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1. Design and Construction of the MicroBooNE Detector

Author

MicroBooNE Collaboration, Acciarri, R., Adams, C., An, R., Aparicio, A., Aponte, S., Asaadi, J., Auger, M., Ayoub, N., Bagby, L., Baller, B., Barger, R., Barr, G., Bass, M., Bay, F., Biery, K., Bishai, M., Blake, A., Bocean, V., Boehnlein, D., Bogert, V. D., Bolton, T., Bugel, L., Callahan, C., Camilleri, L., Caratelli, D., Carls, B., Fernandez, R. Castillo, Cavanna, F., Chappa, S., Chen, H., Chen, K., Chi, C. Y., Chiu, C. S., Church, E., Cianci, D., Collin, G. H., Conrad, J. M., Convery, M., Cornele, J., Cowan, P., Crespo-Anadon, J. I., Crutcher, G., Darve, C., Davis, R., Del Tutto, M., Devitt, D., Duffin, S., Dytman, S., Eberly, B., Ereditato, A., Erickson, D., Sanchez, L. Escudero, Esquivel, J., Farooq, S., Farrell, J., Featherston, D., Fleming, B. T., Foreman, W., Furmanski, A. P., Genty, V., Geynisman, M., Goeldi, D., Goff, B., Gollapinni, S., Graf, N., Gramellini, E., Green, J., Greene, A., Greenlee, H., Griffin, T., Grosso, R., Guenette, R., Hackenburg, A., Haenni, R., Hamilton, P., Healey, P., Hen, O., Henderson, E., Hewes, V, Hill, C., Hill, K., Himes, L., Ho, J., Horton-Smith, G., Huffman, D., Ignarra, C. M., James, C., James, E., de Vries, J. Jan, Jaskierny, W., Jen, C. M., Jiang, L., Johnson, B., Johnson, M., Johnson, R. A., Jones, B. J. P., Joshi, J., Jostlein, H., Kaleko, D., Kalousis, L. N., Karagiorgi, G., Katori, T., Kellogg, P., Ketchum, W., Kilmer, J., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, E., Kobilarcik, T., Kreslo, I., Krull, R., Kubinski, R., Lange, G., Lanni, F., Lathrop, A., Laube, A., Lee, W. M., Li, Y., Lissauer, D., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B. R., Lockwitz, S., Lorca, D., Louis, W. C., Lukhanin, G., Luethi, M., Lundberg, B., Luo, X., Mahler, G., Majoros, I., Makowiecki, D., Marchionni, A., Mariani, C., Markley, D., Marshall, J., Caicedo, D. A. Martinez, McDonald, K. T., McKee, D., McLean, A., Mead, J., Meddage, V., Miceli, T., Mills, G. B., Miner, W., Moon, J., Mooney, M., Moore, C. D., Moss, Z., Mousseau, J., Murrells, R., Naples, D., Nienaber, P., Norris, B., Norton, N., Nowak, J., OBoyle, M., Olszanowski, T., Palamara, O., Paolone, V., Papavassiliou, V., Pate, S. F., Pavlovic, Z., Pelkey, R., Phipps, M., Pordes, S., Porzio, D., Pulliam, G., Qian, X., Raaf, J. L., Radeka, V., Rafique, A., Rameika, R. A, Rebel, B., Rechenmacher, R., Rescia, S., Rochester, L., von Rohr, C. Rudolf, Ruga, A., Russell, B., Sanders, R., Sands III, W. R., Sarychev, M., Schmitz, D. W., Schukraft, A., Scott, R., Seligman, W., Shaevitz, M. H., Shoun, M., Sinclair, J., Sippach, W., Smidt, T., Smith, A., Snider, E. L., Soderberg, M., Solano-Gonzalez, M., Soldner-Rembold, S., Soleti, S. R., Sondericker, J., Spentzouris, P., Spitz, J., John, J. St., Strauss, T., Sutton, K., Szelc, A. M., Taheri, K., Tagg, N., Tatum, K., Teng, J., Terao, K., Thomson, M., Thorn, C., Tillman, J., Toups, M., Tsai, Y. T., Tufanli, S., Usher, T., Utes, M., Van de Water, R. G., Vendetta, C., Vergani, S., Voirin, E., Voirin, J., Viren, B., Watkins, P., Weber, M., Wester, T., Weston, J., Wickremasinghe, D. A., Wolbers, S., Wongjirad, T., Woodruff, K., Wu, K. C., Yang, T., Yu, B., Zeller, G. P., Zennamo, J., Zhang, C., and Zuckerbrot, M.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

This paper describes the design and construction of the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber and associated systems. MicroBooNE is the first phase of the Short Baseline Neutrino program, located at Fermilab, and will utilize the capabilities of liquid argon detectors to examine a rich assortment of physics topics. In this document details of design specifications, assembly procedures, and acceptance tests are reported.

