla N.P., Kauri Ck., up from day–use area, 17°08’S 145°35’E, 9.ix.2018, leg. Krosch, (MV); 13Pe, Bartle Frere, Junction Ck., 17°16’S 145°55’E, 27–28.viii.1997; P ♀, 3Pe, Koombooloomba N.P., Nitchaga Ck., 17°49’45”S 145°33’50”E, 12.x.2017, leg. Krosch & Bryant; P ♀, Koombooloomba Ck., nr dam, 17°50’16”S 145°35’16”E, 12.x.2017, leg. Krosch & Bryant; 3P ♂, 2P ♀, Ravenshoe, The Millstream, Cemetery Rd., 17°36’50”S 145°28’40”E, 12.x.2016, leg. Krosch & Bryant, (MV); Pe, same except 17°36’51”S 145°28’39”E; 3Pe, Palmerston N.P., Tchooratippa Ck., 17°37’S 145°45’E, 8–9.iv.1997; Pe, Herberton, Carrington Falls Ck., 800 m a.s.l., 17°19’S 145°27’E, 9–10.iv.1997; 2Pe, nr Cardwell, 5–mile Ck., 18°19’S 146°03’E, 1– 4.iv.1997; Lawn Hill N.P., Indarri Falls, 18°42’S 138°29’E 16.v.1995; 2Pe [on slide with 5 Pe N. ctenochelus] Paluma, Birthday Ck., 18°59’S 146°10’E, 25–26.iii.1998; 2L, Camp Ck., 18°58’S 146°09’E, 21.ix.2008, leg. Krosch & Bryant; P ♂, S. Paluma, unnamed Ck., 820 m a.s.l., 19°01’S 146°13’E, 25–26.iii.1998; Pe, Eungella N.P., Mt. Dalrymple track., Cattle Ck., 21°02’S 148°35’E, 950 m a.s.l., 22.iii.1998; Pe, Fitton Hatch Gorge, 200 m a.s.l., 21°05’S 148°37’E, 22.iii.1998; Pe, U. Brisbane R., Mount Stanley, 26°42’S 152°13’E, 19.i.1991; L(P), 3P ♂, Bunya, n. Brisbane, Carter Court, South Pine R., 27°21’S 152°56’E, 21.iii.2013, 22 m a.s.l., leg. Krosch & Bryant; same except 5L, L(P), 21.x.2021; P ♀, Mt. Barney N.P., Seidenspinner Rd, Mt. Barney Ck., 28°14’S 152°44’E, 21.iii.2013, 176 m a.s.l., leg. Krosch. New South Wales: P ♂, U. Clarence R., Gaya–Dari, 28°44’S 152°47’E, 20.i.1991; Pe, Chaelundi S.F., Chandlers Ck., 30°2’22”S 152°29’26”E, 11.iv.1996; L, Bellinger R., 3 km W. Thora [~ 30°25’S 152°45’E], 1.xii.1990, leg. M. Baehr [“prep. F. Reiss, det. E. Stur ”] examined by M. Spies, 2022 (ZSM); 2P ♂, 1♀, New England, Cathedral Rock N.P., Sphagnum swamp drain, 30°26’42”S 152°16’.00”E, 13.iii.2017, (MV); P ♀, Wollemi N.P., Newnes, Wolgan R., 33°13’16”S 150°13’22”E, 10.iii.2017; Pe, Morton N.P., Corang R., 35°15’S 150°06’E, 25.iv.1994; L, Brooman, Clyde R., 35°30’23”S 150°13’27”E, 10.ii.2009; Pe, Shoalhaven R., Hillview, 35°11’S 149°57’E 17.iii.1992; Pe, Warri Bridge, Shoalhaven R., 35°21’S 149°44’E, 31.iii.1991; Pe, same except 17.iii.1992; 2Pe, Currowan S.F., Cabbage Tree Creek, 35°34’S 150°02’E; Pe [same slide includes Pe N. ctenochelus] Brindabella, Goodradigbee R., 35°23’54’’S 148°44’51’’E, 4.i.2001; L., Captains Flat, Molonglo R., 35°35’S 149°28’E; Pe, Kosciuszko N.P., Yarrangobilly R., 35°39’S 149°28’E, 14–15.i.1991; P ♂, 2Pe, S.E. Araluen, Deua R., 35°45’S 149°57’E, 29.iii.1990; 2Pe, Wallagaraugh Ck., 37°15’S 149°41’E, 13.i.1994; Pe, S.E. Cooma, Brown Mt., Rutherford Ck. [~ 36°36’S 149°47’E] 11.xi.1961 (Brundin), det. M. Spies, 2022 (ZSM). Australian Capital Territory (ACT). 2L, Cotter R., 1.ii.1989. Victoria, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Kiewa Valley Highway, 36°10’S 146°56’E, 3.iv.1990, leg. Cook; P ♀, U. Tambo R., 36°59’S 147°51’E, 8.iii.1990, leg. Hortle. Western Australia: P ♂, Hammersley Range N. P., Fortescue R., Crossing Pool, 21°34’22”S 117°05’02”E, 24.iv.1992, leg. Smith; 3Pe, Millstream Chichester N.P., Fortescue R., below Homestead, 21°33’S 117°03’E, 24–25.iv.1992; Pe, Circular Pool, Fortescue Falls, 21°28’S 118°33’E, 23–24.iv.1992; P ♀, Richenda Gorge, 17°27’09”S, 125°26’07 ̋E, 10.v.1995, leg. Smith); P ♀, Kimberley, Upper Durack R., 16°52’33”S 127°11’43”E, 8.v.1995 (leg. Smith); Kimberley, King Edward R., 14°53’S 126°12’E, 5–6.v.1992. Etymology: From Greek, haplos = simple, chelus = claw, recognising all larval posterior parapod claws are simple and none are comb-like. Diagnostic characters. See below, under Nilotanypus ctenochelus. Description Male (n=12, including pharates). Total length 1.4– 1.8 mm. Wing length 750–950 μm. Overall brown, legs paler, abdomen with slightly paler intersegments. Antenna. With 14 flagellomeres, total length 492– 560, terminal flagellomere 40-50 long, with angled apex, straight (not offset), separated indistinctly from penultimate (13th) flagellomere ~160–192, 4–5 × length of terminal flagellomere, apical 2 flagellomeres subequal to 5.5 (5–6) preceding segments. AR 0.49–0.57; terminal seta 50–70 long. Scape bare, pedicel with 2 setae. Head. Eye (Fig. 1A) microtrichose, dorsomedial extension 8–9 ommatidia long, slightly tapered and angled, 3–4 ommatidia wide. Frontal setae 2, ~100 μm, 7–9 uniserial temporal setae, with slight gap separating 2 outer verticals (Fig. 1A). Clypeal setae 14–18. Palp (2–5) 25–38; 50–63; 100–110; 75–110. Thorax (Figs 1E–G). With uniserial tuberculose mesonotal margin, smoothly curved with posteromedian projecting small sense organ (Fig. 1G); 2–4 lateral antepronotal setae; ~16–25 unevenly uni-biserial acrostichals; ~15–24 dorsocentrals, biserial anteriorly, uniserial from midpoint; separated posterior dorsocentral / prescutellar, 8–11 prealars in anterior and posterior clusters; 1 supra-anal; scutellars with posterior-most row of 8 uniserial strong setae, with up to 20 shorter to much smaller setae anteriorly. Wing (Fig. 1H). Hyaline, all veins pale, including crossveins, membrane and all veins densely setose; costa (C) extends to apex of R 4+5, strongly retracted from wing apex, and proximal to end of M 3+4; R 1 and R 4+5 widely separated, R 2+3 absent or at most, weakly indicated; R 4+5 runs close to costa. Crossvein vertical. Brachiolum to crossvein 160– 200, brachiolum to costa termination 500–670, costa terminal to wing tip 210–250. Squama with 16–20 uniserial setae, Legs. Mensural: P 1 138-162, 90–118, 88–98, 28–38, 20–32, 25–35, 22–26, LR 1 0.70–0.86, BV 1 2.79–3.14, SV 1 2.86–3.02; P 2 165–230, 105–125, 155–178, 58–70, 40–52, 30–35, 30–33; LR 2 1.34– 1.42, BV 2 1.3–1.7, SV 2 2.71–2.88; P 3 150–192, 125–172, 140–192, 75–88, 55–70, 38–43, 27–30; LR 3 1.07–1.28, BV 3 1.70–2.03, SV s 2.02–2.53. Tibial spurs (Figs 1I, J) 1, 1, 1, each narrow, slightly curved, 30–40 long with basal fine divergent spines (‘hairs’), without lateral comb-like teeth; tibial comb on P 3 comprising 7–8 curved spines (Fig. 1J) 25–30 long. One pseudospur (50 x 3) subapical on Ta 1 on P 1 on most specimens; a single specimen also has a shorter (20–25 x 2) pseudospur on Ta 3 