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Developing biological profiling methods based on morphological trait scores or skeletal measurements is a time-consuming process prone to observers’ inconsistencies and, often, results of limited practical significance. To overcome such issues, artificial intelligence has been introduced to forensic anthropology, but initially without remarkable effect, as these, primarily neural network-based techniques, required large sample sizes and advanced computer science skills. The developments of user-friendly tools have brought these methods to scientists of different profiles, while introducing transfer learning methods has enabled the usage of more realistic sample sizes. In this paper, we present possibilities of applying Orange: Data Mining Toolbox to establish methods that can reconstruct the biological profile of individuals directly from images. In the presented cases, we will use cranial images from documented virtual skeletal collection obtained from medical MSCT scans to demonstrate how to transform images to a vector representation using neural networks previously trained on general image datasets. The data with extracted features will furtherly be used to explore sexual dimorphism using unsupervised machine learning (ML) and construct prototypes of sex classification models by supervised ML methods. Finally, we will show how tools in Orange can help us visualize incorrectly classified specimens and interpret clusters.

Forenzična identifikacija ljudskih koštanih ostataka važna je u slučajevima kaznenih dijela, ratnih zločina – masovnih grobnica, masovnih katastrofa, požara te žrtvama terorističkih napada i dr. Neidentificirani koštani ostaci mogu uzrokovati brojne probleme pravne prirode te dodatno otežati proces žalovanja obiteljima stradalih. Važnost forenzičke identifikacije naglašena je u strateškim dokumentima poput dokumenata Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, Interpolovih strategija (Christensen 2009). Glavni ciljevi su: utvrditi identitet osobe i uzrok smrti. Identitet osobe utvrđuje se izradom biološkog profila osobe koji uključuje procjenu spola, dobi, podrijetla, visine i stasa osobe, kao i posebnih obilježja (antemortalne traume, patološka stanja, deformiteti i sl.). Projekt se znanstveno razvija u novom području koje se danas često naziva „virtualnom antropologijom“. Ona obuhvaća novi znanstveni pristup koji se temelji na objedinjavanju klasične forenzičke antropologije, medicinskog snimanja i radiologije, kao i računalnih znanosti. Projekt se temelji na medicinskim snimkama iz Virtualne baze MSCT snimaka Split, (Baza) osnovane 2017. g. kroz suradnju Laboratorija za forenzičnu i biološku antropologiju, Sveučilišnog odjela za forenzične znanosti (Forenzika) i Kliničkog zavoda za intervencijsku i dijagnostičku radiologiju KBC-a Split (Radiologija). Glavni cilj projekta je razviti nove metode za potrebe forenzičke identifikacije upotrebom novih tehnologija za potrebe forenzičke identifikacije ljudskih ostataka u Republici Hrvatskoj. Glavnom cilju doprinijet će ostvarenje sljedećih ciljeva: O1. Razviti metodologiju procijene spola za RH populaciju pomoću morfoloških karakteristika lubanje za forenzičku identifikaciju / O2. Razviti metodologiju procijene spola za RH populaciju pomoću metrijskih karakteristika lubanje za forenzičku identifikaciju / O3. Razviti metodologiju procijene dobi za RH populaciju pomoću pregleda šava lubanje za forenzičku identifikaciju / O4. Razviti metodologiju procijene populacijske pripadnosti populacije RH pomoću epigenetskih karakteristika za forenzičku identifikaciju / O5. Razviti metodologiju procijene populacijske pripadnosti populacije RH pomoću metrijskih karakteristika za forenzičku identifikaciju.

Pojmovnik čine tri cjeline: znanstveni radovi koji donose sve razine obrade forenzičkoga i kriminalističkoga nazivlja u Struni te pojedine načine rješavanja terminoloških i jezičnih nedoumica ; pojmovnik koji obuhvaća 3066 naziva iz područja istraživanja mjesta događaja, suvremenih kriminalističkih teorija i izvršnoga upravljanja, forenzičke obrade bioloških, kemijskih i fizikalnih tragova, forenzičke balistike i mehanoskopije, daktiloskopije, forenzičke analize spornih dokumenata i novca, masovnih katastrofa i masovnih grobnica, bioterorizma, rata i ratovanja, upravljanja kriznim situacijama i drugih relevantnih forenzičkih disciplina te koristan hrvatsko-engleski i englesko-hrvatski glosar. Ovim se izdanjem želi doprinijeti nedvosmislenomu i jasnomu razumijevanju forenzičara, kriminalista i drugih stručnjaka, koji su često različitih struka i različite izobrazbe, usklađivanju literature i pravnih vrela te izgradnji hrvatskoga strukovnog nazivlja i razvoju forenzičkih znanstvenih disciplina u Hrvatskoj.