Published
2016
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4. Microbioreactors

Author

Krull, R., Lladó‐Maldonado, S., Lorenz, T., Demming, S., Büttgenbach, S., and Dietzel, Andreas, editor

Published
2016
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15. A fully online sensor-equipped, disposable multiphase microbioreactor as a screening platform for biotechnological applications

Author

Maldonado, S. L. (Susanna Lladó), Panjan, P. (Peter), Sun, S. (Shiwen), Rasch, D. (Detlev), Sesay, A. M. (Adama M.), Mayr, T. (Torsten), and Krull, R. (Rainer)

Subjects
screening platform, real-time online analytics, biosensor, optical sensor, microbioreactor (MBR), sensor integration
Abstract

A new disposable, multiphase, microbioreactor (MBR; with a working volume of 550 μl) equipped with online sensors is presented for biotechnological screening research purposes owing to its high‐throughput potential. Its design and fabrication, online sensor integration, and operation are described. During aerobic cultivation, sufficient oxygen supply is the most important factor that influences growth and product formation. The MBR is a microbubble column bioreactor (μBC), and the oxygen supply was realized by active pneumatic bubble aeration, ensuring sufficient volumetric liquid‐phase mass transfer (kLa) and proper homogenization of the cultivation broth. The μBC was equipped with miniaturized sensors for the pH, dissolved oxygen, optical density and glucose concentration that allowed real‐time online monitoring of these process variables during cultivation. The challenge addressed here was the integration of sensors in the limited available space. The MBR was shown to be a suitable screening platform for the cultivation of biological systems. Batch cultivations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were performed to observe the variation in the process variables over time and to show the robustness and operability of all the online sensors in the MBR.

Published
2019

19. Maximize energy recovery with small steam turbines

Author

Kaupert, K., Krull, R., and Iles, R.

Subjects
Energy conservation -- Analysis -- Methods -- United States, Turbines -- Energy use, Petroleum chemicals industry -- Production processes -- Investments, Company investment, Business, Petroleum, energy and mining industries
Abstract

Byline: Kaupert, K.,Krull, R.,Iles, R. Using smaller turbines (50 kW to 300 kW) can aid system efficiency and help conserve energy. We investigate examples in which the application of smaller [...]

