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The spectral and temporal response of a set of $N$ quantum emitters embedded in a photonic cavity is studied. Quantum mechanically, such systems can be described by the Tavis-Cummings (TC) model of $N$ two-level systems coupled to a single light mode. Here we compare the full quantum solution of the TC model for different numbers of quantum emitters with its semiclassical limit after a pulsed excitation of the cavity mode. Considering different pulse amplitudes, we find that the spectra obtained from the TC model approach the semiclassical one for an increasing number of emitters $N$. Furthermore they match very well for small pulse amplitudes. While we observe a very good agreement in the temporal dynamics for photon numbers much smaller than $N$, considerable deviations occur in the regime of photon numbers similar to or larger than $N$, which are linked to collapse and revival phenomena. Wigner functions of the light mode are calculated for different scenarios to analyze the quantum state of the light field. We find strong deviations from a coherent state even if the dynamics of the expectation values are still well described by the semiclassical limit. For higher pulse amplitudes Wigner functions similar to those of Schr\"odinger cat states between two or more quasi-coherent contributions build up., Comment: accepted for publication in Physical Review B https://journals.aps.org/prb/

Localized excitons play a vital role in the optical response of monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides and can be exploited as single photon sources for quantum information technology. While the optical properties of such localized excitons are vastly studied, the ultrafast capture process of delocalized excitons into localized potentials is largely unexplored. We perform quantum kinetic calculations of exciton capture via acoustic and optical phonons showing that efficient capture takes place on an ultrafast time scale. The polaron formation in the low-temperature limit leads to higher-energy excitons which can then be efficiently trapped. We demonstrate that the interplay of acoustic and optical phonons leads to an efficient broadening of energy-selection rules. Our studies provide a deep understanding of the carrier trapping from two-dimensional materials into zero-dimensional potentials.

Semiconductor quantum dots in photonic cavities are strongly coupled light-matter systems with prospective applications in optoelectronic devices and quantum information processing. Here we present a theoretical study of the coupled exciton--light field dynamics of a planar quantum dot ensemble, treated as two-level systems, embedded in a photonic cavity modeled by Maxwell's equations. When excited by coupling an external short laser pulse into the cavity, we find an exciton-polariton-like behavior for weak excitation and Rabi oscillations for strong excitation with a sharp transition between these regimes. In the transition region we find highly non-linear dynamics involving high harmonics of the fundamental oscillation. We perform a numerical study based on the Finite-Difference-Time-Domain method for the solution of Maxwell's equations coupled to Bloch equations for the quantum dots and also derive an analytical model to describe the coupled cavity-quantum dot system, which allows us to describe the light field dynamics in terms of a Newton-like dynamics in an effective anharmonic potential. From the shape of this potential combined with the initial conditions the transition can be well understood. The model is then extended to a broadened ensemble of quantum dots. For weak excitation the polariton spectrum broadens and the lines slightly shift, however, the sharp transition to the Rabi oscillation regime is still present. Furthermore, we find a second, lower threshold with additional lines in the spectra which can be traced back to Rabi oscillations driven by the polariton modes. Our approach provides new insights in the dynamics of both quantum dot and light field in the photonic structure.

Spatially structured light fields applied to semiconductor quantum dots yield fundamentally different absorption spectra than homogeneous beams. In this paper, we theoretically discuss the resulting spectra for different light beams using a cylindrical multipole expansion. For the description of the quantum dots we employ a model based on the effective mass approximation including Coulomb and valence band mixing. The combination of a single spatially structured light beam and state mixing allows all exciton states in the quantum dot to become optically addressable. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the beams can be tailored such that single states are selectively excited, without the need of spectral separation. Using this selectivity, we propose a method to measure the exciton wave function of the quantum dot eigenstate. The measurement goes beyond electron density measurements by revealing the spatial phase information of the exciton wave function. Thereby polarization sensitive measurements are generalized by including the infinitely large spatial degree of freedom.