This study reports the first case of the bipartite parietal bone in the Croatian modern and archaeological population. We have examined 458 skulls from Multi-Slice Computed Tomography (MSCT) images and found only one case of this trait (0.22%; 95%CI 0.01%-1.21%). The bone exhibiting an additional suture was the left parietal; the type of the trait was complete, horizontal, and asymmetrical. Some additional sutural bones were observed, including asterion and lambda ossicle and two lambdoid ossicles. Among the other epigenetic variants, parietal, zygofacial, oval, and mastoid foramina, frontal grooves, supratrochlear notch, and condylar canal were visible. The principal components analysis (PCA) of features extracted from the frontal, lateral, and posterior view of 110 female crania using a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image analysis demonstrated that the skull deviated from the average female skull in the population. The visual and metric examination of the skull showed ultrabrachycephaly, mild lateral deformational plagiocephaly, and depression on the posterior part of the skull. The rarity of this case in the Croatian population indicated that this variant could be interesting for both clinicians and forensic anthropologists, as it can be used as means of comparative identification. Further studies will show its importance in assessing population affinities and relations inside the graveyards.

Pri daktiloskopskoj obradi vlažnih neporoznih predmeta koji se nalaze ili su se neposredno prije tretiranja nalazili uronjeni u vodu kao koristan alat upotrebljava se fizička metoda reagensa malih čestica (eng. Small particle reagent - SPR). Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati realne mogućnosti primjene SPR-a na staklu koje je bilo uronjeno u morsku i riječnu vodu u odnosu na protok vremena od 28 dana od uranjanja predmeta te utvrditi kvalitetu vizualiziranih tragova. U svezi s tim, pokušalo se konstatirati opada li postojanost otisaka protokom navedenog vremena i može li se SPR-om izazvati latentni trag papilarnih linija prsta, a ako može bi li u tom slučaju bio pogodan za identifikaciju. Za istraživanje su prikupljeni uzorci otiska palca desne ruke od 32 ispitanika – 16 muškaraca i 16 žena, sveukupno 384 uzorka. Po 12 otisaka svake osobe ostavljeno je na predmetnim stakalcima od kojih je potom šest uronjeno u plastične posude s morskom, a šest u posude s riječnom vodom. Nakon protoka vremena od 1, 2, 7, 14, 21 i 28 dana, po 32 uzorka izvađena su iz riječne i morske vode te su tretirani SPR-om. Kvaliteta vizualiziranih tragova ocijenjena je ocjenama od 0 do 4, a pritom su uzorci ocijenjeni s 3 i 4 označivali one pogodne za identifikaciju. Prvi i drugi dan nakon uranjanja uzoraka u vodu i njihova vađenja te tretiranja SPR-om crne boje, kvaliteta vizualiziranih otisaka prstiju bila je između 94 % i 97 % onih iz riječne, te 75 % i 81 % iz morske vode, dok je sedmi dan od uranjanja taj postotak iznosio 47 %, odnosno 34 %. Četrnaesti dan i nadalje nijedan otisak iz riječne vode nije bio uporabljiv, dok je četrnaesti dan 22 %, te dvadeset i osmi dan 25 % otisaka iz morske vode bilo uporabljivo. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazali su da je u određenim slučajevima i do dvadeset i osam dana od uranjanja staklenih površina s tragovima papilarnih linija u morskoj vodi moguće vizualizirati tragove reagensom malih čestica. Međutim, protokom vremena koji su uzorci proveli u vodi, pada i njihova kvaliteta, odnosno uporabljivost za potrebe identifikacije.