Published
2015

24. Design and construction of the MicroBooNE detector

Author

Center for Neutrino Physics, Physics, Acciarri, R., Adams, C., An, R., Aparicio, A., Aponte, S., Asaadi, J., Auger, M., Ayoub, N., Bagby, L., Baller, B., Barger, R., Barr, G., Bass, M., Bay, F., Biery, K., Bishai, M., Blake, A., Bocean, V., Boehnlein, D., Bogert, V. D., Bolton, T., Bugel, L., Callahan, C., Camilleri, Leslie, Caratelli, D., Carls, B., Castillo Fernandez, R., Cavanna, F., Chappa, S., Chen, H., Chen, K., Chi, C. Y., Chiu, C. S., Church, E., Cianci, D., Collin, G. H., Conrad, Janet M., Convery, M., Cornele, J., Cowan, P., Crespo-Anadon, J. I., Crutcher, G., Darve, C., Davis, R., Del Tutto, M., Devitt, D., Duffin, S., Dytman, S., Eberly, B., Ereditato, A., Erickson, D., Escudero Sanchez, L., Esquivel, J., Farooq, S., Farrell, J., Featherston, D., Fleming, B. T., Foreman, W., Furmanski, A. P., Genty, V., Geynisman, M., Goeldi, D., Goff, B., Golapinni, S., Graf, N., Gramellini, E., Green, J., Greene, A., Greenlee, H., Griffin, T., Grosso, R., Guenette, R., Hackenburg, A., Haenni, R., Hamilton, P., Healey, P., Hen, O., Henderson, E., Hewes, J., Hill, C., Hill, K., Himes, L., Ho, J., Horton-Smith, Glenn A., Huffman, D., Ignarra, C. M., James, C., James, E., Jan de Vries, J., Jaskierny, W., Jen, C. M., Jiang, L., Johnson, B., Johnson, M., Johnson, R. A., Jones, B. J. P., Joshi, J., Jostlein, H., Kaleko, D., Kalousis, L. N., Karagiorgi, Georgia S., Katori, T., Kellogg, P., Ketchum, W., Kilmer, J., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, E., Kobilarcik, T., Kreslo, I., Krull, R., Kubinski, R., Lange, G., Lanni, F., Lathrop, A., Laube, A., Leeg, W. M., Li, Y., Lissauer, D., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B. R., Lockwitz, S., Lorca, D., Louis, W. C., Lukhanin, G., Luethi, M., Lundberg, B., Luo, X., Mahler, G., Majoros, I., Makowiecki, D., Marchionni, A., Mariani, Camillo, Markley, D., Marshall, J., Martinez Caicedo, D. A., McDonald, K. T., McKee, D., McLean, A., Mead, J., Meddage, V., Miceli, T., Mills, G. B., Miner, W., Moon, J., Mooney, M., Moore, C. D., Moss, Z., Mousseau, J., Murrells, R., Naples, D., Nienaber, P., Norris, B., Norton, N., Nowak, J., O'Boyle, M., Olszanowski, T., Palamara, O., Paolone, V., Papavassiliou, V., Pate, S. F., Pavlovic, Z., Pelkey, R., Phipps, M., Pordes, S., Porzio, D., Pulliam, G., Qian, X., Raaf, J. L., Radeka, V., Rafique, A., Rameika, R., Rebel, B., Rechenmacher, R., Rescia, S., Rochester, L., von Rohr, C. R., Ruga, A., Russell, B., Sanders, R., Sands, W. R., Sarychev, M., Schmitz, D. W., Schukraft, A., Scott, R., Seligman, W., Shaevitz, Marjorie Hansen, Shoun, M., Sinclair, J., Sippach, W., Smidt, T., Smith, A., Snider, E. L., Soderberg, M., Solano-Gonzalez, M., Söldner-Rembold, S., Soleti, S. R., Sondericker, J., Spentzouris, P., Spitz, Joshua, St John, J., Strauss, T., Sutton, K., Szelc, A. M., Taheri, K., Tagg, N., Tatum, K., Teng, J., Terao, K., Thomson, M., Thorn, C., Tiliman, J., Toups, M., Tsai, Y. T., Tufanli, S., Usher, T., Utes, M., Van de Water, R. G., Vendetta, C., Vergani, S., Voirin, E., Voirin, J., Viren, B., Watkins, P., Weber, M., Wester, T., Weston, J., Wickremasinghe, D. A., Wolbers, S., Wongjirad, T., Woodruff, K., Wu, K. C., Yang, T., Yu, B., Zeller, Geralyn