The linear absorption spectra in monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides show pronounced signatures of the exceptionally strong exciton-phonon interaction in these materials. To account for both exciton and phonon physics in such optical signals, we compare different theoretical methods to calculate the absorption spectra using the example of $\mathrm{MoSe_2}$. In this paper, we derive the equations of motion for the polarization either using a correlation expansion up to 4th Born approximation or a time convolutionless master equation. We show that the Born approximation might become problematic when not treated in high enough order, especially at high temperatures. In contrast, the time convolutionless formulation gives surprisingly good results despite its simplicity when compared to higher-order corrrelation expansion and therefore provides a powerful tool to calculate the lineshape of linear absorption spectra in the very popular monolayer materials., Comment: to be published in Physical Review B

Several important proposals to use semiconductor quantum dots in quantum information technology rely on the control of the dark exciton ground states, such as dark exciton based qubits with a $\mu$s life time. In this paper, we present an efficient way to occupy the dark exciton ground state by a single short laser pulse. The scheme is based on an optical excitation with a longitudinal field component featured by, e.g., radially polarized beams or certain Laguerre-Gauss or Bessel beams. Utilizing this component, we show within a configuration interaction approach that high-energy exciton states composed of light-hole excitons and higher dark heavy-hole excitons can be addressed. When the higher exciton relaxes, a dark exciton in its ground state is created.

When the excitation of carriers in real space is focused down to the nanometer scale, the carrier system can no longer be viewed as homogeneous and ultrafast transport of the excited carrier wave packets occurs. In state-of-the-art semiconductor structures like low-dimensional heterostructures or monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides, the Coulomb interaction between excited carriers becomes stronger due to confinement or reduced screening. This demands a fundamental understanding of strongly interacting electrons and holes and the influence of Coulomb correlations. To study the corresponding particle dynamics in a controlled way we consider a system of up to two electron-hole pairs exactly within a wave function approach. We show that the excited wave packets contain a non-trivial mixture of free particle and excitonic states. We further scrutinize the influence of Coulomb interaction on the wave packet dynamics revealing its different role for below and above band-gap excitation., Comment: submitted to Physical Review B

There is a growing acknowledgement in the scientific community of the importance of making experimental data machine findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). Recognizing that high quality metadata are essential to make datasets FAIR, members of the GO FAIR Initiative and the Research Data Alliance (RDA) have initiated a series of workshops to encourage the creation of Metadata for Machines (M4M), enabling any self-identified stakeholder to define and promote the reuse of standardized, comprehensive machine-actionable metadata. The funders of scientific research recognize that they have an important role to play in ensuring that experimental results are FAIR, and that high quality metadata and careful planning for FAIR data stewardship are central to these goals. We describe the outcome of a recent M4M workshop that has led to a pilot programme involving two national science funders, the Health Research Board of Ireland (HRB) and the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW). These funding organizations will explore new technologies to define at the time that a request for proposals is issued the minimal set of machine-actionable metadata that they would like investigators to use to annotate their datasets, to enable investigators to create such metadata to help make their data FAIR, and to develop data-stewardship plans that ensure that experimental data will be managed appropriately abiding by the FAIR principles. The FAIR Funders design envisions a data-management workflow having seven essential stages, where solution providers are openly invited to participate. The initial pilot programme will launch using existing computer-based tools of those who attended the M4M Workshop., Comment: This is a pre-print of the FAIR Funders pilot, an outcome of the first Metadata for Machines workshop, see: https://www.go-fair.org/resources/go-fair-workshop-series/metadata-for-machines-workshops/. Corresponding author: E. A Schultes, ORCID 0000-0001-8888-635X

We propose a novel $hp$-multilevel Monte Carlo method for the quantification of uncertainties in the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, using the Discontinuous Galerkin method as deterministic solver. The multilevel approach exploits hierarchies of uniformly refined meshes while simultaneously increasing the polynomial degree of the ansatz space. It allows for a very large range of resolutions in the physical space and thus an efficient decrease of the statistical error. We prove that the overall complexity of the $hp$-multilevel Monte Carlo method to compute the mean field with prescribed accuracy is, in best-case, of quadratic order with respect to the accuracy. We also propose a novel and simple approach to estimate a lower confidence bound for the optimal number of samples per level, which helps to prevent overestimating these quantities. The method is in particular designed for application on queue-based computing systems, where it is desirable to compute a large number of samples during one iteration, without overestimating the optimal number of samples. Our theoretical results are verified by numerical experiments for the two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations. In particular we consider a cavity flow problem from computational acoustics, demonstrating that the method is suitable to handle complex engineering problems., Comment: 26 pages