Aim was to determine the prevalence of metopic suture in the modern Croatian population. A total of 458 MSCT images were analyzed (250 from the University hospital Split and 208 from the University hospital Zagreb) using OsiriX 12.0 imaging software. The sample consisted of 240 females (median age 67 ; range 18-93) and 218 males (median age 68 ; range 20-91). The metopic suture was scored in 3D volume rendering view as absent or present. The persisting metopic suture was scored complete if the suture was aligned nasion to bregma. The incomplete metopic suture was scored as only nasal, only parietal, or both nasal and parietal but not connected. All the analyzed metopic sutures were scored as complete. Of the total population analyzed, persistent metopic suture had 3.1%, 6 of 240 females (2.5%), and 8 of 218 males (3.7%). There is no statistical significance (χ2 = 0.53, p=0.47) between sexes. Frequencies of metopic suture vary across populations, the highest prevalence was reported in the modern Indian population (16%), modern Dutch (11.5%), Italian (10.7%), and the lowest among modern American blacks (2.2%). The relatively small frequency in the Croatian population shows that metopic suture could be a useful forensic tool application in human individualization and identification, and it can be useful in ancestry estimation as well as in positive identification and clinical environment. This study was founded by Croatian Science Foundation UIP-2020- 02-7331 “CT for ID”.

Epigenetic traits are defined as the expression of genes affecting development. In the fifties of the 20th century, genetic studies conducted on mice showed the epigenetic traits to be the most convenient for determining family relationships and population affiliation as they show high hereditability even though they are partly influenced affected by the environment. Various studies on human crania showed that the frequencies of epigenetic traits could be used for studying biological distances between populations. To examine if MSCT images could be used as a reference for the study of the modern population, we conducted a pilot study in which we compared the visibility of the same 80 epigenetic traits on 40 dry archaeological skulls from two medieval sites, 32 from Velim Velištak (21 males, 11 females) and 8 from Radašinovci (4 males, 4 females) and their MSCT scans. From a total of 80 traits analyzed, we identified 54 (67.5%) of them in the sample. When Cohen`s kappa was calculated, 24 traits showed almost perfect or perfect agreement (K =0.81-0.919), 19 traits showed substantial agreement (K= 0.611 - 0.794), one showed moderate agreement (K=0.588), 5 showed fair agreement (K= 0.281 - 0.557), and 5 showed slight agreement (K= 0.003 - 0.17). The study showed that most identified traits could be analyzed interchangeably on dry bones and CT images. However, some traits showed lower agreement levels, and their application should only be restricted to dry bones. Future studies are required to prove consistency between the two scoring modalities because the prevalence of some traits can be extremely low, thus disabling the comparison.

Goal was to determine the extent of (normative) uniformity on international level regarding application of ethical standards in contemporary research of ancient DNA (aDNA), and to assess to which degree this uniformity contributes to the easier implementation of scientific research on aDNA. We conducted a literature scoping review of the online databases Scopus, Web of Science as well as gray literature. The combination of keywords: ethics, ancient DNA, aDNA without any limitations was used. Afterwards the publications were analyzed in reference manager (duplicates and non- relevant literature excluded). Total of 94 publications were found. After the analysis of the results 16 of the publications were excluded as duplicates and 59 as non-relevant publications. The remaining 19 publications were analyzed in detail. The analysis indicated that a majority of relevant publications on the aDNA ethical standards were published in the last 5 years. 12 publications discuss ethical dilemmas on aDNA research regardless of specific population, while 7 publications discuss ethical dilemmas considering specific populations (4 of them deal with the topic of native populations of Americas, 2 of them with native populations of Africa, and 1 of them with remains from ancient Egypt). Information extracted from relevant publications indicate the importance of DNA analysis in the array of anthropological techniques but also emphasize the significance of conducting the research methods on aDNA in accordance with ethical standards. The research community faces the challenge of defining global and/or supranational ethical guidelines, which would define minimum of ethical standards acceptable to different countries, cultures, religions, social groups, and other stakeholders. Recent history indicates to the possibility of misuse of DNA research, in promoting theories aimed at the dominance of certain social groups over others. Results of our research emphasize the importance of unification of ethical principles, application of uniform ethical standards and promotion of a healthy balance between scientific interest in aDNA and respect for cultural, social, religious, and other differences among different stakeholders.

