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Atomic‐level tailoring of active sites is an efficient strategy for designing high‐performance photocatalysts for clean energy. Asymmetric atomic sites (AAS) like MSA‐Ov‐M2 created through hetero‐metal single atoms (MSA) doping on defect‐rich metal oxides (M2‐Ov‐M2) are favored for better activation of targeted molecules. However, creating AAS typically demands high energy input, hindering their widespread use in photocatalytic H2 production. Furthermore, precise control over surface defects to create AAS remains challenging. Here, CuSA‐Ov‐Ti3c highly asymmetric atomic sites catalyst (HAASC) is constructed by strategically trapping Cu single atoms on high‐index (111) faceted TiO2. This material combines single‐atom catalysis and facet engineering, achieving unprecedented H2 production rates (8.3 mmol h−1 g−1 in pure water and 784.5 mmol h−1 g−1 in water/methanol mixture). Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal CuSA substituting five‐coordinated Ti atoms (Ti5c) next to three‐coordinated (Ti3c) ones, forming CuSA‐Ov‐Ti3c HAAS. HAAS plays multiple roles in i) improving light harvesting, charge‐transfer dynamics, and redox capability of photoexcited electrons; ii) enhanced adsorption and polarization of H2O molecules; iii) facilitating electron transfer from CuSA‐Ov‐Ti3c to H2O molecules, and iv) raising d‐band center toward Fermi level resulting in ≈250‐fold enhanced H2 production than Ti5c‐O‐Ti3c AASC. This work opens new avenues for future structural designs in heterogeneous catalysis for energy‐related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates the synthesis of fcc-Co derived from an isostructural C o 4 N phase. When deposited at high substrate temperature ( T s ) or thermal annealing ( T a ) above 573 K, the out-diffusion of N from fcc- C o 4 N occurs, leaving behind a high purity fcc-Co phase. Generally, Co grows in a hcp structure, and a hcp to fcc-Co transformation can be facilitated at high temperature or pressure. The proposed route by nitridation and diffusion of N not only brings down the transition temperature but an impurity present in the form of hcp-Co can be avoided altogether as well. Oriented C o 4 N (111) thin films were grown using a CrN(111) template on a quartz substrate using dc magnetron sputtering. Samples were grown at different T s or room temperature grown C o 4 N samples were annealed at different T a . Analysis using x-ray diffraction, N K-edge x-ray absorption, x-ray photoelectron, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy confirmed the formation of fcc- C o 4 N or fcc-Co phases. Furthermore, it was found that Co–N bonding and N concentration get significantly reduced at high T s or T a due to exceptionally high N self-diffusion taking place in C o 4 N. Magnetic measurements using ex situ and in situ magneto-optical Kerr effect showed differences in saturation behavior and coercivity of C o 4 N and fcc-Co samples. By combining structural, electronic, and magnetization measurements, it has been observed that a high purity fcc-Co can be conveniently derived from the isostructural C o 4 N aided by an exceptionally high N self-diffusion in C o 4 N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we defined Calder o ́ n–Zygmund operator T as (T ϕ) (x) = ∫ (x , y) ϕ (y) d y on local fields () under certain conditions on (x , y) and then find the boundedness of operator T. Using result on boundedness of T and orthonormal wavelet basis of L 2 () , we provide unconditional wavelet bases for L p -norm over a local fields of positive characteristic by the wavelet coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been related to poor bone health, increased risk of PIH, obstructed labour, vaginosis and LBW baby among women of reproductive age. Aims &Objectives: To evaluate the serum calcium and vitamin D levels of reproductive age group women and their relation with sociodemographic parameters. Material &Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted among non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 15-49 years, attending the OPD for any musculoskeletal complaints. The study participants were subjected to a pretested questionnaire for capturing information regarding their sociodemographic parameters. Non fasting blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis of serum vitamin D and calcium. Results: The mean serum vitamin D and calcium levels were 20.94±10.61 ng/ml and 4.82±0.87 mg/dl respectively. The median serum vitamin D levels were 18.1 ng/ml with IQR of 12.43-28.00 ng/ml. The median serum vitamin D levels were significantly less among women residing in rural area and those who were unmarried/separated. Vitamin D level were highest in middle and lowest in upper socioeconomic status (p=0.007). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is more pronounced among women from rural background and those who were unmarried/separated. These women are susceptible to development of osteoporosis and pregnancy related complications in later age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare TIMI flow after administering intracoronary (IC) medications through various routes for the treatment of slow flow/no-reflow during primary PCI. Two independent parallel cohorts of the patients who underwent primary PCI for STEMI and developed slow/no-reflow were recruited. Selection of cohort was based on the route of administration of IC medications as proximal or distal. Post administration TIMI follow was compared between the two cohorts. A total of 100 patients were included in both, proximal and distal, cohort. Distribution of angiographic, clinical and demographic characteristics was not significant between the two cohorts except prevalence of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Frequency of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were 45 % vs.70 %; p < 0.001 and 28 % vs. 44 %; p = 0.018 among patients in distal and proximal cohort respectively. Final TIMI III flow was achieved in significantly higher number of patients in distal cohort with the frequency of 88 % vs. 76 %; p = 0.027 as compared to proximal cohort. Administration of IC medication via distal route is observed to be more effective for the treatment of slow flow/no-reflow during primary PCI. Distal route via export catheter or perforated balloon technique should be preferred wherever feasible. • Administering medications distally at the lesion site produces more beneficial effects irrespective of the drugs used. • Encountering with no-reflow/slow flow in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention appropriate management is crucial. • To achieve successful intervention, data suggest distal coronary administration of pharmacological agents using a catheters at the distal site. • Administration of IC medication via distal route is observed to be more effective for the treatment of slow flow/no-reflow during primary PCI. • Distal route via export catheter or perforated balloon technique should be preferred wherever feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine diagnostic accuracy of fiber-optic laryngoscopy in suspected Carcinoma Larynx patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Ear Nose and throat at People's Medical College hospital Nawabshah, Sindh. Period: 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021. Material & Methods: The sample size of the study was 176. The inclusion criteria involved age >20-60 years, either gender, patients presenting with clinical symptoms of hoarseness of voice, with or without difficulty in swallowing, persistent cough, weight loss for one month, visiting outpatient department. Patients with bleeding disorders were excluded. Results: Out of 176 patients included in the study the mean age of the patients was 36.23± 3.7 years. Mostly the age range of the patients involved 30-35 yrs., n=76(43.2%), the male to female ratio was 1.2:1 (n=98:78) (55.7%: 44.3%). The sensitivity was 89.2%, the specificity was 78.3%, positive predictive value was 70.7%, negative predictive value was 92.5%, diagnostic accuracy was 82.3%. Conclusion: Our study showed that all patients with high suspicion should have undergone diagnostic testing with flexible as well as direct laryngoscopy to diagnose laryngeal cancers at early stage, so that patients benefit with early treatment with high cure rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emergency inguinal and femoral hernia repair can be done by suture or mesh repair, there is still scepticism around using mesh. We aim to evaluate the usage of mesh and the outcome of emergency groin hernia repair after mesh and suture repair. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent emergency inguinal and femoral hernia repair from 1st January 2018 to 31st July 2020. Electronic data and case notes were reviewed and outcome data were collected. Results: Eighty-nine emergency groin hernia repairs were carried out. Sixty-two were males, 60 inguinal hernia and 29 femoral hernia. Median age was 72 years (range 20–95). 74 (83.1%) were primary hernia and 15 (16.9%) recurrent hernias. 67 (75.3%) mesh and 22 (24.7%) suture repairs were carried out. Eleven cases required bowel resection and of those 10 had suture repair. Inguinal hernia was more likely to have mesh repair as compared to femoral (P-value 0.002). Median length of stay was significantly lower in mesh group 2 days (1–5 IQR) versus 7.5 days (5–11 IQR) in suture repair group (P-value <0.0001). Five cases (6.74%) had wound complications (3 wound infections, 2 haematoma). With median 20 months (range 6–36 months) follow-up, 1 recurrence each in both mesh and suture repair groups, no mesh infection and 2 (2.2%) 30-day mortality recorded. Wound infection, recurrence and reoperation were not statistically different in two groups. Conclusion: Emergency groin hernia are amenable to mesh repair and in case of bowel resection or gross contamination non- mesh repair is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine diagnostic accuracy of fiber-optic laryngoscopy in suspected Carcinoma Larynx patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Ear Nose and throat at People's Medical College hospital Nawabshah, Sindh. Period: 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021. Material & Methods: The sample size of the study was 176. The inclusion criteria involved age >20-60 years, either gender, patients presenting with clinical symptoms of hoarseness of voice, with or without difficulty in swallowing, persistent cough, weight loss for one month, visiting outpatient department. Patients with bleeding disorders were excluded. Results: Out of 176 patients included in the study the mean age of the patients was 36.23± 3.7 years. Mostly the age range of the patients involved 30-35 yrs., n=76(43.2%), the male to female ratio was 1.2:1 (n=98:78) (55.7%: 44.3%). The sensitivity was 89.2%, the specificity was 78.3%, positive predictive value was 70.7%, negative predictive value was 92.5%, diagnostic accuracy was 82.3%. Conclusion: Our study showed that all patients with high suspicion should have undergone diagnostic testing with flexible as well as direct laryngoscopy to diagnose laryngeal cancers at early stage, so that patients benefit with early treatment with high cure rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although brushless direct current motor (BLDCM) drives are becoming more popular in industrial and commercial applications, there are still significant difficulties and unresolved research issues that must be addressed. In BLDCM drives, commutation current ripple (CCR) and diode freewheeling during non-commutation zone (NCZ) are the major challenges. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a novel PWM-Model Antiseptic Control (PWM-MAC) technique to alleviate the freewheeling of the diode. The proposed PWM technique is used to alleviate the diode freewheeling in the NCZ, whereas the DCLV circuit is utilized to obtain variable DC-link voltage to address the CCR in the CZ. The MATLAB/Simulink results are included along with experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype of 325 W. The proposed module reduces the current ripple by 31.7% and corresponding torque ripples are suppressed by approximately 32.5%. This evidences the performance of the proposed control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modified single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) reported in the literature has limitations namely, low static gain and high input current ripples. This resulted in poor efficiency with high switching losses and switching stress. Hence, in order to overcome the above-said limitations, this paper proposes a high static gain SEPIC converter with reduced input current ripple. The proposed converter resembles a split-inductor design consisting of three diodes and two inductors. The static gain of the converter is significantly improved while input current ripple gets reduced by using a split-inductor. Additionally, the low value of input current ripple causes minimal switching stress and switching losses. Hence, the efficiency of the proposed converter improves significantly. The working principle and theoretical analysis of the proposed converter is studied in detail for continuous, discontinuous and boundary conduction modes. Moreover, a small signal/transient analysis is also discussed to validate the feasibility as well as the stability of the proposed system using the transfer function approach. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed converter, a MATLAB/Simulink model has been designed. Further, a laboratory prototype has been developed and the experimental results obtained are in agreement with the simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental and durable structures of induction motor, as well as their low manufacturing cost, make them popular components in a wide range of current applications. Providing a safety net for employees is a must-have for businesses. This project's motivation for improvement is to provide industrial motors, lift motors, pumps, and so on with safety. An induction motor's primary goal is to protect it from problems, such as single phasing and overheating, as well as other issues. Providing industrial motors, pumps, lift motors, and other similar devices with security is a major motivation behind the emergence of this issue. Any of the three phases missing or the motor temperature above the predetermined threshold causes the motor to stop instantly. Three one-stage transformers are connected to a three-phase power supply in the system. Power will be cut to the transformer circuit if any phase is available. Motors can be turned off by relays sending a signal to the four-pole contactor. As a result, the motor's three-phase power supply has been cut off. Temperature readings are taken from a thermistor (DHT22) that is attached to the motor. At higher temperatures, the three-phase supply will be cut off by a four-pole contactor, and the motor will shut off. This manuscript resolves the uses transformers to solve the problem of single phasing. Also, our project addresses the issue by using microcontroller. It senses all the three phases and decides whether to supply power to induction motor or to disconnect. It deals with the temperature problem, and it uses a thermistor to disconnect the circuitry, whereas in our project, a microcontroller senses the overwhelming temperature and acts accordingly, i.e., give a signal and then move towards disconnection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental and durable structures of induction motor, as well as their low manufacturing cost, make them popular components in a wide range of current applications. Providing a safety net for employees is a must-have for businesses. This project's motivation for improvement is to provide industrial motors, lift motors, pumps, and so on with safety. An induction motor's primary goal is to protect it from problems, such as single phasing and overheating, as well as other issues. Providing industrial motors, pumps, lift motors, and other similar devices with security is a major motivation behind the emergence of this issue. Any of the three phases missing or the motor temperature above the predetermined threshold causes the motor to stop instantly. Three one-stage transformers are connected to a three-phase power supply in the system. Power will be cut to the transformer circuit if any phase is available. Motors can be turned off by relays sending a signal to the four-pole contactor. As a result, the motor's three-phase power supply has been cut off. Temperature readings are taken from a thermistor (DHT22) that is attached to the motor. At higher temperatures, the three-phase supply will be cut off by a four-pole contactor, and the motor will shut off. This manuscript resolves the uses transformers to solve the problem of single phasing. Also, our project addresses the issue by using microcontroller. It senses all the three phases and decides whether to supply power to induction motor or to disconnect. It deals with the temperature problem, and it uses a thermistor to disconnect the circuitry, whereas in our project, a microcontroller senses the overwhelming temperature and acts accordingly, i.e., give a signal and then move towards disconnection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was designed to compare the in-hospital outcomes of primary PCI with export vs. primary PCI with the balloon in patients with total occlusion. Methodology: Consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI with TA and preballoon dilatation were recruited in 1:1 ratio and post -procedure in-hospital mortality and complication rate (slow flow/no-reflow, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), and arrhythmias) were compared. Patients in the TA group were further stratified based on export time (time from onset of chest pain to the use of export) as = 6 hours or > 6 hours. Results: A total of 200:199 patients were recruited in export and balloon group. Overall complications were significantly higher in balloon group, 39.7% (79/199) vs. 23.0% (46/200); p<0.001, which included slow flow/no-reflow (24.6% vs. 14.5%; p=0.005), CIN (10.1% vs. 4.5%; p=0.022), and arrhythmias (14.6% vs. 5.5%; p=0.006) with in-hospital mortality