and Ta 4; P 2 with pseudospur on Ta 3 and Ta 4 (missing on 50% specimens; if present, shorter, poorly differentiated); P 3 with no pseudospur. Claws simple, gently curved, distally rounded, with strong basal rounded lobe. Pulvilli absent. Abdomen. Setae at least as long or longer than segment, in more or less anterior and median transverse rows, on tergum and sternum. Hypopygium (Fig. 1K). Tergite IX posteriorly with 6 or 8 aligned long setae; proctiger rounded. Gonocoxite squat, externally bulging, 65–70 long, maximum width 38–50, microtrichose, laterally with extremely long posteriorly-directed setae, 250–330 long, filling pharate pupal genital sheaths, setose on dorsal and lateral surface, with slightly differentiated dorso-medial cluster of dense medially-directed fine setae, posteromedian dorsal surface with stronger medially-directed setae with strong tubercle bases that give appearance of a small lobe. Gonostylus 40–52 long, initially broadened (7–8) then tapering and gently curved to 3 wide apex; weakly microtrichose with 3–4 mid-length setae on outer surface, 3 on inner and 1 subterminal; without any carina; megaseta at subapex of gonostylus, slender (5–7 long, 1–1.5 wide), angled relative to direction of apical gonostylus (Fig. 1K). Gc:Gs ratio 1.66–1.88. Phallapodeme strong, sternapodeme shallow arched. Female (n=4, pharate/teneral). Total length ~ 1.5– 1.8 mm, wing length ~500–580 μm. Overall brown, abdomen with slightly paler intersegments. Antenna. With 12 flagellomeres, total length 155– 260, terminal 42–61, with tapered blunt apex; AR [0.20] 0.32–0.36; lacking differentiated terminal seta, cluster 40–50 long. Pedicel with 4 setae, scape with 3–4 setae. Head (Fig. 1B). Eye microtrichose, dorsomedial extension tapered, of 4–6 ommatidia long. Frontal setae 3–4, 110 long, aligned dorso-ventral, contiguous (at right angles) with 7–8 long uniserial temporals. Clypeal setae 16–22, ~100 long. Palp (1–5) 21–38; 25–40; 40–55; 60–75; 66–135. Thorax. With weakly tuberculose anterior margin and small posteromedian scutal sense pit (possibly absent in some). Setal pits (and likely setae) in each location (ac, dc, pa, scts) variable not bimodal in size, originating either from pale longitudinal band, or from paler circular areas: with 1–2 lateral antepronotal setae: 17–22 acrostichals +/- biserial throughout, with isolated posterior dorsocentral / prescutellar, 17–22 unevenly biserial dorsocentrals, 7 prealars separated into anterior 3–4 and posterior cluster of 2–3; 1 supra-anal; scutellum posteriorly with 8 uniserial strong setae, more anteriorly with up to 30 short, finer setae. Wing. Apical marginal setae up to 80 μm. Squama with 8 uniserial setae. Legs. No measurements calculable. Tibial spurs 1, 1, 1, and comb on P 3 apparently as in male. Claws simple, gently curved, distally rounded, with strong basal rounded lobe. Pulvilli absent. Abdomen. Each tergite with 2 transverse bands (anterior and median) of strong setae and small lateral cluster. Genitalia (Figs 1M, N). Gonocoxapodeme VIII indistinct. Gonapophysis VIII solitary simple microtrichose lobe covered only with short setae. Gonotergite IX weakly protruding, without setae. Coxosternapodeme strong, dark, curved. Notum thin, 40–45 long, subequal to seminal capsule, posterior part of rami 40–45 long. Three hyaline, globular, seminal capsules, 35–40 diameter, without distinct neck; spermathecal ducts 130–140 long, dilate prior to narrowing before common ending. Anterior vagina with short spine seemingly associated with mesal end of gonocoxapodeme VIII (Fig. 1N). Cerci squat, small, 20–25 by 15–18.´ Pupa (n=10). Small, total length 1.4–1.9 mm. Cephalothorax. Thoracic horn (Fig. 2A), flattenedtubular, sparsely spinose, 120–140 long, 4–4.5 x as long as maximum breadth, with initially narrow atrium dilate distally to fill ~90% of lumen; ovoid corona 55–62 long. Thoracic comb uniserial row of ~9–12 apically rounded tubercles, 8–12 (longest) diminishing laterad. Basal lobe 25–32 wide, 25–30 high, domed. Thorax weakly granular at most; wing sheath smooth, nose shallow or absent. Abdomen (Fig. 2D). Tergites with short tubercles (2–3 long) aligned in transverse rows of predominantly triplets on tergites, pleurae and sternites, absent from apophyses and scar marks. Tergite I with pigmented scar. Setation: ‘O’ setae on all tergal and sternal transverse apophyses except for VIII, ‘D’ setae seemingly short, 4 characteristically aligned anterior to posterior with 2 sensilla, ‘L’ setae 1–2 per segment, when 2, one dorsal, one ventral, none taeniate on VII; taeniate LS only on VIII, all 5 evenly distributed in posterior 60% of segment. Posterior SVIII with linear-aligned 21–30 subapical spinules, 4–6, essentially uniserial and continuous in male, multiserial, slightly shorter and medially interrupted in female. Anal lobe (Figs 2D, E) in both sexes 125–135 long, 140–155 wide, bare, smooth on outer or inner margin, terminating with recurved hyaline blunt hook; anal setae adhesive, with maximum breadth of AL 1 seta narrower than AL 2 (4–5 versus 11–15 wide). Genital sacs dimorphic, male tapering, 250–300, 2× anal lobe; in female bluntly rounded, 0.5× anal lobe length. Genital sacs basally spinulose in both sexes. Larva (n=12). Total length 2.5–2.7 mm. Head capsule length 330–380, max. width 170–240, cephalic index 0.50–0.63. Pale yellow with mandible, ligula and occipital margin slightly darker yellow to mid-brown. Head. Antenna (Figs 2H, I). Basal segment 130–148, 2nd 41–46, 3rd and 4th 4–5 long; AR 2.9–3.5, ring organ flush, at 68–75% from base; style and Lauterborn organ ~4 long; blade and accessory blade subequal to flagellum (Fig. 2H); antenna / mandible ratio 3.8–4.1. Mandible (Fig. 2J). 47–52 long, seta subdentalis arising on strong distal molar projection (‘tooth’), proximal to rounded inner tooth. Ligula (Fig. 2K). 42–48 long, 2.5 × as long as apical width, narrowed in middle; with 5 teeth, central tooth slightly broader and extending beyond outer teeth. Muscle attachment area weak. Paraligulae bifid, 32–36 long slender; 2/5 length of ligula; outer point at least 2× as long as inner. Pecten hypopharyngis (Fig. 2K) with 5-6 teeth, innermost tooth largest and directed antero-medially, remainder subequal and directed anteriorly. Maxillary palp (Fig. 2L). 