The electromagnetic field of optical vortices is in most cases derived from vector and scalar potentials using either a procedure based on the Lorenz or the Coulomb gauge. The former procedure has been typically used to derive paraxial solutions with Laguerre-Gauss radial profiles, while the latter procedure has been used to derive full solutions of the wave equation with Bessel radial profiles. We investigate the differences in the derivation procedures applying each one to both Bessel and Laguerre-Gauss profiles. We show that the electromagnetic fields thus derived differ in the relative strength of electric and magnetic contributions. The new solution that arises from the Lorenz procedure in the case of Bessel beams restores a field symmetry that previous work failed to resolve. Our procedure is further generalized and we find a spectrum of fields beyond the Lorenz and Coulomb gauge types. Finally, we describe a possible experiment to test our findings., Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure

We present a numerical study of the interaction quench dynamics in a superfluid ultracold Fermi gas confined in a three-dimensional cigar-shaped harmonic trap. In the present paper we investigate the amplitude mode of the superfluid order parameter after interaction quenches which start deep in the BCS phase and end in the BCS-BEC crossover regime. To this end, we exploit the Bogoliubov-de Gennes formalism which takes the confinement potential explicitly into account and provides a microscopic fully coherent description of the system. We find an anharmonic nonlinear oscillation of the modulus of the superfluid order parameter, i.e., of the Higgs mode. This oscillation persists for large times with only a small amplitude modulation being visible. We connect the frequency and the mean value of this oscillation with the breaking of Cooper pairs in the superfluid phase. Additionally, we demonstrate that the occurrence of this persistent oscillation is connected to the onset of chaotic dynamics in our model. Finally, we calculate an interaction quench phase diagram of the Higgs mode for quenches on the BCS side of the BCS-BEC crossover and discuss its properties as a function of the aspect ratio of the cigar-shaped trap., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

We present a numerical study of the Higgs mode in an ultracold confined Fermi gas after an interaction quench and find a dynamical vanishing of the superfluid order parameter. Our calculations are done within a microscopic density-matrix approach in the Bogoliubov-de Gennes framework which takes the three-dimensional cigar-shaped confinement explicitly into account. In this framework, we study the amplitude mode of the order parameter after interaction quenches starting on the BCS side of the BEC-BCS crossover close to the transition and ending in the BCS regime. We demonstrate the emergence of a dynamically vanishing superfluid order parameter in the spatiotemporal dynamics in a three-dimensional trap. Further, we show that the signal averaged over the whole trap mirrors the spatiotemporal behavior and allows us to systematically study the effects of the system size and aspect ratio on the observed dynamics. Our analysis enables us to connect the confinement-induced modifications of the dynamics to the pairing properties of the system. Finally, we demonstrate that the signature of the Higgs mode is contained in the dynamical signal of the condensate fraction, which, therefore, might provide a new experimental access to the nonadiabatic regime of the Higgs mode., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

Phonons strongly influence the optical control of semiconductor quantum dots. When modeling the electron-phonon interaction in several theoretical approaches the quantum dot geometry is approximated by a spherical structure, though typical self-assembled quantum dots are strongly lens-shaped. By explicitly comparing simulations of a spherical and a lens-shaped dot using a well-established correlation expansion approach we show that indeed lens-shaped dots can be exactly mapped to a spherical geometry when studying the phonon influence on the electronic system. We also give a recipe to reproduce spectral densities from more involved dots by rather simple spherical models. On the other hand, breaking the spherical symmetry has a pronounced impact on the spatio-temporal properties of the phonon dynamics. As an example we show that for a lens-shaped quantum dot the phonon emission is strongly concentrated along the direction of the smallest axis of the dot which is important for the use of phonons for the communication between different dots.

We present a numerical study of the dynamic response of a confined superfluid Fermi gas to a rapid change of the scattering length (i.e., an interaction quench). Based on a fully microscopic time-dependent density-matrix approach within the full Bogoliubov-de Gennes formalism that includes a 3D harmonic confinement we simulate and identify the emergence of a Goldstone mode of the BCS gap in a cigar-shaped $^6$Li gas. By analyzing this Goldstone mode over a wide range of parameters, we show that its excitation spectrum is gapless and that its main frequency is not fixed by the trapping potential but that it is determined by the details of the quench. Thus, we report the emergence of a pure Goldstone mode of the BCS gap that --in contrast to situations in many previous studies-- maintains its gapless excitation spectrum predicted by the Goldstone theorem. Furthermore, we observe that the size-dependent superfluid resonances resulting from the atypical BCS-BEC crossover have a direct impact on this Goldstone mode. Finally, we find that the interaction quench-induced Goldstone mode leads to a low-frequency in-phase oscillation of the single-particle occupations with complete inversion of the lowest-lying single-particle states which could provide a convenient experimental access to the pure gapless Goldstone mode., Comment: This article supersedes our previous publication arXiv:1511.04239 [cond-mat.quant-gas]