rate of 3.0% (6/200) vs. 6.0% (12/199); p=0.153. Upon stratifications, outcomes were more favorable when export time was = 6 hours as compared to > 6 hours with mortality rate of 0% vs. 6.3%; p=0.010 and complication rate of 19.2% vs. 27.1%; p=0.187. Conclusion: TA in patients with total occlusion was associated with lesser complications and relatively better mortality benefits. The benefits of TA were directly associated with export time. Therefore, timely use of export can be considered in patients with total occlusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the role of alkyl chain length on the thermodynamics and mixed micellization behavior of amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in imidazolium based ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride (Omim.Cl) at various mole fractions and several temperatures (varied: 298–313 K) was carried out by the electrical conductivity measurements. Mixed micellization behavior of CTAB with AMT demonstrates the synergistic interaction while DTAB with AMT favors antagonistic interaction, in the presence of Omim.Cl. The shift in nature of binding interaction from antagonistic to synergistic with increase in the alkyl chain length of cationic surfactant from DTAB to CTAB is elucidated in terms of the divergence in ideal and calculated values of critical micelle concentration (cmc) and micellar mole fraction (Xm) and discussed in an appropriate manner. In addition, the values of various thermodynamic parameters were determined by using the results obtained from conductivity plots. They also support the results obtained from the interaction parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unified approach for the first enantioselective total synthesis of magnoshinin and merrilliaquinone is reported. The key feature of the synthesis is the DDQ assisted chemoselective late‐stage oxidative functionalization of the polyoxygenated chiral tetralin core accessed by utilizing the relayed asymmetric induction strategy. Then, the follow‐up of chemoselective redox chemistry facilitates the synthesis of (−)‐magnoshinin (28.2 % overall yield) and (+)‐merrilliaquinone (20.6 % overall yield) along the shortest route, starting from the known 3‐(2,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A second order accurate linearized fractional Crank–Nicolson–Galerkin finite element scheme is proposed for solving the nonlinear coupled delay subdiffusion system. The scheme presented in this paper has the advantage of making iterative processes redundant. Existence and uniqueness results for the fully discrete solution are analyzed in detail. Further, a priori bound and convergence estimate for the fully discrete solution are derived in L∞(L2) norm. Finally, we perform our numerical experiments on one‐ and two‐dimensional problems to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of interface roughness on exchange-bias (EB) properties of polycrystalline Co/CoO bilayer structure has been studied in-situ. Isothermal annealing of a 135 Å thick Co layer under the partial pressure of pure oxygen at 573 K results in the formation of a 35 Å thick CoO layer, the surface roughness of which increases with the increasing annealing time. Bilayers were characterized in-situ using magneto-optic Kerr effect, reflection high energy electron diffraction, and x-ray reflectivity for their magnetic and structural properties during each stage of bilayer growth. Combined analysis revealed that the increase in the roughness from 7 ± 0.5 Å to 13 ± Å causes the exchange bias field (HEB) to decrease from 171 Oe to 81 Oe, whereas coercivity (HC) increases up to 616 Oe. In contrast to some earlier studies on polycrystalline films, where HEB increased with roughness due to the increase in the uncompensated spins at ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer interface, in the present case, dependence of HEB and HC on the roughness is attributed to the disorder at the interface of AFM layer, which leads to a decrease in HEB due to weakening of the effective spin coupling at the interface. Present in-situ experiments make it possible to study the variations in EB properties with the interface roughness in a single sample, and thus avoiding the possibility of the sample to sample variation in the morphological properties along with the change in the interface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic quaternary ammonium gemini surfactants were synthesized by mixing N,N-dimethylcetylamine and α,ω-dibromoalkane. The synthesized products were characterized by C, H, N elemental and 1H NMR analyses. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these surfactants with and without additives was calculated by means of the conductivity technique. The role of the synthesized quaternary ammonium geminis in the reaction was investigated by a UV–vis spectroscopy. The rate constant (kψ) was determined at different gemini concentrations and plotted graphically as kψ vs. [16–s–16]. Additionally, the influence of other reaction parameters (viz., reactants, pH, and temperature) was investigated. The binding constants were also determined (KA for [Cu(II)–His]+ and KB for ninhydrin). The resulting kψ–[16–s–16] plot can be understood in terms of a pseudo-phase model of micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klippel-Trenaunay-syndrome (KTS) is a rare vascular disorder consisting of a triad of features including capillary malformations, varicose veins and soft tissue abnormalities. It overlaps with few other rare vascular disorders such as 'Sturge Weber syndrome' and 'Parks Weber syndrome' with few notable distinguishing features. The diagnosis is clinical, however, imaging is necessary for confirmation. The treatment is conservative and individualized. In this case report, we present a variant of KTS which demonstrates only two of the three features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at a younger age is now becoming a crucial problem. This study determined the effect of gender on the clinical findings and outcomes of young patients (≤ 45 years) with ACS. Methodology: In