27–35 long, ring organ large ~70% from base, longest component of apical crown 14–16 long. Mentum and M appendage. Dorsomentum without teeth, a sclerotized complex each side of base of M appendage, connected by ridges to ventromentum and ventral region of premento-hypopharyngeal complex, from which labial vesicles arise apically; dorsally with anteriorly directed tooth on each side. Ventromentum separated from M appendage by a fold. Pseudoradula finely and uniformly granulose, broadened near base. Submentum / anterior gula (Fig. 2M). Straight with weak transverse ‘creases’ of paler cuticle. V9, V10, VP near longitudinally aligned, SSm posteriorly retracted; dorsal pit (DP) present, S7 well separated from S8, S5 retracted posterior to S8 (Fig. 2F). Abdomen. Anterior parapods 170–200 long, fused from base, divided only subapically (90% of length). Each claw cluster comprising many simple claws, up to 30 long, mostly simple, some with hyaline outer including 4-6 short combs amongst simple basal spinules. Posterior abdomen (Fig. 2O) with parapod 250–275 long, near midpoint bearing isolated ventral 100 long spine; claws pale, variable in size and shape, several with hyaline carina, none pectinate lacking even fine spinules on inner margin. Procercus hyaline anterior, darker posteriorly, 26–35 long, 9–12 wide, with short darkened spur at the base; near midpoint bearing procercal seta 10–12 long, apically with 7 anal setae length 210–240. Supraanal seta strong, 220 long. Anal tubules narrow, tapered, elongate, at least as long as posterior parapods (>250), but difficult to measure precisely. 3rd instar. Head capsule 200 long, 125 wide, ratio 62%, antenna 1 70, 2–4 30, AR 2.3. Mandible length 32. Ligula length 32. Cephalic seta S5

‘ Yarrhpelopia ’ species ‘V20’ (Fig. 2C, K–M) [Pentaneurini ‘V20’. Leung, Pinder & Edward, 2011] Material examined. AUSTRALIA: L(P), Western Australia, Jarrahdale, Wungong catchment, Seldom Seen Brook, 32°15’07”S 116°05’47”’E, 25.x.2016 (Carey) MV B8 R3.1. Description. Pupa (n=1 pharate, inadequately visible). Thoracic horn (Fig. 2C) 230 long, tubular, dilate distally, 25 wide at narrowest (base), 57 at widest (apex); plastron plate near circular, diameter 40–42; corona tapered oval, 87 long, 42 wide, ~40% length of horn. Respiratory atrium occupying ~90% of horn, weakly bilobed at connection to plastron plate at ~80% length, with internal structuring that may be struts and / or vacuoles. Abdomen. Lateral apophyses dark yellow; armament of sparse isolated spinules. Anal lobe with, at most, very fine marginal spinules. Larva (n=1). Head (Fig. 2L) length 650; cephalic ratio (l:w) 55%, subrectangular, pale yellow with occipital margin no darker. Cephalic setation (Fig. 2H) dorsally as in Yarrhpelopia with S7, S8, and DP near aligned at ~60° to A–P axis, and S5 slightly anterior to alignment; ventrally with S9, S10 and SSm aligned at near 45° to A–P axis, and VP lateral to S10. Antenna (Fig. 2L, M) ~60% head length, 3× mandible length, segment lengths: 260: 75: 7: 6; A.R.: 2.95, ring organ at ~55–60%; basal segment ~12× as long as basal width, blade indeterminable. Style very short, 2; Lauterborn organ elongate subovoid 10, extending to mid-segment 4 (Fig. 2M). Mandible (Fig. 2K) strongly curved, 112 long, with bluntly tapering apical tooth, short, slightly projecting inner tooth, and a very strong, tooth-like, extended mola from which seta subdentalis arises. Ligula (Fig. 2N) with 5 teeth in concave row, apices of middle teeth directed slightly laterally; ligula gently broadened from midpoint; narrow area of muscle attachment occupying basal 8–10%. Paraligula bifid, with outer branch 50% length of ligula, inner shorter. Pecten hypopharyngis (Fig. 2O) with 9–10 straight teeth increasing in length to most anterior tooth. Maxillary palp length 80, basal segment 35 long; ring organ at c 55% from base; crown with well-developed setae and sensilla including long 2–segmented b-seta with unequal sections. Submentum (Fig. 2H) anteriorly with faint ‘creases’ of lighter sclerotisation. Dorsomentum, M appendage and vesicles not distinguishable. Pseudoradula 18 wide, essentially parallel-sided, densely micro-granulose slightly aligned linearly, posteriorly without contact to ventral hypopharyngeal apodemes. Abdomen. Body without fringe of swim setae. Anterior parapod claws simple, pale. Anal tubules short (60). Procercus yellow, unicoloured, ~3.5× as long as wide (95 × 28), with 8 anal setae of length 410–420. Subbasal seta of posterior parapod simple, ~200 long. Posterior parapods yellow. contracted, seemingly all simple. Remarks. Leung et al. (2011) differentiated this taxon from ‘sp. A’ (= Yarrhpelopia norrisi Cranston) as ‘V20’ and recognised this as unique to Western Australia (WA). Although it had been reported by Bunn et al. (1986), it was not included in Cranston (1996). The sole sequence was obtained from a mature larva with pharate pupa within / amongst a batch of larvae from south-western Western Australia. Molecular placement as sister to all sampled eastern Y. norrisi (Fig. 1) is credible and thus in ‘V20’ we have a morphologically distinct larva / pupa as sister to ‘core’ Yarrhpelopia. However, lacking adult material, formal description as a new species is premature and we retain Edward’s and Leung et al ‘s code for description of the larva and partial pupa. Thus, we lack a successful DNA extraction from any ‘core’ Yarrhpelopia in Western Australia that was recognised by Leung et al. (2011) as resembling Y. norrisi. This species is a Western Australian endemic, likely limited to the moist south-west of the state, in creeks in jarrah forest (D.H. Edward pers. comm. to Cranston 1990)., Published as part of Cranston, Peter S., Krosch, Matt & Baker, Andrew M., 2021, Molecular evidence for deeper diversity in Australian Tanypodinae (Chironomidae): Yarrhpelopia and related new taxa, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4635652, {"references":["Leung, A. E., Pinder, A. & Edward, D. E. (2011) Photographic guide and keys to the larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of southwest Western Australia. Part I. Key to subfamilies and Tanypodinae. Department of Environment and Conservation, State Government of Western Australia, Perth. Available from: https: // www. dpaw. wa. gov. au / images / documents / about / science / pubs / guides / guide-to-swwa-chironomidae-part-i. pdf (accessed 26 December 2020)","Bunn, S. E., Edward, D. H. & Loneragan, N. R. (1986) Spatial and temporal variation in the macroinvertebrate fauna of streams of the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia: community structure. Freshwater Biology, 16, 76 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2427.1986. tb 00949. x","Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide No. 1. Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, West Ryde, New South Wales, 376 pp."]}