P., Zennamo, J., Zhang, C., Zuckerbrot, M., Center for Neutrino Physics, Physics, Acciarri, R., Adams, C., An, R., Aparicio, A., Aponte, S., Asaadi, J., Auger, M., Ayoub, N., Bagby, L., Baller, B., Barger, R., Barr, G., Bass, M., Bay, F., Biery, K., Bishai, M., Blake, A., Bocean, V., Boehnlein, D., Bogert, V. D., Bolton, T., Bugel, L., Callahan, C., Camilleri, Leslie, Caratelli, D., Carls, B., Castillo Fernandez, R., Cavanna, F., Chappa, S., Chen, H., Chen, K., Chi, C. Y., Chiu, C. S., Church, E., Cianci, D., Collin, G. H., Conrad, Janet M., Convery, M., Cornele, J., Cowan, P., Crespo-Anadon, J. I., Crutcher, G., Darve, C., Davis, R., Del Tutto, M., Devitt, D., Duffin, S., Dytman, S., Eberly, B., Ereditato, A., Erickson, D., Escudero Sanchez, L., Esquivel, J., Farooq, S., Farrell, J., Featherston, D., Fleming, B. T., Foreman, W., Furmanski, A. P., Genty, V., Geynisman, M., Goeldi, D., Goff, B., Golapinni, S., Graf, N., Gramellini, E., Green, J., Greene, A., Greenlee, H., Griffin, T., Grosso, R., Guenette, R., Hackenburg, A., Haenni, R., Hamilton, P., Healey, P., Hen, O., Henderson, E., Hewes, J., Hill, C., Hill, K., Himes, L., Ho, J., Horton-Smith, Glenn A., Huffman, D., Ignarra, C. M., James, C., James, E., Jan de Vries, J., Jaskierny, W., Jen, C. M., Jiang, L., Johnson, B., Johnson, M., Johnson, R. A., Jones, B. J. P., Joshi, J., Jostlein, H., Kaleko, D., Kalousis, L. N., Karagiorgi, Georgia S., Katori, T., Kellogg, P., Ketchum, W., Kilmer, J., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, E., Kobilarcik, T., Kreslo, I., Krull, R., Kubinski, R., Lange, G., Lanni, F., Lathrop, A., Laube, A., Leeg, W. M., Li, Y., Lissauer, D., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B. R., Lockwitz, S., Lorca, D., Louis, W. C., Lukhanin, G., Luethi, M., Lundberg, B., Luo, X., Mahler, G., Majoros, I., Makowiecki, D., Marchionni, A., Mariani, Camillo, Markley, D., Marshall, J., Martinez Caicedo, D. A., McDonald, K. T., McKee, D., McLean, A., Mead, J., Meddage, V., Miceli, T., Mills, G. B., Miner, W., Moon, J., Mooney, M., Moore, C. D., Moss, Z., Mousseau, J., Murrells, R., Naples, D., Nienaber, P., Norris, B., Norton, N., Nowak, J., O'Boyle, M., Olszanowski, T., Palamara, O., Paolone, V., Papavassiliou, V., Pate, S. F., Pavlovic, Z., Pelkey, R., Phipps, M., Pordes, S., Porzio, D., Pulliam, G., Qian, X., Raaf, J. L., Radeka, V., Rafique, A., Rameika, R., Rebel, B., Rechenmacher, R., Rescia, S., Rochester, L., von Rohr, C. R., Ruga, A., Russell, B., Sanders, R., Sands, W. R., Sarychev, M., Schmitz, D. W., Schukraft, A., Scott, R., Seligman, W., Shaevitz, Marjorie Hansen, Shoun, M., Sinclair, J., Sippach, W., Smidt, T., Smith, A., Snider, E. L., Soderberg, M., Solano-Gonzalez, M., Söldner-Rembold, S., Soleti, S. R., Sondericker, J., Spentzouris, P., Spitz, Joshua, St John, J., Strauss, T., Sutton, K., Szelc, A. M., Taheri, K., Tagg, N., Tatum, K., Teng, J., Terao, K., Thomson, M., Thorn, C., Tiliman, J., Toups, M., Tsai, Y. T., Tufanli, S., Usher, T., Utes, M., Van de Water, R. G., Vendetta, C., Vergani, S., Voirin, E., Voirin, J., Viren, B., Watkins, P., Weber, M., Wester, T., Weston, J., Wickremasinghe, D. A., Wolbers, S., Wongjirad, T., Woodruff, K., Wu, K. C., Yang, T., Yu, B., Zeller, Geralyn P., Zennamo, J., Zhang, C., and Zuckerbrot, M.