this descriptive cross sectional study, young patients (≤45 years) who presented with ACS and underwent coronary angiography were recruited. The comparison of clinical profile, angiographic findings, in-hospital, and 90-days mortality between genders were made. Results: A total of 335 young patients with ACS were included, 80.6% of whom were men. A significant difference was found between men and women in terms of mean age: 38±6 vs. 40±5 (p=0.014), hypertension: 37.8% vs. 58.5% (p=0.002), diabetes: 17.4% vs. 35.4% (p=0.001), smoking: 50.4% vs. 6.2% (p≤0.001), use of smokeless tobacco: 14.1% vs. 4.6% (p=0.037), median time from symptom onset to first medical contact: 270 [420-165] minutes vs. 346 [499.5-240] minutes (p=0.047), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 89.6% vs. 78.5% (p=0.015), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 8.5% vs. 18.5% (p=0.019), and three-vessel disease (3VD) 10.7% vs. 21.5% (p=0.019), respectively. Inhospital and 90-day mortality rates were 0.4% vs. 3.1% (p=0.097) and 1.5% vs. 4.6% (p=0.136) for men and women, respectively. Conclusion: Women tended to have a higher age at presentation, more frequent traditional risk factors, late presentation after symptom onset, frequent NSTEMI, and 3VD, whereas men were distinct with frequent STEMI and higher tobacco use. In addition, women trended to have a higher in-hospital as well as short-term mortality than men did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Limb amputation not only brings functional and sensory loss, but also leads to loss or change of body image. These changes have significant effect on the Quality of Life (QoL) of an individual. Amputee adaptation varies widely between individuals. For an amputee a prosthesis not only bring back near normal physical appearance but also it significantly repair his disturbed body image. There is a significant correlation between body image and life satisfaction. Aim: To investigate the correlation between body image and prosthetic satisfaction among lower limb amputee. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to January 2020 at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Participants with unilateral lower limb prosthesis using amputees of either sex from regional artificial limb center Lucknow were included in the study. Each participant was subjected offline questionnaire based assessment of satisfaction with respect to their prosthesis related to it's function, aesthetic (cosmesis), weight of prosthesis and general (overall) by Revised Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scale (R-TAPES). Change in body image was assessed by Amputee Body Image Scale (ABIS). Results were analysed by computer-based software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) windows version 20.0. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) t-test was used for normally distributed and Mann-Whitney U test was used for abnormally distributed variables. Results: The study enrolled 119 patients in which the most common cause of amputation was an accident (68). Statistically significant difference was found for satisfaction between males and females for weight of prosthesis (p-value=0.038). Statistically significant difference was found between male and female for amputee body image with ABIS score (p-value=0.001). Significant correlation was found between ABIS and functional satisfaction (p-value=0.001; r-0.38) and between ABIS and weight satisfaction (p-value=0.001; r=-0.36). Conclusion: Amputation causes significantly deterioration of body image among the amputee, with such deteriorated body image prosthetic satisfaction remains a big challenge for healthcare worker and prosthetist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental quest for alkyl radical generation under mild conditions through photoinduced Brønsted acid catalysis is addressed. The optimized protocol does not require any organic dyes or transition metal photocatalyst. Under blue light irradiation with diphenyl phosphate as a catalyst and dihydropyridine derivatives as a radical source, functionalized arylmethane derivatives are obtained in high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the study of metal-amino acid complex and ninhydrin reaction was examined in gemini micellar solution using a UV-visible spectrophotometric measurement. The role of varying amounts of gemini micellar systems on rate constant of the study was investigated. Initially, rate constant (kψ) enhances, below cmc and levelling-off areas are, then, noticed up to 400 × 10−5 mol dm−3. Later, gemini offers a third region of fast enhancement kψ above 400 × 10−5 mol dm−3. Gemini surfactant series provided more efficient implications on the study than pure water and their monomeric traditional surfactant system. The values of rate constant, kψ, were determined under a set of different experimental reaction situations with the help of a computer-based procedure. Such unfamiliar behaviour developed by gemini micellar solutions was treated by pseudo-phase model of micellar activity. An electrical conductometric measurement was employed to measure critical micellar concentration (cmc) of pure gemini micellar solutions and mixed systems. Several activation parameters were also determined by Eyring's equation and different constants. Data obtained confirmed that lower values of activation enthalpy (ΔH#) with large negative activation entropy (ΔS#) were attained in gemini than aqueous. A plausible reaction mechanism of the study has been discussed and proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epstein Barr is the first-in-human oncogenic virus, closely related to numerous lymphoproliferative and malignant diseases, including HL, BL, NPC, and GC. EBV establishes life-long persistence infection portraying a biphasic viral life cycle: latent period and lytic replication. B-cells serve as critical regions for EBV latent genes, wherein viral gene expression is suppressed, promoting viral genome maintenance and immune recognition evasion. Upon its lytic reactivation, viral gene expression induces its replication, progeny