Coronapelopia valedon Cranston & Krosch sp. n. (Figs. 4–6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 45304FFC-043A-4DDE-A1ED-C21202D0BA99 [Pentaneurini genus D Cranston 1996, 2010, 2019c] Material examined (collected Cranston unless stated otherwise, deposited ANIC). Holotype, slide-mounted in Euparal: P ♂, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Brown Mt., Rutherford Ck., 36°36’S 149°47’E, 16.x.1990 (Cranston & Edward). Paratypes: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, 4 Pe, Cape Tribulation, Oliver Ck., 16°08’37”S 145°26’21’’E, 22– 23.iv.1999; P ♂, Mt. Lewis N.P., Churchill Ck., 16°34’S 149°47’E, 1.xi.2012 MV FNQ12 CHT2; 4 Pe, Kenilworth State Forest, Bundaroo Ck., 26°41’S 152°36’E, 26.ix.1989 (Cranston & Edward); Pe, same except 27.xi.1989 (Cranston). New South Wales: 2L, L(P), Blue Mts, Grose Valley, Fairy Dell Ck., 33°35’S 150°15’E, site E0101, 18.xi.1992 (AWT); Pe, Brindabella, Goodradigbee R., 35°23’54”S 148°44’51’’E, 4.i.2001; ♂, P ♂, 7Pe, as holotype [Pe to ZSM]. Australian Capital Territory: Pe, Brindabella [Ranges], Blundell’s Ck., 35°22’S 148°50’E, 6-9.iv.1988; Pe, Corin, Gibraltar Falls, 30.i.2001, 35°28’S 148°55’E. Description. Adult male (n=4–5, all teneral) body length ~ 2.3–2.5 mm, wing length undetermined. Colour apparently yellow-brown, scutal vittae mid-brown, scutellum darker brown. Antennal plume and legs pale. Head. A.R. ~2.0–2.1, terminal flagellomere tapering, 3-4× as long as broad, with terminal strong seta 50 long (Fig. 4A); penultimate flagellomere 3.5× terminal flagellomere; eye bare, with 6 ommatidia long dorsomedial extension. Temporal setae 8-9 closely aligned as inner verticals, none dorso-laterally. Clypeal setae 16. Palp (n=1) clearly 5 segmented; 1 bare, 2-4 with long setae, 5 much less setose; lengths of 2–5: 23, 42, 74, 110, seemingly lacking sensilla clavata. Scape bare, pedicel with 1 lateral seta. Thorax. Scutal tubercle absent. Antepronotal setae 1, fine; acrostichals ~15, uni-biserial between the vittae ending in anterior prescutellar field; dorsocentrals ~20, arising anteriorly in humeral field, multiserial in humeral area, uniserial between vittae, expanded posteriorly; supraalars 0; prealars biserial 8–9; scutellars 9–10 uniserial. Preepisternum bare. Wing. Costa ending at apex of R 4+5, distant from wing apex, ending above midpoint between ends of M 1+2; and M 3+4; R 2, R 2+3 and VR not determinable on teneral wing. Membrane unpatterned, densely setose in all cells and all veins. Anal lobe rounded. Squamal setae 7–9. Legs. LR 1 0.6–0.64, BV 1 1.9–2.2, SV 1 3.0–3.2; LR 2 0.7–0.72, BV 2 2.5, SV 2 3.2 LR 3 0.72–0.73, BV 1 2.2, SV 1 2.8. Tibial spur (Fig. 4B) lengths; P 2 15; P 3 15; without tibial comb. Claws very slender, slightly curved, distally pointed, simple. Pulvilli absent. Hypopygium (Fig. 4C, D). Tergite IX microtrichiose without setae; “anal point” not evident. Gonocoxite 95 long, cylindrical, beset with very long (>125 long) setae on dorsal and lateral surface, extending well beyond flexed gonostylus; proximal dorso-medial surface with oval patch of mid-lengthed, dense, medially-directed setae. Gonostylus 78–80 long, very narrow but scarcely tapering, terminal spur 23 long, subapical seta inserted on inner margin 35 from apex (Fig. 4D). Phallapodeme not visible, sternapodeme inverted V-shaped. Adult female unknown. Pupa (n=10). Length 2.5–2.9 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellow including wing sheaths; abdomen TI with strong yellow-brown scar, remainder pale to yellow, with golden transverse apophyses. Cephalothorax. Thoracic horn (Fig. 5A,flattened elongate ovoid; Corona large, occupying ~40–50, exceptionally 60% of length of thoracic horn, plastron plate subovoid, angled to long axis. Thoracic comb comprising 10–13 short tubules tending to fine spinules, longest 10 long (Fig. 5A), or seemingly absent. Basal lobe elongate lobe, 30 long. Thorax bare or micro-spinulose; without scutal or postnotal tubercle. Single antepronotal seta retracted from margin, only 1 weak precorneal seta; other thoracic setae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 5D). Tergite I with scar, lateral muscle marks not visible.Abdominal microspinulation (shagreen) (Fig. 5H) of sparse, fine spinules not aggregated or linear. L setae taeniate on segments VII (4, clustered in posterior half) and VIII (all 5, evenly spaced). D setae: 3 on I, 4 on II, 5 on III–VII, absent on VIII; O-setae: 1 pair dorsal, 1 ventral, situated close to apophyses. Anal lobe (Fig. 2D) near rectangular ~2× as long as broad (270–300 × 26–32), with ultra-fine scattered spinules; borders smooth. Anterior macroseta thin (~5–6) after initial dilation compared to broader (10–12) posterior macroseta; macrosetae adhesive. Genital sheaths smooth, of male ~220, extending ~90–100% length of anal lobe, containing very long gonostylar setae. of female short (~70). Larva (n=2). Body length 4.0– 4.8 mm, head capsule (Fig. 6A) length 550–590 µm, golden-yellow with narrow cephalic margin only slightly darker golden-brown; mandible golden yellow, ligula golden, grading darker in distal half, anterior parapod claws fine and pale, posterior claws broader, golden-yellow, simple (but all contracted), Capsule longish-oval, cephalic index ~0.75 (compressed). Cephalic setation (Fig. 6A, I): SSm slightly retracted on mola, VP with V9, V10 unaligned, equidistant in a triangle; dorsal pit (DP) close to S5, S7 close to S8. Antenna (Fig. 6A, C) ~60% head length, 2.5× mandible