Abstract

This paper describes the design and construction of the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber and associated systems. MicroBooNE is the first phase of the Short Baseline Neutrino program, located at Fermilab, and will utilize the capabilities of liquid argon detectors to examine a rich assortment of physics topics. In this document details of design specifications, assembly procedures, and acceptance tests are reported.

Published
2017

26. Design and construction of the MicroBooNE detector

Author

Acciarri, R., primary, Adams, C., additional, An, R., additional, Aparicio, A., additional, Aponte, S., additional, Asaadi, J., additional, Auger, M., additional, Ayoub, N., additional, Bagby, L., additional, Baller, B., additional, Barger, R., additional, Barr, G., additional, Bass, M., additional, Bay, F., additional, Biery, K., additional, Bishai, M., additional, Blake, A., additional, Bocean, V., additional, Boehnlein, D., additional, Bogert, V.D., additional, Bolton, T., additional, Bugel, L., additional, Callahan, C., additional, Camilleri, L., additional, Caratelli, D., additional, Carls, B., additional, Fernandez, R. Castillo, additional, Cavanna, F., additional, Chappa, S., additional, Chen, H., additional, Chen, K., additional, Chi, C.-Y., additional, Chiu, C.S., additional, Church, E., additional, Cianci, D., additional, Collin, G.H., additional, Conrad, J.M., additional, Convery, M., additional, Cornele, J., additional, Cowan, P., additional, Crespo-Anadón, J.I., additional, Crutcher, G., additional, Darve, C., additional, Davis, R., additional, Tutto, M. Del, additional, Devitt, D., additional, Duffin, S., additional, Dytman, S., additional, Eberly, B., additional, Ereditato, A., additional, Erickson, D., additional, Sanchez, L. Escudero, additional, Esquivel, J., additional, Farooq, S., additional, Farrell, J., additional, Featherston, D., additional, Fleming, B.T., additional, Foreman, W., additional, Furmanski, A.P., additional, Genty, V., additional, Geynisman, M., additional, Goeldi, D., additional, Goff, B., additional, Gollapinni, S., additional, Graf, N., additional, Gramellini, E., additional, Green, J., additional, Greene, A., additional, Greenlee, H., additional, Griffin, T., additional, Grosso, R., additional, Guenette, R., additional, Hackenburg, A., additional, Haenni, R., additional, Hamilton, P., additional, Healey, P., additional, Hen, O., additional, Henderson, E., additional, Hewes, J., additional, Hill, C., additional, Hill, K., additional, Himes, L., additional, Ho, J., additional, Horton-Smith, G., additional, Huffman, D., additional, Ignarra, C.M., additional, James, C., additional, James, E., additional, de Vries, J. Jan, additional, Jaskierny, W., additional, Jen, C.-M., additional, Jiang, L., additional, Johnson, B., additional, Johnson, M., additional, Johnson, R.A., additional, Jones, B.J.P., additional, Joshi, J., additional, Jostlein, H., additional, Kaleko, D., additional, Kalousis, L.N., additional, Karagiorgi, G., additional, Katori, T., additional, Kellogg, P., additional, Ketchum, W., additional, Kilmer, J., additional, King, B., additional, Kirby, B., additional, Kirby, M., additional, Klein, E., additional, Kobilarcik, T., additional, Kreslo, I., additional, Krull, R., additional, Kubinski, R., additional, Lange, G., additional, Lanni, F., additional, Lathrop, A., additional, Laube, A., additional, Lee, W.M., additional, Li, Y., additional, Lissauer, D., additional, Lister, A., additional, Littlejohn, B.R., additional, Lockwitz, S., additional, Lorca, D., additional, Louis, W.C., additional, Lukhanin, G., additional, Luethi, M., additional, Lundberg, B., additional, Luo, X., additional, Mahler, G., additional, Majoros, I., additional, Makowiecki, D., additional, Marchionni, A., additional, Mariani, C., additional, Markley, D., additional, Marshall, J., additional, Caicedo, D.A. Martinez, additional, McDonald, K.T., additional, McKee, D., additional, McLean, A., additional, Mead, J., additional, Meddage, V., additional, Miceli, T., additional, Mills, G.B., additional, Miner, W., additional, Moon, J., additional, Mooney, M., additional, Moore, C.D., additional, Moss, Z., additional, Mousseau, J., additional, Murrells, R., additional, Naples, D., additional, Nienaber, P., additional, Norris, B., additional, Norton, N., additional, Nowak, J., additional, O'Boyle, M., additional, Olszanowski, T., additional, Palamara, O., additional, Paolone, V., additional, Papavassiliou, V., additional, Pate, S.F., additional, Pavlovic, Z., additional, Pelkey, R., additional, Phipps, M., additional, Pordes, S., additional, Porzio, D., additional, Pulliam, G., additional, Qian, X., additional, Raaf, J.L., additional, Radeka, V., additional, Rafique, A., additional, Rameika, R. A, additional, Rebel, B., additional, Rechenmacher, R., additional, Rescia, S., additional, Rochester, L., additional, Rohr, C. Rudolf von, additional, Ruga, A., additional, Russell, B., additional, Sanders, R., additional, III, W.R. Sands, additional, Sarychev, M., additional, Schmitz, D.W., additional, Schukraft, A., additional, Scott, R., additional, Seligman, W., additional, Shaevitz, M.H., additional, Shoun, M., additional, Sinclair, J., additional, Sippach, W., additional, Smidt, T., additional, Smith, A., additional, Snider, E.L., additional, Soderberg, M., additional, Solano-Gonzalez, M., additional, Söldner-Rembold, S., additional, Soleti, S.R., additional, Sondericker, J., additional, Spentzouris, P., additional, Spitz, J., additional, John, J. St., additional, Strauss, T., additional, Sutton, K., additional, Szelc, A.M., additional, Taheri, K., additional, Tagg, N., additional, Tatum, K., additional, Teng, J., additional, Terao, K., additional, Thomson, M., additional, Thorn, C., additional, Tillman, J., additional, Toups, M., additional, Tsai, Y.-T., additional, Tufanli, S., additional, Usher, T., additional, Utes, M., additional, de Water, R.G. Van, additional, Vendetta, C., additional, Vergani, S., additional, Voirin, E., additional, Voirin, J., additional, Viren, B., additional, Watkins, P., additional, Weber, M., additional, Wester, T., additional, Weston, J., additional, Wickremasinghe, D.A., additional, Wolbers, S., additional, Wongjirad, T., additional, Woodruff, K., additional, Wu, K.C., additional, Yang, T., additional, Yu, B., additional, Zeller, G.P., additional, Zennamo, J., additional, Zhang, C., additional, and Zuckerbrot, M., additional