It has been theoretically predicted that light carrying orbital angular momentum, or twisted light, can be tuned to have a strong magnetic-field component at optical frequencies. We here consider the interaction of these peculiar fields with a semiconductor quantum dot and show that the magnetic interaction results in new types of optical transitions. In particular, a single pulse of such twisted light can drive light-hole-to-conduction band transitions that are cumbersome to produce using conventional Gaussian beams or even twisted light with dominant electric fields., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures

Coherent phonons can greatly vary light-matter interaction in semiconductor nanostructures placed inside an optical resonator on an ultrafast time scale. For an ensemble of quantum dots as active laser medium phonons are able to induce a large enhancement or attenuation of the emission intensity, as has been recently demonstrated. The physics of this coupled phonon-exciton-photon system consists of various effects, which in the experiment typically cannot be clearly separated, in particular because a rather complex strain pulse impinges on the quantum dot ensemble. Here we present a comprehensive theoretical study how the laser emission is affected by phonon pulses of various shapes as well as by ensembles with different spectral distributions of the quantum dots. This gives insight into the fundamental interaction dynamics of the coupled phonon-exciton-photon system, while it allows us to clearly discriminate between two prominent effects: the adiabatic shifting of the ensemble and the shaking effect. This paves the way to a tailored laser emission controlled by phonons.

Optimized light-matter coupling in semiconductor nanostructures is a key to understand their optical properties and can be enabled by advanced fabrication techniques. Using in-situ electron beam lithography combined with a low-temperature cathodoluminescence imaging, we deterministically fabricate microlenses above selected InAs quantum dots (QDs) achieving their efficient coupling to the external light field. This enables to perform four-wave mixing micro-spectroscopy of single QD excitons, revealing the exciton population and coherence dynamics. We infer the temperature dependence of the dephasing in order to address the impact of phonons on the decoherence of confined excitons. The loss of the coherence over the first picoseconds is associated with the emission of a phonon wave packet, also governing the phonon background in photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Using theory based on the independent boson model, we consistently explain the initial coherence decay, the zero-phonon line fraction, and the lineshape of the phonon-assisted PL using realistic quantum dot geometries.

The formulation of the interaction of matter with singular light fields needs special care. In a recent article [Phys.~Rev.~A {\bf 91}, 033808 (2015)] we have shown that the Hamiltonian describing the interaction of a twisted light beam having parallel orbital and spin angular momenta with a small object located close to the phase singularity can be expressed only in terms of the electric field of the beam. Here, we complement our studies by providing an interaction Hamiltonian for beams having antiparallel orbital and spin angular momenta. Such beams may exhibit unusually strong magnetic effects. We further extend our formulation to radially and azimuthally polarized beams. The advantages of our formulation are that for all beams the Hamiltonian is written solely in terms of the electric and magnetic fields of the beam and as such it is manifestly gauge-invariant. Furthermore it is intuitive by resembling the well-known expressions in the dipole-electric and dipole-magnetic moment approximations.

The complex electronic properties of $\mathrm{ZrTe_5}$ have recently stimulated in-depth investigations that assigned this material to either a topological insulator or a 3D Dirac semimetal phase. Here we report a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of both electronic and structural properties of $\mathrm{ZrTe_5}$, revealing that the bulk material is a strong topological insulator (STI). By means of angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, we identify at the top of the valence band both a surface and a bulk state. The dispersion of these bands is well captured by ab initio calculations for the STI case, for the specific interlayer distance measured in our x-ray diffraction study. Furthermore, these findings are supported by scanning tunneling spectroscopy revealing the metallic character of the sample surface, thus confirming the strong topological nature of $\mathrm{ZrTe_5}$., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