length, segment lengths: 250–300: 100–105: 5: 3; A.R.: 2.7–3.2, ring organ at ~50%; basal segment ~8× as long as basal width, Blade bifid, broad outer branch 65, slightly shorter than or subequal to narrow accessory blade, extending to or slightly beyond antennal apex. Lauterborn organ thin, short, 4–5, subequal to segment 3 (Fig. 6C). Mandible (Fig. 6G) gently curved, with bluntly tapering apical tooth, 90–105 long; short, rounded, non-projecting inner tooth, seta subdentalis arises from rounded non-extended mola. Ligula (Fig. 6E) with 5 teeth in concave row, all teeth directed anteriorly; ligula broadened from midpoint; narrow area of muscle attachment occupying basal 8–10%. Paraligula bifid, with outer branch 50% length of ligula, inner shorter. Pecten hypopharyngis (Fig. 6J) with 10–12 upcurved lobe/teeth, increasing in length anteriorly (nearest to ligula). Maxillary palp length 80, basal segment 52 long; ring organ at Submentum (Fig. 6I) anteriorly with transverse ‘creases’ of light sclerotisation, more evident laterally than medially. Dorsomentum with darker sclerotised patch 10 long, bearing 3–4 small teeth; M appendage uncertain, vesicles not distinguishable. Pseudoradula 8–10 wide, essentially parallel-sided, densely micro-granulose without alignment, posteriorly without contact to ventral hypopharyngeal apodemes. Abdomen. Anterior parapod claws simple, pale. Anal tubules not determined. Procercus yellow, bicoloured, paler posteriorly, ~3× as long as wide (85 × 30), with 8 anal setae of length 350. Subbasal seta of posterior parapod simple, ~200 long. Posterior parapods yellow. seemingly all simple (but contracted) subtended on parapod by subapical area of few fine spinules. Etymology (Derivatio nominis). The species epithet valedon, derives from farewell (vale) to our late colleague ‘Don’ Edward who was associated with the first collection made, in eastern Australia although somewhat ‘out of range’ of this proud western Australian. To be treated as a noun in apposition. Remarks. Coronapelopia valedon is an Australian endemic distributed along the eastern margin of Australia, from 18°S to 36°S, and apparently absent from Tasmania.

Coronapelopia Cranston & Krosch gen. nov. (Figs. 4–6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7ED04D93-DAD3-41ED-A426-3C308817FC5D Type species: Coronapelopia valedon sp.n., here designated. Other included species: Coronapelopia quadridentata sp.n.

Yarrhpelopia acorona Cranston & Krosch sp. n. (Fig. 3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B234D3F2-4FB4-43A9-B5B4-796B5D665DCA [‘? Telmatopelopia ’ (part) Cranston 1996] Type material. Holotype P ♂, slide-mounted in Euparal, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, New England, Cathedral Rock N.P., Sphagnum pool, 30°26’18”S 152°17’9”E, 13.iii.2017 (Cranston) ANIC, MV: NSWNE17.3.1. Paratypes (collected Cranston unless stated otherwise, deposited ANIC). 3 Pe, Queensland, Mt. Lewis N.P., Churchill Ck., 420 m. asl, 16°34’S 145°20’E, 6–7.iv.1997; P ♂, P ♀, 9 Pe, Herberton, Carrington Falls, 17°34’S 145°20’E, 9–10.iv.1997; P ♂, 3 Pe, Cardwell, 5 Mile Ck., 18°20’S 146°03’E, 1–4.iv.1997 [P ♂ to ZSM]; Pe, Fitch Hatton Gorge, 21°05’S 148°37’E, 200 m. asl, 22.iii.1998. Northern Territory, Pe, Arnhem Land, ‘ Podocarpus canyon’, 12°39’S 133°26’E, 18–19.v.1992; Kakadu N.P., Pe, U. Magela Ck., below Bowerbird Billabong, 12°47’S 133°03’E, 28.v.1988; Rockhole Mine Ck., 13°30’S 132°30’E (M. Smith); 2 Pe, 22.iv.1993, Pe, P (♀), 29.iv.1993 [Pe to ZSM], Pe, P (♀), 6.v.1993, Pe, P (♀) 20.v.1993, 3P(♀), 27.v.1993 (all M. Smith) [P ♀ to ZSM]; Pe, same location, 25.iv.1992, 2Pe, 3.vi.1992 (Hardwick). Unassociated larvae: 3L, as above, Rockhole Mine Ck., 13°30’S 132°30’E,. v.1993 (M. Smith). L, New South Wales: nr Tallong, Barber’s Ck. (Sydney Water), viewed previously, now unavailable. Description. Adult male (n=4, pharate/dissected). Teneral body length ~ 3 mm, abdomen 2 mm, wing length ~ 2 mm. Thorax yellow-brown, scutal vittae midbrown, scutellum darker brown; antennal plume and legs pale yellow. Head. Antenna with terminal flagellomere 50 long, with tapered or rounded apex, 2.5–3 × as long as broad, with terminal seta 50–60 long (Fig. 3A); penultimate flagellomere 4.5–6× terminal flagellomere; A.R. 3.4–3.5. Eye bare, with dorsomedial extension of 6 ommatidia. Temporal setae 11–14 aligned continuous with inner verticals, none dorso–laterally. Clypeal setae 13–16. Palp (2–4) 30, 64, 85, 116. Pedicel with 4 aligned setae. Thorax. Antepronotal setae 1–3; acrostichals ~15–24, unevenly uni-biserial between vittae ending in anterior prescutellar field; dorsocentrals ~24–42, arising with cluster in anterior humeral field, multiserial in humeral area, =/- uni-biserial between vittae, expanded nearer to scutellum; supraalars 0; prealars 14–15 bi/multiserial, extending anteriorly more than usual; scutellars 12–14, scattered. Wing. Membrane unpatterned, densely setose in all cells and all veins. Continuous row of near hyaline, bluntended 40 long setae (Fig. 3B) running from base of vein R to apex of R 1 observed in 1 intact wing, not in other abraded wings. Venation and VR not determinable on teneral uninflated wing. Anal lobe not determined. Squamal setae 18. Legs. All teneral/pharate, only P 1 lengths and ratios calculated: 350, 360, 330, 210, 160, 120, 100; LR 1 0.91, BV 1 2.06, SV 1 2.15. Tibial spurs sinuous, each with 2–5 short lateral teeth and 0–several denticles (Fig. 3C): lengths; P 1 35–40; P 2 28–30, 28–30; P 3 52–63, 35. Without tibial comb. Claws very slender, sinuous curved, distally pointed, simple. Pulvilli absent. Hypopygium (Fig. 3D). Tergite IX setose, dorsally with paired clusters, ventrally with median and lateral clusters; “anal point” present, hyaline, not illustrated. Gonocoxite 75–85 long, cylindrical, beset with dense setae on dorsal and lateral surface, extending only slightly beyond base of gonostylus; proximal dorso-medial surface with demarcated oval area of dense, mid-lengthed, medially-directed setae; posterior and lateral to this area, dense long setae are directed postero-laterally/medially. Gonostylus 60–70 long, with swollen base, strongly tapering, microtrichiose without longer setae, megaseta 8–12 long. Phallapodeme slender 