Published
2017
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27. Customization of Aspergillus niger Morphology Through Addition of Talc Micro Particles

Author

Wucherpfennig, T., Lakowitz, A., Driouch, H., Krull, R., and Christoph Wittmann

Subjects
Sucrose, beta-Fructofuranosidase, Immunology, filamentous fungi, Morphology number (Mn), micro particles, fructofuranosidase, Bioreactors, Glucose, image analysis, Talc, Aspergillus niger, Issue 61, Particle Size, morphology engineering
Abstract

The filamentous fungus A. niger is a widely used strain in a broad range of industrial processes from food to pharmaceutical industry. One of the most intriguing and often uncontrollable characteristics of this filamentous organism is its complex morphology. It ranges from dense spherical pellets to viscous mycelia (Figure 1). Various process parameters and ingredients are known to influence fungal morphology 1. Since optimal productivity correlates strongly with a specific morphological form, the fungal morphology often represents the bottleneck of productivity in industrial production. A straight forward and elegant approach to precisely control morphological shape is the addition of inorganic insoluble micro particles (like hydrous magnesium silicate, aluminum oxide or titanium silicate oxide) to the culture medium contributing to increased enzyme production 2-6. Since there is an obvious correlation between micro particle dependent morphology and enzyme production it is desirable to mathematically link productivity and morphological appearance. Therefore a quantitative precise and holistic morphological description is targeted. Thus, we present a method to generate and characterize micro particle dependent morphological structures and to correlate fungal morphology with productivity (Figure 1) which possibly contributes to a better understanding of the morphogenesis of filamentous microorganisms. The recombinant strain A. niger SKAn1015 is cultivated for 72 h in a 3 L stirred tank bioreactor. By addition of talc micro particles in concentrations of 1 g/L, 3 g/L and 10 g/L prior to inoculation a variety of morphological structures is reproducibly generated. Sterile samples are taken after 24, 48 and 72 hours for determination of growth progress and activity of the produced enzyme. The formed product is the high-value enzyme β-fructofuranosidase, an important biocatalyst for neo-sugar formation in food or pharmaceutical industry, which catalyzes among others the reaction of sucrose to glucose 7-9. Therefore, the quantification of glucose after adding sucrose implies the amount of produced β-fructofuranosidase. Glucose quantification is made by a GOD/POD-Assay 10, which is modified for high-throughput analysis in 96-well micro titer plates. Fungal morphology after 72 hours is examined by microscope and characterized by digital image analysis. In doing so, particle shape factors for fungal macro morphology like Feret's diameter, projected area, perimeter, circularity, aspect ratio, roundness und solidity are calculated with the open source image processing program ImageJ. Relevant parameters are combined to a dimensionless Morphology number (Mn) 11, which enables a comprehensive characterization of fungal morphology. The close correlation of the Morphology number and productivity are highlighted by mathematical regression.