A detailed understanding of the population and coherence dynamics in optically driven individual emitters in solids and their signatures in ultrafast nonlinear-optical signals is of prime importance for their applications in future quantum and optical technologies. In a combined experimental and theoretical study on exciton complexes in single semiconductor quantum dots we reveal a detailed picture of the dynamics employing three-beam polarization-resolved four-wave mixing (FWM) micro-spectroscopy. The oscillatory dynamics of the FWM signals in the exciton-biexciton system is governed by the fine-structure splitting and the biexciton binding energy in an excellent quantitative agreement between measurement and analytical description. The analysis of the excitation conditions exhibits a dependence of the dynamics on the specific choice of polarization configuration, pulse areas and temporal ordering of driving fields. The interplay between the transitions in the four-level exciton system leads to rich evolution of coherence and population. Using two-dimensional FWM spectroscopy we elucidate the exciton-biexciton coupling and identify neutral and charged exciton complexes in a single quantum dot. Our investigations thus clearly reveal that FWM spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize spectral and dynamical properties of single quantum structures., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

We investigate theoretically the temporal behavior of a quantum dot under off-resonant optical excitation targeted at fast acoustic phonon-assisted state preparation. We demonstrate that in a preparation process driven by short laser pulses three processes can be identified: a dressing of the states during the switch on of the laser pulse, a subsequent phonon-induced relaxation and an undressing at the end of the pulse. By analyzing excitation scenarios with different pulse shapes we highlight the decisive impact of an adiabatic undressing on the final state in short pulse protocols. Furthermore, we show that in exciton-biexciton systems the laser characteristics such as the pulse detuning and the pulse length as well as the biexciton binding energy can be used to select the targeted quantum dot state.

We present a numerical study of a confined ultracold Fermi gas showing that the Goldstone mode of the BCS gap is directly visible in the dynamics of the single-particle excitations. To this end, we investigate the low-energy dynamic response of a confined Fermi gas to a rapid change of the scattering length (i.e., an interaction quench). Based on a fully microscopic time-dependent density-matrix approach within the Bogoliubov-de Gennes formalism that includes a 3D harmonic confinement we simulate and identify the emergence of the Goldstone mode in a cigar-shaped $^6$Li gas. We show that the quench leads to a low-frequency in-phase oscillation of the single-particle occupations. Complete inversion is achieved for occupations corresponding to the lowest-lying single-particle states., Comment: This article has become part of the publication arXiv:1708.07709 [cond-mat.quant-gas] which includes a more detailed analysis of the visibility of the interaction quench-induced Goldstone mode in RF spectroscopy

Because of their weak coupling to the electromagnetic field dark excitons in semiconductor quantum dots possess extremely long lifetimes, which makes them attractive candidates for quantum information processing. On the other hand, preparation and manipulation of dark states is challenging, because commonly used optical excitation mechanisms are not applicable. We propose a new, efficient mechanism for the deterministic preparation of the dark exciton exploiting the application of a tilted magnetic field and the optical excitation with a chirped, i.e., frequency modulated, laser pulse.

We report the Coulomb mediated hybridization of excitonic states in an optically active, artificial quantum dot molecule. By probing the optical response of the artificial molecule as a function of the static electric field applied along the molecular axis, we observe unexpected avoided level crossings that do not arise from the dominant single particle tunnel coupling. We identify a new few-particle coupling mechanism stemming from Coulomb interactions between different neutral exciton states. Such Coulomb resonances hybridize the exciton wave function over four different electron and hole single-particle orbitals. Comparisons of experimental observations with microscopic 8-band $k \cdot p$ calculations taking into account a realistic quantum dot geometry show good agreement and reveal that the Coulomb resonances arise from broken symmetry in the artificial molecule.

The Higgs amplitude mode of the order parameter of an ultracold confined Fermi gas in the BCS regime after a quench of the coupling constant is analyzed theoretically. Characteristic features are a damped oscillation which at a certain transition time changes into a rather irregular dynamics. We compare the numerical solution of the full set of nonlinear equations of motion for the normal and anomalous Bogoliubov quasiparticle excitations with a linearized approximation. In doing so the transition time as well as the difference between resonant systems, i.e., systems where the Fermi energy is close to a subband minimum, and off-resonant systems can be well understood and traced back to the system and geometry parameters., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

For many applications of semiconductor quantum dots in quantum technology a well controlled state preparation of the quantum dot states is mandatory. Since quantum dots are embedded in the semiconductor matrix, the interaction with phonons plays often a major role in the preparation process. In this review, we discuss the influence of phonons on three basically different optical excitation schemes which can be used for the preparation of exciton, biexciton, and superposition states: a resonant excitation leading to Rabi rotations in the excitonic system, an excitation with chirped pulses exploiting the effect of adiabatic rapid passage, and an off-resonant excitation giving rise to a phonon-assisted state preparation. We give an overview over experimental and theoretical results showing the role of the phonons and compare the performance of the schemes for state preparation.