50 long, sternapodeme slender, inverted V-shaped. Adult female (n=6, all pharate/dissected). Body length ~ 2.5 mm, abdomen ~ 1.5 mm, wing length ~ 1.6 mm. Yellow-brown, scutal vittae and scutellum mid-brown. Antennal plume and legs pale yellow. Head.Antenna with 4 setae on scape, 6–8 on pedicel; with 11 flagellomeres, terminal flagellomere 90–115 long, abruptly tapered to narrow blunt apex, with terminal seta 0–30% longer than terminal flagellomere; A.R. 0.29–0.31; eyes bare, separated medially by 2–3 ommatidia. Temporal setae 10–12 continuous with uniserial 5–7 inner verticals. Clypeal setae 9–13. Palp segment lengths (2–5): 30–37, 60–75, 85–105, 125–160. Thorax. Some thoracic setae (esp. scutellars) stout and long, up to ~200. Antepronotal setae 3; acrostichals 29–34, uni-biserial between the vittae ending in anterior prescutellar field; dorsocentrals 32–42, anteriorly commencing with cluster in anteriormost humeral field, multiserial from humeral area, =/- uni-biserial in broader area towards scutellum; supraalars 0; prealars bi/multiserial 9–15; scutellars 22–26 multiserial. Wing. Membrane unpatterned, densely setose with long setae in all cells and all veins (without distinctive setae on R veins). Anal lobe not determined. Squamal setae 16–18. Legs. All teneral/pharate, lengths and ratios incalculable. Tibial spurs sinuous, each with 2–5 lateral fine teeth exemplified on P 1 (Fig 3, left) and few small fine hairs, lengths; P 1 45–50; P 2 29–43, 25–27; P 3 43–47, 25–27. Without tibial comb. Claws fine, slender, curved, distally pointed, simple; pulvilli absent. Genitalia. Gonocoxapodeme VIII pale-brown, gently curved. Gonapophysis VIII triangular with a tapering distally rounded microtrichiose lobe. Gonotergite IX without setae. Notum thin, 110–132 long, 3x seminal capsule length, free part of rami pale. Tergite IX thin, non-setose. Postgenital plate large bearing small globular cerci, 30 x 30. Three ovoid / globular seminal capsules, 40 long, 30 wide; spermathecal ducts bare, ending separately. Pupa (n=10, including some pharate). Length 5.2–6.8 mm, colour varying from mid yellow to darker golden yellow, transverse apophyses distinct, mid-yellow to darker. Thoracic horn (Fig. 3E, F) tubular, of variable shape: holotype 360 long, 100 wide, near parallel-sided to slightly broadening distally, plastron plate ovoid 160 long, 45% length of horn, respiratory atrium 50–60% width of stem (Fig. 3E); Rockhole Mine Ck shorter, 250–270 long, less broadened distally, 45 wide at base, 55 at widest (subapex); plastron plate ovoid, 75–88 x 55–60, ~30% length of horn (Fig. 3F); corona absent, externally with dense well developed spines, separated or with fused bases in tropical specimens; respiratory atrium lacking internal structuring, occupying ~70–80% of horn width, tubular until constricted at connection to plastron plate. Thoracic comb of ~12 small blunt tubercles varying in size, in single uneven row. Abdomen (Fig. 3G) with somewhat squat segments, with strong scar on I, distinct apophyses, and prominent dense, strong, simple spinules (Fig. 3H), with posterior transverse band of stronger darker spinules on a darkened background in tropical specimens, fainter in temperate specimens. Anal lobe triangular 245–280 long, 140–160 wide at base, distally a slightly but distinctly offset triangular point; setae of anal lobe rather narrow, inserted at ~40 and 55% of length respectively; mediolaterally with simple spinules, some extending to margin (Fig. 3I). Genital sacs triangular in male, 75–80% length of anal lobe, in female rounded and very small, ~30–40% of lobe length. Larva (n=1). Head length 600; tapering, cephalic ratio (l:w) 77%, pale yellow with occipital margin deeper yellow. Cephalic setation (Fig. 3O) dorsally conventional for Yarrhpelopia with S7, S8, and DP near aligned at ~90° to A–P axis, S5 slightly anterior to alignment; ventrally with S9, S10 and VP proximate in triangular arrangement, SSm posteriormost, significantly distant from remainder. Antenna (Fig. 3J). ~50% head length, 3× mandible length, segment lengths: 260: 55: 6: 4; A.R. 3.8, ring organ at mid–point; basal segment ~10× as long as basal width; blade bifid, inner narrow branch 60, outer dilate branch 64. Style very small 2–3; Lauterborn organ slender extending beyond antennal apex. Mandible (Fig. 3K) gently curved, 110 long, with bluntly tapering apical tooth, short, barely projecting inner tooth, and weakly protruding rounded mola from which seta subdentalis arises. Ligula (Fig. 3L) with 5 teeth in concave row, apices of middle teeth directed slightly laterally; ligula gently broadened from midpoint; darkened apical teeth to 33% of ligula, area of muscle attachment occupying basal 20– 25%. Paraligula bifid, with outer branch 50% length of ligula, inner shorter. Pecten hypopharyngis (Fig. 3M) with 16 distinct teeth, transversely orientated in gentle arc with innermost tooth longest and directed medially. Maxillary palp (Fig. 3N) with distinct basal section, 25 long, flexible membranous at connection to main segment 50 long; ring organ at c 50–55% from base; crown 20 long with short setae and sensilla including 2–segmented b-seta with unequal sections. Submentum (Fig. 3O) anteriorly with ‘creases’ of lighter sclerotisation. Dorsomentum, M appendage and vesicles very reduced or indistinguishable. Pseudoradula very broad, 50 wide, densely micro-granulose non-aligned posteriorly without contact to ventral hypopharyngeal apodemes. Abdomen. Body without fringe of swim setae. Anterior parapod claws simple, pale. Anal tubules not distinguishable. Procercus pale, unicoloured, ~4.5× as long as wide (140 × 25–28), with 8 mostly broken anal setae, max length 400. Subbasal seta of posterior parapod simple, ~270 long. Posterior parapods yellow, all conventionally simple, except the shortest that is a strong flattened hook. Etymology (Derivatio nominis). The specific epithet acorona refers to the diagnostic lack of any corona in the pupal thoracic horn. To be treated as a noun in apposition. Remarks. The first specimens found were coded as ‘nr Telmatopelopia ’, and came from an acidic mine-affected creek in Kakadu N.P., Northern Territory. The taxon was keyed in larval and pupal stages by