In the Republic of Croatia, the impact of ‘CSI’ series on the judicial system (the so-called CSI effect) has not been investigated so far up to now. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the CSI effect on the operation of the judical system in the Republic of Croatia. An online survey among 104 lawyers was conducted. The results were the following: respondents believe that crime TV series did not influence the way investigations are conducted, their behaviour, court decisions and the way they communicate with the public. They feel that public expectations have changed in part due to crime TV series, but they also think that they have not influenced their behaviour or the decision-making of the courts. They also believe that crime TV series have partly influenced criminal behaviour and state that such series also partially simplify the ways in which the police conduct investigations. Regarding the way of understanding the operation of the judicial system, the respondents believe that crime TV series make it difficult to understand the Croatian legal system and do not accurately portray court proceedings. Respondents stated that crime TV series do not accurately show the availability and value of clues collected at the crime scene. We can conclude that the general attitude of the respondents is that crime TV series have no influence on themselves or the courts, but they believe that such series still leave a mark on the public which, under their influence, creates a misperception about the way the legal system works and functions., U Republici Hrvatskoj utjecaj CSI serija na pravosudni sustav (tzv. CSI efekt) do sada nije istraživan. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj CSI efekta na rad odvjetničkog sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj. U istraživanju je primijenjena online anketa na koju su odgovorila 104 odvjetnika. Pokazalo se sljedeće: ispitanici smatraju kako kriminalističke televizijske serije nisu utjecale na način provođenja istraga, njihovo ponašanje, odlučivanje sudova te način na koji oni komuniciraju s javnošću. Smatraju kako su se očekivanja javnosti dijelom promijenila uslijed kriminalističkih TV serija, ali također misle da ona nisu utjecala na njihovo ponašanje kao i na odlučivanje sudova. Također, smatraju kako su kriminalističke TV serije djelomično utjecale na kriminalna ponašanja te navode kako takve serije, isto tako, djelomično pojednostavnjuju načine na koje policija provodi istrage. Što se tiče načina shvaćanja rada pravosudnog sustava, ispitanici smatraju kako kriminalističke TV serije otežavaju shvaćanje hrvatskog pravnog sustava te ne prikazuju precizno sudske procese. Ispitanici su naveli kako kriminalističke televizijske serije ne prikazuju točno dostupnost i vrijednost tragova prikupljenih na mjestu događaja. Možemo zaključiti kako je općeniti stav ispitanika da kriminalističke TV serije nemaju utjecaj na njih same kao ni na sudove - ali su mišljenja kako takve serije ipak ostavljaju trag na javnosti koja pod njihovim utjecajem stvara pogrešnu percepciju o načinu rada i funkcioniranju pravnog sustava.

The osteometric analysis of skeletal remains is a fundamental step in reconstructing an individual’s biological profile, especially when estimating ancestry, sex, and/or stature. The emergence of virtual anthropological methods bypassed the lack of documented skeletal collections but also raised the still unanswered question: Do the virtual measurements correspond to the physical ones? This question is essential when considering the requirements for admissibility of such evidence in court. Since those questions were still not completely considered, this study aimed to examine the repeatability of standard cranial measurements in a real and virtual environment. The sample comprised 21 crania from the Early Medieval archaeological site Velim-Velištak located in southern Croatia. CT scanning was done at the University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia, with an MSCT. Scanning parameters were 120kV and 320mA, respectively, with isometric slices using16 × 0.75mm collimation. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data files were imported into the Stratovan Checkpoint software, version 2018.08.07. This study included 31 standard cranial measurements from Data Collection Procedures for Forensic Skeletal Material 2.0. (DCP 2)[1]. Sliding and spreading calipers were used to take measurements on bones, while MSCT measurements were obtained as interlandmark distances. Four observers took part in the study. Two observers took measurements on crania, and two placed landmarks on MSCT images. For each measuring method, one of the observers repeated measurements/landmarking. MCST Images were viewed in 2D (axial, coronal, and sagittal view) and 3D using semi-transparent 3D volume rendering. On each cranium, a total of 47 landmarks were placed using both 2D and 3D views. R (version 3.6.2), Rstudio (version 1.2.5033), and geomorph package were used to read landmarks, calculate interlandmark distances, and obtain 31 standard cranial measurements[2]. A paired-samples t-test was used to examine intra-observer and inter-observer variability and differences between dry bone and “virtual” measurements. Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) and relative Technical Error of Measurements (rTEM) were calculated for measurements that showed statistically significant differences. rTEM values lower than 1.5% were considered acceptable for intra-observer error, while this threshold was set at 2.0% for inter-observer error [3]. The level of statistical significance was set at P ≤0.05 with Bonferonni’s adjustment for multiple comparisons. The results showed high intra-observer agreement both for dry bone and virtual measurements. High inter-observer agreement was reached on bones and images for most measurements, except for several measurements that include sutural landmarks and minimum frontal breadth. When the dry boneand virtual measurements were compared, they showed consistency in most of the cases. The most pronounced discrepancies were noted for mastoid measurements and breadth measurements. Per research, this is the first study that examined cranial measurements from novel data collection standards both in a real and virtual environment. The results showed that most cranial measurements were repeatable and relatively consistent regardless of whether they were measured directly on crania or on CT images. Unlike previous studies that mostly used 3D reconstructions only, this study also employed traditional radiological views, which probably positively impacted precision ; however, due to the limited sample size and number of parameters considered, further studies are needed to obtain additional confirmations. Reference(s): [1] Langley, N.R. ; Jantz, R.L. ; Ousley, S.D. ; Jantz, R.L. ; Milner, G. Data collection procedures for forensic skeletal material. Knoxville, TN: Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 2016 ; 107. [2] Adams, D.C. ; Otárola-Castillo, E. geomorph: an R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometri shape data. Methods Ecol Evol. 2013 ; 4(4):393–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12035. [3] Langley, N.R. ; Meadows Jantz, L. ; McNulty, S. ; Maijanen, H. ; Ousley, S.D. ; Jantz, R.L. Error quantification of osteometric data in forensic anthropology. Forensic Sci Int 2018 ; 287:183–9.