production, and transmission. Dysregulations of epigenetic regulation in expressions of TSGs lead to carcinogenesis. Several studies reveal that EBV is associated with aberrant viral DNA and host genome methylation patterns, promoting immune monitoring, recognition evasiveness and host cell persistence. Among other epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation suppresses the majority of viral latent gene promoters, sparing a few, and acts as a prerequisite for activating EBV's lytic cycle, giving rise to viral progeny. It affects the host's epigenome via reprogramming cells to oncogenic, long-lasting phenotypes, as evident in several malignancies. At each phase of its life cycle, EBV exploits cellular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, implying its unique host-pathogen relationship. This review summarized the DNA methylation's regulatory roles on several EBV-related promoter regions, along with the host genome in pathological conditions, highlights viral genes involved in a latent, lytic and latent-lytic phase of EBV infection. Moreover, it provides diagrammatic insights into methylation-based pathways in EBV. The graphical abstract summarizes the epigenetic life cycle of oncovirus, Epstein Barr virus. Epigenetically, Epstein Barr virus is expressed in two main prospects, i.e., EBV DNA methylation and Host-cell DNA methylation, wherein both result in malignant transformation of healthy B cells and epithelial cells. [Display omitted] • Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpesvirus that asymptomatically infects nearly 95% of adults worldwide. • EBV-associated tumors constitute 1.5% of all cancers in individuals, with more than 200,000 cases annually. • EBV is transmitted in saliva, infecting the oral cavity's B cells, epithelial cells and leads to infectious mononucleosis. • Epigenetics involve heritable changes affecting gene expression, such as histone alteration, and methylation. • Knowing precisely how EBV alters the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms allows us to pinpoint potential targets for therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Development, characterization, and testing of heat resistive and storage panels. • Panel has thermal conductivity (0.64 W/m-K) and compressive strength (17.77 MPa). • Thermal discomfort was reduced by 12.4% in a free-running building. • Energy use and CO 2 emissions were reduced by 4.5% and 12%, respectively, in an air-conditioned building. Lightweight concretes (LWC) exhibit low thermal mass which results in increased summertime overheating and cooling demand. Form-stable phase change materials (FSPCM) with aerogel as a filler material were integrated into LWC in previous studies to overcome those issues. However, silica aerogel has poor compressive strength and high embodied energy. Therefore, this study used recycled expanded glass (REG) as a filler material with a stiffer surface and low embodied energy to develop heat resistive and storage panels (HRSP). The panels were prepared using a particle-density approach and their properties were tested following ASTM standards. Among the prepared panels, HRSP4 showed acceptable thermal (0.64 W/m-K) and structure (17.77 MPa) properties for medium load application. Dynamic thermal and energy simulations revealed that HRSP4 application in building envelope reduced summertime overheating by 12.4% at the cost of a 1% rise in wintertime undercooling due to high thermal storage of 628 kJ/m3. Moreover, in an air-conditioned building, HRSP4 reduced both cooling and heating load by 14% and 3% per annum, respectively, in the temperate oceanic climate of Melbourne, Australia. The lifecycle energy and CO 2 emission with the HRSP4 envelope were reduced by 4.5% and 12% respectively, compared to the reference panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) is relatively newer surgery in field of osteoarthritis (OA) knee. Effect of PFO over gait in OA knee patients have not been studied in any known set up yet. Aim of this study was to assess the effect of PFO by instrumented gait analysis in medial compartment OA knee patients. From 2019 to 2020, 22 patients with grade 2 and 3 (Kellgren Lawrence grade) medial compartment OA knee, without having any symptomatic relief by conservative measure, were enrolled for PFO. Pre-operative fitness was obtained before surgery and patients were studied prospectively. After PFO, patients were advised to walk on 2nd post op day onwards and follow up was done at end of 2nd week and 4th week. Patients were assessed by instrumented gait analysis at pre-operative and 4 week post-operative follow up. Most patients had significant changes in observed gait parameters (reduced varum angle peak in stance, reduced step width, increased cadence, reduced first peak appearance time of vertical Ground Reaction Force) after PFO due to biomechanical changes around knee. PFO is an emerging, low cost, safer surgery with lesser hospital stay. It reduces symptoms in medial OA knee patients by improving the biomechanical alignment, reflected in changes of gait parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Surgical patient mortality is progressively being measured for providing better management and care in different healthcare systems world-wide. The aim of this study was to assess mortality within a surgical department and to evaluate components associated with surgical and non- surgical deaths. Methods: We retrospectively collected data including all admissions, both operative and non-operative, surgical procedures and reason of admission (for non-operative) and mortalities within three-year period (2015-2017) from Surgical Unit-2, JPMC Karachi. We assessed type of operations, admission, patient related factors including age, sex, co-morbid factors, reason, time and onset of presentation, operative notes, events, clinical cause and date/ time of death. Results: The total admissions of 5730 patients were observed in surgical ward-2 during the period of 1st of January 2015 and 31st of December 2017. There were a total of 291 deaths during this period (5.07% overall mortality