Cranston (1996). Tentative identification as ‘nr Telmatopelopia ’ was based on a pupal resemblance to this so-far monotypic northern hemisphere genus, notably the large ovate plastron plate lacking any surrounding corona on a tubular, spinose thoracic horn. Placement of this taxon within an expanded Yarrhpelopia derives from robust molecular evidence that it is sister to Y. norrisi (Fig. 1). The adults resemble the type species Y. norrisi, as does the larva (below) although the pupa differs in the thoracic horn, spinosity of the abdomen and the terminal segment. This taxon, listed in Smith & Cranston (1995, Appendix) as ‘nr Telmatopelopia ’, was one of 5 species based on pupal exuvial evidence that increased in abundance at the entry of the polluted Rockhole Mine adit into the creek (Cranston et al. 1997). Larval association has been problematic, with only one definite association from Rockhole Mine Creek and none from elsewhere. No potential larva was found amongst the sympatric specimens at the holotype location of NSWNE17.3, where larvae sampled for molecular study from that site (17.3.6,7,8 & 11) belong to Coronapelopia quadridentata (described below) and others (17.3, 4 & 9) to Yarrhpelopia norrisi. Larval specimens 17.3.2 and 10 provisionally allocated to ‘ST1’, now fall within the variation of Y. norrisi. Initial identification as ‘near to’ Telmatopelopia is refuted by a different larval morphology including S9-S10, VP and SSm forming a curved line, with the DP absent (Rieradevall & Brooks 2001), plus the serrate anterior parapod claws (Cranston & Epler 2013). Although the pupa and adult male resemble Telmatopelopia, and although we lack molecular material, it is unlikely on the evidence at hand that this western European genus occurs in Australia. Yarrhpelopia acorona is eastern Australian, apparently abundant only in the acidic polluted sections of Rockhole Mine Creek in Kakadu National Park; otherwise several locations in north Queensland (from 16°S) and a drain from a Sphagnum bog in Cathedral Rock N. P., New England (N.S.W.). Many sites are, or are surmised to be, acidified from mine wastes, with ferric flocculence, or in naturally acidic seeps or faster flowing waters.

Coronapelopia quadridentata Cranston & Krosch sp. n. (Figs 4–6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 159B01C0-3C74-48C0-9A27-DA77254A9E58 [Pentaneurini genus E Cranston 1996, 2000, 2010, 2019c] Material examined. Holotype, slide-mounted in Euparal, Le/Pe/ ♀, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Shannon River N.P., mid-Shannon River, 34°39’E 116°22’E, 23–24.xi.1994 (Cranston) ANIC. Paratypes (collector Cranston, deposited ANIC, unless indicated otherwise). As holotype, Le/Pe/ ♀, P ♀, 20 Pe; south-western Western Australia, Shannon River N.P., Shannon R., 34°39’E 116°22’E, 23–24.xi.1994 [P ♀, 6 Pe to ZSM]; 2L, Fish Ck., 34°40’E 116°23’E, 24.xi.1994. New South Wales, P ♀, 3L, New England, Cathedral Rock N.P., Sphagnum bog pool, ~ 1360 m. asl, 30°26’18”S 152°17’9”E, 13.iii.2017, MV: NSWNE17.3.6, 7, 8, 11. Other material. Tasmania: 4 Pe, Walls of Jerusalem N.P., Solomon’s Jewels, pond #2, 41°47’8”S 146°16’5”E, 1185 m. asl, 17.iii.1997 (Wright). Description. Male unknown. Female (n=2, +/- pharate). Total length c. 2.0 mm, wing length 2.1 mm. Antenna: scape and pedicel each with 5–7 setae ventrally in semicircle on each (Fig. 4E); with 10 flagellomeres, A.R. 0.26, terminal flagellomere 80 µm long, tapering, apex without seta. Dorsomedial extension of eye 5–6 ommatidia wide. Temporal setae 13, linear uniserial. Clypeal setae 27. Palp lengths 2–5: 35, 75, 108, 175, lacking any sensilla. Thoracic setation: antepronotal seta 1; acrostichals (ac) 29–32, multiserial, starting far anterior ending just short of scutellum; dorsocentrals (dc) 38, broadly scattered in humeral area, then biserial to just anterior to scutellum (ac and dc setae bimodal in size); supraalars 0; prealars irregularly biserial, 18–20; scutellars biserial, 15–16. Squama 5. Leg ratios (n=1) LR 1 0.64, BV 1 2.50, SV 1 2.93; LR 2 0.58, BV 2 2.77, SV 2 3.55; LR 3 0.64, BV 3 2.62, SV 3 2.82. Single tibial spur similar on all legs, slightly sinuous, 7–8 long, bare or with few very fine, hair-like side teeth. Genitalia (Fig. 4E, F). Gonocoxapodeme VIII pale (teneral) gently curved. Gonapophysis VIII a single distally rounded lobe. Gonotergite IX protruding with 5–7 strong setae. Notum thin, pale. Tergite IX thin, non-setose. Postgenital plate narrow, with small pediform cerci. Three small globular seminal capsules of diameter 70–75, spermathecal ducts bare, ending separately. Pupa (n=10). Body length 5.2–6.0 mm. Cephalothorax and abdomen golden-brown; wing sheaths, scar, posterolateral areas of each segment and apophyses contrastingly darker. Cephalothorax. Thoracic horn (Fig. 5B) cylindrical, flattened in antero-ventral plane, curved in lateral view, dilate and rounded apically, 275 long, maximum length 2.5× maximum width, external membrane with spines nearly united into irregular mesh. Horn sac tubular, occupying c. 90% of horn, bilobed each side of connection to plastron at 80% length. Corona wide, occupying c. 30–40% length of thoracic horn, plastron plate ovoid, 50% width of corona, angled to long axis. Basal lobe tubercular, c 35 long. Thoracic comb comprising 7–8 squat, near contiguous tubercles,10 long. Thorax smooth; without scutal or postnotal tubercle. Thoracic setae difficult to discern: only 1 weak precorneal seta; dorsal setae 1 and 2 present, simple, 2 displaced laterally close to anterior wing sheath base, dcs 4 in supraalar position. Abdomen (Fig. 5E). Tergite I with scar, lateral muscle marks very weak. Abdominal spinulation (shagreen) (Fig. 5F) aggregated into short rows, larger and denser and in triplets medially or aligned laterally especially on more posterior segments. L setae taeniate only on segments VII (4, clustered in posterior half) and segment VIII (all 5, evenly spaced). D setae: 3 on I, 4 on II, 5 on III–VII, absent on VIII; O-setae: 1 pair dorsal, 1 ventral, situated mid-curve of apophyses. Anal lobe ~1.5× as long as broad, bare, neither border with strong spinules (Fig. 5E,H), terminating in sclerotised point (Fig. 5H). Anterior seta of anal lobe half