In forensic anthropology, MSCT images can be used for personal identification by comparing antemortem and postmortem data, but even in the lack of antemortem records, for biological profiling. In bioarchaeology, MSCT images can be used for creating osteobiography of an individual but can also give valuable data for population studies such as sex, age, ancestry, stature, disease, trauma, and traits on bones and teeth. The greatest issue in forensic and biological anthropology is the unavailability of documented skeletal collections that could be utilized to develop population/time-period-specific standards for biological profiling. To overcome this issue, MSCT scans of patients are used for creating virtual skeletal collections with documented data. In this paper, the authors will present activities of the installation research project "Forensic identification of human remains using MSCT imaging" and highlight the possibilities that new technologies can offer to forensic and biological anthropology. They will present the processes of creating a virtual skeletal collection, taking virtual skeletal measurements and non-metric scoring, and developing population-specific standards for sex and age estimation. Lastly, the authors will explain how data obtained from MSCT images of living individuals can be used to compare modern and ancient populations by evaluating migrations, population mixtures, secular changes, and population dynamics in general. This paper is financed by the Croatian Science Foundation installation research project UIP -2020-02) “Forensic identification of human remains using MSCT image analysis".

As a country geographically situated on the intersection of Central Europe, South-eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean coast, Croatia inherits many cultures and social groups that once inhabited its area. The abundance of archaeological sites containing human remains and artifacts from various historical periods can be found all over Croatia. Museums and other public institutions funded by the Croatian government or local government are responsible for managing the cultural property and archaeological finds. The purpose of this paper is to determine the connection between cultural heritage management and the development of local society and to determine legal and ethical challenges of cultural heritage management in museums and other related public institutions in Croatia in order to propose new solutions for improving the possibilities of presentation of cultural legacy. To determine relations between cultural property management and local communities’ development, we researched literature related to the management of specific cultural heritage sites in Europe. To detect current flaws of cultural property management in Croatia, which will lead to proposing new methods and possibilities, we researched the protection and presentation of human skeletal remains obtained from archaeological sites in museums and related institutions in Croatia. The research was conducted among the government or local government-funded museums and related archaeological-anthropological institutions in a questionnaire. Data obtained from the questionnaire aims to produce concrete proposals for improving cultural heritage management in museums and related public institutions (in possession of cultural property) in Croatia.

Autori će u radu prikazati važnost epigenetskih značajki za proučavanje populacijske pripadnosti na uzorku s istočne salonitanske nekropole Solin– Smiljanovac. Nekropola je istraživana u razdoblju od prosinca 2010. do travnja 2011. godine te su grobovi datirani od 1. do 6. st. Ukupno su na nalazištu pronađene 1053 osobe u 974 groba. Istraživanje je usmjereno na učestalost metopičnog šava na navedenoj populaciji, s obzirom na to da je učestalost perzistentnoga metopičnog šava u odrasloj dobi populacijski specifična. Učestalost u svjetskim populacijama je oko 3 %, dok je najveća učestalost upravo u europskim populacijama i kreće se oko 10 %. U ovo je istraživanje početno uključeno 629 odraslih osoba s nalazišta, od kojih je frontalnu kost imalo njih 152. Osim prisutnosti potpunoga metopizma, razmatrale su se i druge varijaci je metopičnog šava odnosno prijelazni oblici metopičnoga i supranazalnog šava. Od 152 odrasle osobe s očuvanom frontalnom kosti potpuni metopični šav zabilježen je kod 10 osoba, tj. kod pet od 69 muškaraca (7, 25 %) i kod pet od 66 žena (7, 57 %). Ukupna učestalost potpunoga metopičnog šava u populaciji iznosila je 6, 57 %. Ta je učestalost slična ostalim geografski i vremenski sličnim populacijama. Osim navedenoga ostale su pojavnosti metopičnih/supranazalnih šavova u populaciji iznosile 46, 1 %. Autori će rezultate komentirati u svjetlu pojavnosti ove značajke u drugim populacijama te donijeti zaključke o sličnostima i razlikama salonitanske populacije s nekropole Solin–Smiljanovac u svjetlu epigenetskih značajki.