Results of a study of the substructure of the highest transverse momentum (pT) jets observed by the CDF collaboration are presented. Events containing at least one jet with pT > 400 GeV/c in a sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.95 inverse fb, collected in 1.96 TeV proton-antiproton collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron collider, are selected. A study of the jet mass, angularity, and planar-flow distributions is presented, and the measurements are compared with predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics. A search for boosted top-quark production is also described, leading to a 95% confidence level upper limit of 38 fb on the production cross section of top quarks with pT > 400 GeV/c., Comment: 51 pages, to be submitted to Physical Review D

An optical-vortex is an inhomogeneous light beam having a phase singularity at its axis, where the intensity of the electric and/or magnetic field may vanish. Already well studied are the paraxial beams, which are known to carry well defined values of spin (polarization $\sigma$) and orbital angular momenta; the orbital angular momentum per photon is given by the topological charge $\ell$ times the Planck constant. Here we study the light-hole--to--conduction band transitions in a semiconductor quantum dot induced by a highly-focused beam originating from a $\ell=1$ paraxial optical vortex. We find that at normal incidence the pulse will produce two distinct types of electron--hole pairs, depending on the relative signs of $\sigma$ and $\ell$. When sign($\sigma$)$=$sign($\ell$), the pulse will create electron--hole pairs with band+spin and envelope angular momenta both equal to one. In contrast, for sign($\sigma$)$\neq$sign($\ell$), the electron-hole pairs will have neither band+spin nor envelope angular momenta. A tightly-focused optical-vortex beam thus makes possible the creation of pairs that cannot be produced with plane waves at normal incidence. With the addition of co-propagating plane waves or switching techniques to change the charge $\ell$ both the band+spin and the envelope angular momenta of the pair wave-function can be precisely controlled. We discuss possible applications in the field of spintronics that open up.

Twisted light is light carrying orbital angular momentum. The profile of such a beam is a ring-like structure with a node at the beam axis, where a phase singularity exits. Due to the strong spatial inhomogeneity the mathematical description of twisted-light--matter interaction is non-trivial, in particular close to the phase singularity, where the commonly used dipole-moment approximation cannot be applied. In this paper we show that, if the polarization and the orbital angular momentum of the twisted-light beam have the same sign, a Hamiltonian similar to the dipole-moment approximation can be derived. However, if the signs of polarization and orbital angular momentum differ, in general the magnetic parts of the light beam become of significant importance and an interaction Hamiltonian which only accounts for electric fields, as in the dipole-moment approximation, is inappropriate. We discuss the consequences of these findings for twisted-light excitation of a semiconductor nanostructures, e.g., a quantum dot, placed at the phase singularity.

The energy transport of acoustic phonons generated by the optical excitation of a quantum dot as well as the coherence properties of these phonons are studied theoretically both for the case of a pulsed excitation and for a continuous wave (cw) excitation switched on instantaneously. For a pulsed excitation, depending on pulse area and pulse duration, a finite number of phonon wave packets is emitted, while for the case of a cw excitation a sequence of wave packets with decreasing amplitude is generated after the excitation has been switched on. We show that the energy flow associated with the generated phonons is partly related to coherent phonon oscillations and partly to incoherent phonon emission. The efficiency of the energy transfer to the phonons and the details of the energy flow depend strongly and in a non-monotonic way on the Rabi frequency exhibiting a resonance behavior. However, in the case of cw excitation it turns out that the total energy transferred to the phonons is directly linked in a monotonic way to the Rabi frequency.

We demonstrate that in quantum-dot cavity systems, the interplay between acoustic phonons and photon losses introduces novel features and characteristic dependencies in the system dynamics. In particular, the combined action of both loss mechanisms strongly affects the transition from the weak to the strong coupling regime as well as the shape of Mollow-type spectra in untypical ways. For weak coupling, where the spectra degenerate to a single line, we predict that their widths decrease with rising temperature.