width at base (c. 8 µm) of the posterior (distal) (~ 15 µm). (Anal macrosetae adhesive. Genital sheath of female very short; of male smooth, extending c. 95% length of anal lobe, Larva (n=2–3). Body length 4.1–4.2 mm, head capsule length 400–430, width 300–315, golden-yellow, darkened posteriorly (Fig. 6B), mandible golden, apical tooth variably darkened ligula golden brown grading to darker brown distal 1/3 (Fig. 6H), anterior parapod claws fine and pale, posterior claws broader, simple, pale yellow. Capsule elongate-oval, cephalic index 0.7–0.75. Cephalic setation (Fig. 6B, J): S10, S9 and SSm forming a triangle with VP between S10 and SSm, dorsal pit absent, S7 close to S8, S5 strongly retracted, aligned with extension of S7 and S8. Antenna (Fig. 6B, D) ~50% head length, segment lengths: 137–142: 44–45: 6, 3, A.R. 2.1–2.2; basal segment ~8× as long as basal width, ring organ distal to mid-point (66%); blade bifid, broad outer branch 48, inner branch thin, both ending at apex of antenna. Lauterborn organs swollen, 10, reaching apex of antenna (Fig. 6D). Mandible (Fig. 6H) gently curved, with tapering apical tooth, 54–57 long; short, rounded inner tooth not projecting, long seta subdentalis arises from projecting tooth-like distal mola. Ligula (Fig. 6F) 48–50 long, with 4 teeth in level row, with all teeth directed anteriorly, ligula constricted medially; narrow rectangular area of muscle attachment occupying basal 8–10%. Paraligula bifid, with outer branch ~ 50% length of ligula, inner much shorter. Pecten hypopharyngis (Fig. 6K) with 6–8 teeth, homogenous in size or diminishing slightly laterad. Maxillary palp with basal segment 30 long; ring organ situated at 10% length from base; crown with well-developed setae and sensilla including 2-segmented b-seta with sections subequal in length. Submentum (Fig. 6J) anteriorly with only very weak transverse ‘creases’ of lighter sclerotisation. Dorsomentum and pseudoradula indistinct, faint. Abdomen. Anterior parapods short, claws simple, pale. Anal tubules slender, pointed, 60 long. Procercus slightly darkened posteriorly, ~2.5× as long as wide (50–52 × 20–22), with 7–8 anal setae, 250–280. Subbasal seta of posterior parapod long, simple. Posterior parapods 300 long, claws subtended on parapod by few fine spinules. Two mid-sized claws are ‘folded’ (Fig. 6L) as noted for WA specimens by Leung et al. (2011), confirmed here also for eastern Australia in individuals with distinct.claws visible. Etymology (Derivatio nominis). The species epithet quadridentata refers to the four-toothed larval ligula, unusual and diagnostic in Australian pentaneurine tanypods. Remarks. As with other taxa treated using codes in Cranston (1996), ‘ Pentaneurini genus E’ was segregated based on immature stage characters (larvae and usually also pupae) of which corresponded to no northern hemisphere taxa. Formal taxonomy with diagnoses and species descriptions awaited full life stage associations and especially insights anticipated from molecular data. Although disappointingly few additional life histories have been made, pharate adults are now available from collections made in the appropriate habitats seeking material (successfully) for molecular studies. However, for ‘genus E’ all adults are pharate females and generally description of novel taxa without the adult male is to be avoided. Molecular analyses (Fig. 1) reveal the taxon as sister to, and thus indicated as congeneric, with the taxon treated here as Coronapelopia valedon. The morphology of the immature stages can be reconciled with this, although the female adult is unknown for the genotype C. valedon, and the male is unknown for C. quadridentata. The larva of C. quadridentata was segregated (as ‘ Pentaneurini genus E’ Cranston 1996) by the narrow, elongate four-toothed ligula (Fig. 6F). Although a tooth number of the conventional five can occur due to developmental abnormality, in this species it is unlikely given a ventral setal arrangement with S10, ventral pit and SSm transversely aligned in a pattern unknown in any previously recognised larva with an aberrant four-toothed ligula. All larvae from several localities in south-western Western Australia possessed this characteristic ligula, although some material from eastern Australia rarely may have a 5-toothed ligula, but be otherwise identical in every detail. The species appears acidophilic in Western Australia where the Shannon River and the tributary Fish Creek naturally are acidic with low conductivity and nutrient levels, in a catchment entirely within the Shannon River National Park. The species is reported as both lotic and lentic in the south west of Western Australia by Leung et al (2011). Several eastern Australian localities where this taxon had previously been recorded are named as swamps (e.g., Basket Swamp and Tin Swamp Creek) amongst Sydney Water monitoring sites. However, further locality details were not provided nor are specimens available for morphological study. The location from which molecular material was obtained was at elevation (~ 1360 m. asl) in a large sphagnum swamp amongst snow gums, including in a small stream draining the bog. The sole site in Tasmania is a small pond (Jewels Pond #2) also at elevation (1185 m. asl) in cushion plant heathland., Published as part of Cranston, Peter S., Krosch, Matt & Baker, Andrew M., 2021, Molecular evidence for deeper diversity in Australian Tanypodinae (Chironomidae): Yarrhpelopia and related new taxa, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 4949 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4635652, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide No. 1. Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, West Ryde, New South Wales, 376 pp.","Leung, A. E., Pinder, A. & Edward, D. E. (2011) Photographic guide and keys to the larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of southwest Western Australia. Part I. Key to subfamilies and Tanypodinae. Department of Environment and Conservation, State Government of Western Australia, Perth. Available from: https: // www. dpaw. wa. gov. au / images / documents / about / science / pubs / guides / guide-to-swwa-chironomidae-part-i. pdf (accessed 26 December 2020)"]}