This research has examined the attitudes and perceptions of tourists that visited the Republic of Croatia (RH) during the summer of 2019 about the perception of safety in RH, especially on general security, as well as food safety, personal safety, epidemic safety, and natural disasters. Also, we have examined the confidence in Croatian services, such as the police, rescue services, medical emergency, etc. Almost all the safety components were above 4, which indicates that the tourists in Croatia feel safe and trust the services. This research could be a significant tool for improving the policies for attracting the tourists during and after the pandemic.

Aims: To determine the reliability of sex estimation on the CT scans on the Croatian population in the orbital area. Methods: This study was approved by the Hospital’s Ethics Committee and the Ethics Committee of the University Department of Forensic Sciences. A total of 200 CT scans (equal number of males and females, aged 18 years and older) were collected ; CT’s were anonymized, and only sex and age were disclosed. Only those scans that had intact orbital margins were included in this study, as well as those that had no pathological and traumatic changes that could affect the measurements. Data analysis was performed using the OsiriX® Program OsiriX® v.3.9.4 using, in the 3D viewer tab, the 3D Volume Rendering mode of visualization and measured using a measurement tool. The obtained data were recorded in an Excel® sheet. Six orbital measurements were taken (orbital breadth— bilateral, orbital height—bilateral, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth).1 Morphological analysis was based on the orbital shape and scored as 2: hyperfeminine ; -1: feminine ; 0: neutral/undeterminate ; +1: masculine ; +2: hypermasculine.2 Statistical analysis was performed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with the statistical significance set at P=0.05. The normality of distribution was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The accuracy of the discriminant functions was evaluated in the original and cross-validated samples. Results: Measurements interorbital breadth, bimaxillary breadth, zygoorbitale breadth, and the left-sided orbital breadth were excluded because of the inter-observer error. For the inter-observer error in morphology, Weighted Kappa was 0.41520 (moderate agreement). There were no statistically significant differences between the right and the left side of orbital width and height. Males and females exhibited statistically significant sexual dimorphism except for the interorbital breadth (P=0.114). The accuracy of the orbital measurements varies, with the lowest in zygoorbital breadth (55%) and the highest for the biorbital breadth (72.5%) and left orbital breadth (73.5%). The discriminant functions of classification rated from 69% to 70.5%. Morphological traits exhibited statistically significant sexual dimorphism (P