Published
2012

28. Vertical microbubble column

Author

Demming, S., Peterat, G., Llobera, A., Schmolke, H., Bruns, A., Kohlstedt, M., Al-Halhouli, A., Klages, C.-P., Krull, R., Büttgenbach, S., and Publica

Abstract

This paper presents a vertically positioned microfluidic system made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and glass, which can be applied as a microbubble column (µBC) for biotechnological screening in suspension. In this µBC, microbubbles are produced in a cultivation chamber through an integrated nozzle structure. Thus, homogeneous suspension of biomass is achieved in the cultivation chamber without requiring additional mixing elements. Moreover, blockage due to produced carbon dioxide by the microorganisms - a problem predominant in common, horizontally positioned microbioreactors (MBRs) - is avoided, as the gas bubbles are released by buoyancy at the upper part of the microsystem. The patterned PDMS layer is based on an optimized twolithographic process. Since the naturally hydrophobic PDMS causes problems for the sufficient production of microbubbles, a method based on polyelectrolyte multilayers is applied in order to allow continuous hydrophilization of the already bonded PDMS-glass-system. The µBC comprises various microelements, including stabilization of temperature, control of continuous bubble formation, and two optical configurations for easurement of optical density with two different sensitivities. In addition, the simple and robust application and handling of the µBC is achieved via a custom-made modular plug-in adapter. To validate the scalability from laboratory scale to microscale, and thus to demonstrate the successful application of the µBC as a screening instrument, a batch cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is performed in the µBC and compared to shake flask cultivation. Monitoring of the biomass growth in the µBC with the integrated online analytics resulted in a specific growth rate of 0.32 h-1, which is almost identical to the one achieved in the shake flask cultivation (0.31 h-1). Therefore, the validity of the µBC as an alternative screening tool compared to other conventional laboratory scale systems in bioprocess development is proven. In addition, vertically positioned microbioreactors show high potential in comparison to conventional screening tools, since they allow for high density of integrated online analytics and therefore minimize time and cost for screening and guarantee improved control and analysis of cultivation parameters.

Published
2012

30. Cellular Uptake of Coumarin-6 under Microfluidic Conditions into HCE-T Cells from Nanoscale Formulations

Author

Pretor, S., primary, Bartels, J., additional, Lorenz, T., additional, Dahl, K., additional, Finke, J. H., additional, Peterat, G., additional, Krull, R., additional, Al-Halhouli, A. T., additional, Dietzel, A., additional, Büttgenbach, S., additional, Behrends, S., additional, Reichl, S., additional, and Müller-Goymann, C. C., additional

Published
2014
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34. The role of initial spore adhesion in pellet and biofilm formation in Aspergillus niger

Author

Priegnitz, B.E., Wargenau, A., Brandt, U., Rohde, M., Dietrich, S., Kwade, A., Krull, R., Fleissner, A., Priegnitz, B.E., Wargenau, A., Brandt, U., Rohde, M., Dietrich, S., Kwade, A., Krull, R., and Fleissner, A.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Fungi grow on a great variety of organic and inorganic materials. Colony establishment and growth on solid surfaces require adhesion of spores and hyphae to the substrate, while cell-to-cell interactions among spores and/or hyphae are a prerequisite for the development of three-dimensional mycelial structures such as pellets or biofilms. Surface adherence has been described as a two-step process, comprised of the initial attachment of ungerminated conidia followed by further adhesion of the forming germ tubes and growing hyphae. In the present study, we analyzed the contribution of adhesion of ungerminated spores to pellet and biofilm formation in Aspergillus niger. Mutants deficient in melanin biosynthesis were constructed by the deletion of the alb1 gene, encoding a polyketide synthase essential for pigment biosynthesis. Deltaalb1 conidia have an altered surface structure and changed physicochemical surface properties. Spore aggregation in liquid culture as well as spore surface attachment differ between the wild type and the mutant in a pH-dependent manner. In liquid culture further pellet formation is unaffected by altered spore-spore interactions, indicating that germ tube and hyphal adherence can compensate for deficiencies in the initial step of spore attachment. In contrast, under conditions promoting adhesion of Deltaalb1 conidia to polymer surfaces the mutant forms more stable biofilms than the wild type, suggesting that initial spore adhesion supports sessile growth.

Published
2012

35. Morphology and Rheology in Filamentous Cultivations

Author

Wucherpfennig, T., Kiep, K.A., Driouch, H., Wittmann, C., Krull, R., Wucherpfennig, T., Kiep, K.A., Driouch, H., Wittmann, C., and Krull, R.