Excitonic states and the line shape of optical transitions in coupled quantum dots (quantum dot molecules) are studied theoretically. For a pair of electrically tunable, vertically aligned quantum dots we investigate the coupling between spatially direct and indirect excitons caused by different mechanisms such as tunnel coupling, Coulomb coupling, coupling due to the spin-orbit interaction and coupling induced by a structural asymmetry. The peculiarities of the different types of couplings are reflected in the appearance of either crossings or avoided crossings between direct and indirect excitons, the latter ones being directly visible in the absorption spectrum. We analyze the influence of the phonon environment on the spectrum by calculating the line shape of the various optical transitions including contributions due to both pure dephasing and phonon-induced transitions between different exciton states. The line width enhancement due to phonon-induced transitions is particularly pronounced in the region of an anticrossing and it strongly depends on the energy splitting between the two exciton branches., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures

We develop a theoretical description of the spin dynamics of resident holes in a p-doped semiconductor quantum well (QW) subject to a magnetic field tilted from the Voigt geometry. We find the expressions for the signals measured in time-resolved Faraday rotation (TRFR) and resonant spin amplification (RSA) experiments and study their behavior for a range of system parameters. We find that an inversion of the RSA peaks can occur for long hole spin dephasing times and tilted magnetic fields. We verify the validity of our theoretical findings by performing a series of TRFR and RSA experiments on a p-modulation doped GaAs/Al_{0.3}Ga_{0.7}As single QW and showing that our model can reproduce experimentally observed signals., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures; corrected typos

The optically induced spin dynamics of a single Mn atom embedded into a single semiconductor quantum dot can be strongly influenced by using the optical Stark effect. The exchange interaction gives rise to simultaneous spin flips between the quantum dot electron and Mn. In the time domain these flips correspond to exchange induced Rabi oscillations, which are typically off-resonant. By applying a detuned laser pulse, the states involved in the flipping can be brought into resonance by means of the optical Stark effect increasing the amplitude of the Rabi oscillations to one. In this paper we study theoretically how this spin dynamics can be monitored in time-resolved spectroscopy. In the spectrum the exchange interaction leads to a splitting of the exciton line into six lines, each corresponding to one of the six Mn spin states. The dynamical behavior of the Mn spin is reflected by the strength of the individual lines as a function of time. When an off-resonant optical pulse is applied the spectral positions of the lines shift, but still the flipping dynamics is visible.

We study theoretically the fluctuation properties of acoustic phonons created in a semiconductor quantum dot after ultrafast optical excitation. An excitation with a single ultrafast pulse creates an exciton confined to the quantum dot, which is coupled to longitudinal acoustic phonons. This leads to the formation of a polaron in the quantum dot accompanied by the emission of a phonon wave packet. We show that the fluctuations of the lattice displacement associated with the wave packet after a single laser pulse excitation in resonance with the exciton transition are always larger than their respective vacuum values. Manipulating the exciton with a second pulse can result in a reduction of the fluctuations below their vacuum limit, which means that the phonons are squeezed. We show that the squeezing properties of the wave packet strongly depend on the relative phase and the time delay between the two laser pulses.

We study the evolution of a quantum dot controlled by a frequency-swept (chirped), linearly polarized laser pulse in the presence of carrier-phonon coupling. The final occupation of the exciton state is limited both due to phonon-induced transitions between the adiabatic spectral branches and because of phonon-assisted transitions to the biexciton state. When the biexciton shift is large enough, the quantum dot can be modeled as a two-level system, which corresponds to excitation with circularly polarized light. For this case, we compare different methods of simulations: (i) a time convolutionless method, (ii) correlation expansion and (iii) path integrals. We show that results obtained from these methods agree perfectly at low temperatures., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1209.2675

We investigate theoretically under which conditions a stable and high-fidelity preparation of the biexciton state in a quantum dot can be realized by means of adiabatic rapid passage in the presence of acoustic phonon coupling. Our analysis is based on a numerically complete real-time path integral approach and comprises different schemes of optical driving using frequency-swept (chirped) pulses. We show that depending on the size of the biexciton binding energy, resonant two-photon excitations or two-color schemes can be favorable. It is demonstrated that the carrier-phonon interaction strongly affects the efficiency of the protocols and that a robust preparation of the biexciton is restricted to positive chirps and low temperatures. A considerable increase of the biexciton yield can be achieved realizing temperatures below 4 K.