This paper presents the chronology, experiences, and challenges in introducing COVID -19 RT -PCR testing in Split, Croatia. We describe the processes from March 12, 2020 to May 26, 2020, starting from the initial knowledge transfer, expert team formation and management, testing implementation, and concluding with the standalone testing facilities, which used automated processes sufficient to meet testing requirements at that time. In the case presented, the COVID -19 unit was organized by joining human and laboratory resources from five clinical departments at the Split University Hospital Centre. Sample preparation procedures and analyses were launched within the restricted time frame while simultaneously training and organizing new laboratory staff and completing equipment requirements. As a result, the process that started with 30 tests per day was constantly improved over time and reached up to 160 tests per day when MagNA Pure was added to automatize RN A extraction at the end of April. At that pace, the cumulative number of samples soon exceeded the first thousand, and by the end of May it exceeded 4000. The case presented provides an example of good practice for crisis response and organization that successfully enabled sufficient COVID -19 testing capacities within the restricted time frame, human and technical resources. Despite limited understanding of COVID -19 at that time, appropriate management, transfer of knowledge, previous experiences in related laboratory and diagnostic work, as well as interdisciplinary and interdepartmental cooperation proved appropriate to overcome the above limitations and ensure adequate healthcare response., Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati kronologiju, iskustva i izazove tijekom uvođenja testiranja na COVID -19 pomoću RT -PCR-a u Splitu. Rad obuhvaća razdoblje od 12. ožujka do 26. svibnja 2020., počevši od početnoga prijenosa znanja, osnivanja i organiziranja timova, provedbe testiranja pa sve do uvođenja automatizacije procesa koja je na koncu omogućila potpuno zadovoljavanje tadašnjih potreba. U predmetnome slučaju jedinica COVID -19 utemeljena je objedinjavanjem ljudskih potencijala i laboratorijskih kapaciteta iz pet kliničkih zavoda Kliničkoga bolničkog centra Split. Pokrenuti su procesi pripreme i analize uzoraka, dok se istodobno radilo na obučavanju i organiziranju novoga osoblja te upotpunjavanju potrebne opreme i uređaja. Kao rezultat rada, početni kapaciteti od 30 testova na dan stalno su se povećavali, dostigavši krajem travnja razinu i do 160 testova nakon nabavke uređaja MagNA Pure za automatsku ekstrakciju RN K-a. Tim tempom kumulativni broj provedenih testova ubrzo je dostigao 1000, dok je do kraja svibnja prešao i 4000. Opisani slučaj prikazuje primjer dobre prakse odgovora i upravljanja krizom koji su omogućili stvaranje dostatnih testnih kapaciteta za COVID -19 uz ograničeno vrijeme, osoblje i tehničke resurse. Bez obzira na skromnost tadašnjih saznanja o bolesti COVID -19, odgovarajući načini upravljanja, prijenosa znanja, prethodnoga iskustva u srodnome laboratorijskom i dijagnostičkom radu, kao i interdisciplinarna i međuodjelna suradnja polučili su dobre rezultate u premošćivanju opisanih izazova te osiguravanju primjerenoga odgovora zdravstvenog sustava.

This study aims to consider the mayor’s perception of their impact on cities’ activities and cooperation with other stakeholders in the management process. Whether there is social cohesion in urban security in the context of policecommunity cooperation. The aim is to examine whether urban security is perceived as a priority goal to be pursued or is merely an incidental issue. Finally, this study aims to determine the Republic of Croatia’s position compared with other EU countries based on the role, position, and stands of the mayor and the police’s role in the process of urban security management. To obtain the subject knowledge, theoretical methodology and comparative analysis and synthesis were used. Also, a paper is based on qualitative methodology. Relevant literature was searched, and stakeholder and practice comparisons were made. The mayor’s position and role as an executive in local self-government units were critically considered. A comparative analysis of the mayor as an executive in local self- government units in Croatia and selected countries of the continental European tradition was performed. Through the work of the Crime Prevention Councils, the police’s role in managing urban security was also critically considered. Research has found that urban security is a multidimensional phenomenon that can be viewed through the prism of community crime prevention, repression, and social inclusion, indicating its complexity and stratification. To understand the concept of urban security, it is essential to understand the management of urban security at the local level and the relationship between key stakeholders, especially mayors, police, and other actors, who are recognized as significant factors in security. Consequently, as essential stakeholders in urban security, local authorities should identify and define relevant factors contributing to urban insecurity and implement activities to combat them. However, previous research has shown no convergence of political plans and issues of urban security in most European cities. To improve the current situation, locally elected officials need to be effective and real actors in the urban security process who place urban security high on local priorities. Also, the Crime Prevention Council’s work should be more closely monitored, and the results of its effectiveness should be more accessible to the public. Finally, an integrated approach to the concept of urban security requires risk forecasting, crime prevention, and urban security management through all stakeholders’ cooperation in the process.