Abstract

Because of their metabolic diversity, high production capacity, secretion efficiency, and capability of carrying out posttranslational modifications, filamentous fungi are widely exploited as efficient cell factories in the production of metabolites, bioactive substances, and native or heterologous proteins, respectively. There is, however, a complex relationship between the morphology of these microorganisms, transport phenomena, the viscosity of the cultivation broth, and related productivity. The morphological characteristics vary between freely dispersed mycelia and distinct pellets of aggregated biomass, every growth form having a distinct influence on broth rheology. Hence, the advantages and disadvantages for mycelial or pellet cultivation have to be balanced out carefully. Because of the still inadequate understanding of the morphogenesis of filamentous microorganisms, fungal morphology is often a bottleneck of productivity in industrial production. To obtain an optimized production process, it is of great importance to gain a better understanding of the molecular and cell biology of these microorganisms as well as the relevant approaches in biochemical engineering. In this chapter, morphology and growth of filamentous fungi are described, with special attention given to specific problems as they arise from fungal growth forms; growth and mass transfer in fungal biopellets are discussed as an example. To emphasize the importance of the flow behavior of filamentous cultivation broths, an introduction to rheology is also given, reviewing important rheological models and recent studies concerning rheological parameters. Furthermore, current knowledge on morphology and productivity in relation to the environom is outlined in the last section of this review.

Published
2010
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36. Morphology of filamentous fungi: linking cellular biology to process engineering using Aspergillus niger

Author

Wittmann, C., Krull, R., Cordes, C., Horn, H., Kampen, I., Kwade, A., Neu, Thomas, Nörtemann, B., Wittmann, C., Krull, R., Cordes, C., Horn, H., Kampen, I., Kwade, A., Neu, Thomas, and Nörtemann, B.

Abstract

In various biotechnological processes, filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus niger, are widely applied for the production of high value-added products due to their secretion efficiency. There is, however, a tangled relationship between the morphology of these microorganisms, the transport phenomena and the related productivity. The morphological characteristics vary between freely dispersed mycelia and distinct pellets of aggregated biomass. Hence, advantages and disadvantages for mycel or pellet cultivation have to be balanced out carefully. Due to this inadequate understanding of morphogenesis of filamentous microorganisms, fungal morphology, along with reproducibility of inocula of the same quality, is often a bottleneck of productivity in industrial production. To obtain an optimisation of the production process it is of great importance to gain a better understanding of the molecular and cell biology of these microorganisms as well as the approaches in biochemical engineering and particle technique, in particular to characterise the interactions between the growth conditions, cell morphology, spore-hyphae-interactions and product formation. Advances in particle and image analysis techniques as well as micromechanical devices and their applications to fungal cultivations have made available quantitative morphological data on filamentous cells. This chapter provides the ambitious aspects of this line of action, focussing on the control and characterisation of the morphology, the transport gradients and the approaches to understand the metabolism of filamentous fungi. Based on these data, bottlenecks in the morphogenesis of A. niger within the complex production pathways from gene to product should be identified and this may improve the production yield.

Published
2010

37. 3D finite element model of biofilm detachment using real biofilm structures from CLSM data

Author

Böl, M., Möhle, R.B., Haesner, Marian, Neu, Thomas, Horn, H., Krull, R., Böl, M., Möhle, R.B., Haesner, Marian, Neu, Thomas, Horn, H., and Krull, R.

Abstract

In this work, a three-dimensional model of fluid-structure interactions (FSI) in biofilm systems is developed in order to simulate biofilm detachment as a result of mechanical processes. Therein, fluid flow past the biofilm surface results in a mechanical load on the structure which in turn causes internal stresses in the biofilm matrix. When the strength of the matrix is exceeded parts of the structure are detached. The model is used to investigate the influence of several parameters related to the mechanical strength of the biofilm matrix, Young's modulus, Reynolds number, and biofilm structure on biofilm detachment. Variations in biofilm strength and flow conditions significantly influence the simulation outcome. With respect to structural properties the model is widely independent from a change of Young's modulus. A further result of this work indicates that the change of biofilm structure due to growth or other processes will significantly change the stress distribution in the biofilm and thereby the detachment rate. An increase of the mechanical load by increasing fluid flow results in a flat surface of the remaining biofilm structure. It is concluded that the change of structure during biofilm development is the key determinant in terms of the detachment behavior. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 177-186. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2009

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