Ova je knjiga proizišla iz kolegija Istraživački rad na Sveučilišnome odjelu za forenzične znanosti Sveučilišta u Splitu. Na navedenom se kolegiju sa studentima, u malim grupama, rade istraživanja iz područja istraživanja mjesta događaja s posebnim naglaskom na forenzičku obradu tragova. U akademskoj godini 2019./2020. odlučili smo istraživati različite aspekte forenzičke obrade tragova krvi. Tijekom pripremanja literature za studente uvidjeli smo da literatura na hrvatskome jeziku o ovoj tematici ne postoji. Stoga smo odlučili uključiti studente i stručnjake iz pojedinih područja i polja u pisanje publikacije koja bi mogla pomoći studentima i praktičarima u daljnjem izučavanju ovakve vrste tragova. Odluka je dodatno učvršćena i radionicom koja je organizirana na međunarodnome kongresu Sigurnost povijesnih gradova održanom u Solinu 2019. godine. Na tome su kongresu održane dvije radionice vezane za tragove krvi. Prva je bila dio projekta Hrvatske zaklade za znanost, Hrvatskoga strukovnog nazivlja pod nazivom Forenzično- kriminalističko nazivlje. Taj je projekt obrađivao nazivlje iz područja forenzike i kriminalistike te je među 3000 obrađenih pojmova obradio i pojmove iz područja analize tragova krvi. Jezikoslovci i suradnici na navedenome projektu, od kojih su mnogi i autori ove knjige, imali su upravo u terminološkim pitanjima vezanim za tragove krvi najviše zadaća jer terminologija ni na svjetskoj razini nije ujednačena i postoje brojne njezine inačice. Tim stručnjaka prezentirao je i svoja iskustva u obradi terminologije iz tragova krvi na 34. međunarodnom znanstvenom skupu HDPL-a Jezično i izvanjezično u međudjelovanju u rujnu 2020. Na konferenciji Sigurnost povijesnih gradova, uz terminološku radionicu, održana je i radionica i predavanje iz analize tragova krvnih mrlja (engl. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis - BPA) koju je održao Timothy Palmbach, JD, profesor sa Sveučilišta New Haven, Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice iz SAD-a. Na predavanju i radionici su osim studenata Sveučilišnoga odjela za forenzične znanosti sudjelovali i praktičari, većinom pripadnici Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova RH. Svi su oni pokazali zanimanje za obradu tragova 8 krvi, kao i želju za dodatnim obrazovanjem iz navedenoga područja kako bi bili što uspješniji u istraživanju mjesta događaja i išli ukorak sa svjetskim trendovima. Iz svega navedenoga, kolegija Istraživački rad, terminološke obrade nazivlja iz područja tragova krvi te održane radionice, proizišla je ideja za pisanjem ove knjige. Ideja autora bila je iznijeti osnovna saznanja iz cijeloga područja, odnosno analize tragova krvi, a koje uključuje i osnove analize i dokumentiranja mjesta događaja, s osobitim osvrtom na mjesto događaja koje sadržava tragove krvi. Nadalje, željeli su se objasniti i načini analize tragova krvi i prepoznavanja mehanizma njihova nastanka te obraditi najvažniji preliminarni i potvrdni testovi. Kako bi studenti i praktičari bolje razumjeli mehanizme nastanka tragova krvi, objašnjeni su osnovni pojmovi iz područja fizike i medicine. Također, prikazane su opasnosti u radu s krvlju i načini zaštite, kao i najčešće bolesti prenosive krvlju. Na kraju su razmatrani i pravni okviri i etičke dileme u vezi s analizom krvi s mjesta događaja. Prema tome, urednici smatraju kako je ovo prvi korak u daljnjem obrazovanju studenata i stručnjaka te se nadaju da će djelovati motivirajuće i na jedne i na druge kako bi se dodatno educirali u području. Nadamo se kako će u budućnosti temeljem komentara čitatelja, ponajprije studenata, vještaka i praktičara, ova knjiga doživjeti i drugo, prošireno izdanje te biti i temelj za sveučilišni priručnik ili udžbenik, kao i novi kolegij na Sveučilišnome odjelu za forenzične znanosti. Stoga se nadamo da ćemo čitateljima dati uvid u važnost tragova krvi na mjestu događaja te ih potaknuti na daljnje usavršavanje u području. Radovat ćemo se i svim primjedbama i kritikama u nadi da će buduća izdanja biti još šira i potpunija, prateći najnovije trendove. Smatramo da je potrebno istaknuti i recenzente, doc. dr. sc. Ivanu Stipanović i doc. dr. sc. Kristijana Bečića, kao i našu neformalnu recenzenticu mr. sc. Tatjanu Kolar- Gregorić, koji su svojim komentarima i sugestijama značajno pridonijeli kvaliteti ovoga djela. Također, zahvalni smo svim autorima, posebice studentima, koji su, u želji da povežu praksu i znanost, s velikim entuzijazmom sudjelovali u izradi eksperimenata sa svojim mentorima i tako pridonijeli stvaranju ove knjige, koja će im i samima biti korisna u budućemu radu.