rate). GIT related (peritonitis/ obstruction) (58.41%), biliarytract/ pancreatic causes (10.9%), road traffic accidents/ blunt trauma (7.21%), firearm injuries (1.71%) followed by GIT malignancies (4.81%) and Non-GIT malignancies (2.06%) were observed to be the main/ leading causes of death. Of the 291 deaths, males were 179 (6.70%) and females were 112 (3.66%). Male to female ratio of morality came out to be 1.6:1. The cause of death in our patients was sepsis (58.41%), cardiopulmonary arrest (13.0%), trauma/ gunshot injuries 8.93%, advanced malignancies (6.87%), pulmonary embolism (6.18%), myocardial infarction (5.49%) and post op bleeding (1.03%). Mortality due to delayed presentation of patient i.e. after five days of onset of symptoms (62.88%), Surgical decision/ exploration after 24 hours (33.67%). The lack of availability of ICU/ HDU in hospital contributed (51.01%) to the total surgical mortality. Conclusions: As per the study of three years (2015-2017) a fluctuating mortality pattern is observed. The increment of death was mainly among the unavoidable deaths such as GIT and Non GIT related sepsis, advanced malignancies, trauma and firearm injuries, pulmonary embolism myocardial infarction, a moderate role has also been played by miscellaneous group of patients. Delayed presentation of the patients after appearance of first symptom/ symptoms, delayed surgical decision/ exploration also came out to be significantly important factors in our studies elaborating the major difference in mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of alkanediyl-α,ω–type gemini micelles symbolized as 16-s-16 (s = spacer) was synthesized. Synthesized products were characterized by 1H NMR technique. By conductivity method, cmc of these surfactants was determined by measuring specific electrical conductivity at different concentrations. Alkanediyl-α,ω–type gemini micelles–catalyzed interaction between [Ni(II)-Trp]+ complex and ninhydrin has been studied with the help of spectrophotometric studies. The catalytic implication of gemini micelles on rate constant (kψ) in ninhydrin and [Ni(II)-Trp]+ has been explored and discussed at 343 K and pH 5.0. Catalyzing behavior obtained by geminis confirmed that they influenced the study remarkably over their monomeric conventional counterpart. Results were also suggested that small amount of geminis at concentration below cmc was sufficient to induce the reaction more than aqueous. Though, 16-4-16 is detected to catalyze the work more among geminis and follows the order at each concentration as: 16-4-16 > 16-5-16 > 16-6-16. This catalytic implication produced by gemini micelles can efficiently be deduced using pseudophase model for micellar activity. In addition, by varying temperatures, several thermodynamic quantities were evaluated. A lower enthalpy value, ΔH#, with significant negative entropy value, ΔS#, is acquired in geminis than aqueous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of dimeric gemini surfactant micelles on the study of nickel-glycylleucine dipeptide ([Ni(II)-Gly-Leu]+) and ninhydrin was carried out in the temperature ranging from 333 K to 353 K. An UV–vis spectrophotometer was employed to record the absorbance of product at definite time intervals. Rate of reaction was strongly catalyzed by the gemini surfactants. In the present reaction, the first-order dependence in metal-dipeptide complex and fractional-order dependence in ninhydrin were observed. For the measurements of critical micelle concentration (CMC), conductivity method was used. Rate constants (kψ) increase and levelling-off regions are detected with [gemini] (just like conventional monocationic surfactant). Later, gemini produces a third region at higher [gemini] where, fast increment in kψ is observed. The catalytic role of surfactants has been described below and above the CMC of gemini surfactants. From this study, binding constants of reactants and thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated. The kinetic results and observed catalysis could plausibly be rationalized by Menger and Portnoy's pseudo-phase model of micellar catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postmenopausal women are at highest risk of developing osteoporosis, since their bone mineral density is reduced due to decrease in estrogen level. Various other physiological, emotional, and psychological changes jeopardize the health of these vulnerable females in total and reduce their quality of life (QoL). Aims and Objectives: To compare the QoL and bone mass density (BMD) among normal BMD, osteopenic, and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Setting and Design: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the outpatient department of physical medicine and rehabilitation at a tertiary care center of northern India from August 2019 to February 2020. Materials and Methods: Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of all postmenopausal women were collected using a quantitative tool. Assessment of QoL was done by pretested and validated QUALEFFO-41 scale. For all the women, a bone mineral densitometry test was performed on the L1–L4 lumbar spine, femoral neck, and forearm by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean BMD values across the three groups. Determination of predictive factors for QoL was performed using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results: Significant differences were noted for the mean values of the three domains, i.e., pain, physical, and social function (P < 0.01). Women with osteoporosis had significantly higher pain scores as compared to others. Among those with osteoporosis, the pain scores have significantly increased gradually as age increases. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis have poor QoL as compared to those with normal BMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of liraglutide in reducing weight and Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODOLOGY: This analytical observational study was conducted at Jinnah medical college hospital Karachi Pakistan. The Convenient sample technique was used for sample collection. Data was collected from January 2018 to April 2019, comprising of 68 patients receiving liraglutide therapy. They were analysed for changes in body weight and HbA1c after 12 and 24 weeks of liraglutide therapy. RESULT: In patients receiving oral anti-diabetics and liraglutide there was significant reduction in weight at 12 and 24 weeks, while with liraglutide alone weight and HbA1c was reduced at 12 weeks but no further reduction at 24 weeks, same effect was observed in insulin and liraglutide therapy, but in patient receiving insulin, liraglutide and metformin changes were sustained at 24 weeks. CONCLUSION: Liraglutide is effective therapy for controlling weight and HbA1c especially when given in combination with oral anti-diabetics and insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Clarify the effects of potato flour (PF) addition on dough properties and quality characteristics of pie bread, thus providing a theoretical basis for potato-wheat-yogurt pie bread processing. Design/methodology/approach: The seven pie bread formulations were prepared with addition of different amount of PF (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 per cent) by replacing wheat flour (WF). The influence of replacement of PF with WF on the dough development, gas behavior, microstructural, gluten-starch interaction inside dough matrix and the nutritional and textural properties of pie bread was analyzed. Findings: Compared to dough with WF, dough height was decreased significantly but total gas volume showed no significant difference with the addition of PF (10-60 per cent), and the dough height was decreased gradually with the increasing addition of PF (p = 0.0012). Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that dough with 10-30 per cent PF revealed smooth surface and continuous network structure was also existed between starch and gluten, this was similar to the structure of wheat dough, while the surface was rough and the connection was not continuous when the PF addition was further increased from 40 to 60 per cent. Nuclear magnetic resonance showed dough with 10-60 per cent PF presented larger content of immobilized water compared to the wheat dough, and its content was also increased with the increasing addition of PF (p = 0.0008). Pie bread with 10-60 per cent PF exhibited lower fat, carbohydrate content and energy value compared to the wheat pie bread, and the fat, carbohydrate, energy was further decreased with the increasing addition of PF (p = 0.0012, 0.0002, 0.0007, respectively), while the dietary fiber content increased (p = 0.0011). In addition, specific volume and height/diameter ratio showed no significant difference in pie bread with 0-40 per cent PF, which were 2.1-2.4 cm3/g and 0.16-0.19, respectively (p = 0.004), whereas they were reduced significantly when the PF was increased to 60 per cent (p = 0.001, p = 0.002). In addition, the lightness (L) of pie bread decreased gradually with the increasing amount of PF, and the browning index was increased. Pie bread with 0-40 per cent PF showed similar hardness, springness and chewiness value, which were also increased when the PF was increased to 60 per cent (p = 0.001). The above results indicated that PF could improve the nutritional quality of pie bread, and the appropriate addition amount should be no more than 40 per cent. Research limitations/implications: The mechanisms of this study should be clarified for further study. Practical implications: PF was an excellent food ingredient and could be used for pie bread making at 30 per cent replacement level to overcome use of WF. Social implications: The results of this study can provide a new kind of potato staple food with high nutrition and low energy for market and consumers. Originality/value: PF was first used to produce yogurt pie bread to improve the nutritional properties of traditional WF yogurt pie bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Reduction of commutation current ripple (CCR) in the brushless direct current motor (BLDCM) drive using dc‐dc converter based topologies is achieving widespread popularity. However, undesired alternating current (AC) components are presented in the dc‐link voltage (DCLV) across the capacitor of the dc‐dc converter, which leads to a destabilization of the power supply during the commutation interval. In addition, unwanted audible noise and speed regulation occur which deteriorates the motor performance. In order to encounter these issues, different conventional compensation techniques based on the low‐pass filter (LPF) has been proposed. However, the LPF requires a close relation between dynamic coupling and active compensation. In view of the limitation, this paper proposes a notch‐filter to stabilize the DCLV. Performance of the notch‐filter is tested on a configuration of the BLDCM based on the front‐end zeta (FEZ) converter and DCLV selector circuit. The notch‐filter is used to stabilize the DCLV, whereas the DCLV selector circuit is employed to draw the regulated voltage drawn from the FEZ converter. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for the BLDCM drive. The simulation and experimental results clearly reveal that the notch‐filter along with FEZ converter effectively stabilized the DCLV and alleviate the CCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It's very common that patients with psychiatric illness visit other specialties and in a survey it was found to hold a percentile of 15% to 30% of all primary care consultations. This study is designed to assess psychiatric patients who present in Clinic with ENT symptoms but result in no disease. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: ENT OPD of People Medical College, Nawabshah. Period: 1ST Jan 2019 to 31ST Jan 2019. Material & Methods: We selected a total sample of 320 patients who presented with ENT diseases where we excluded patients with organic diseases and studied those who didn't show any clinical sign of organic diseases. The registered patients were evaluated by psychiatrist. Results: It was observed that out of 320 patients 180 patients were having psychiatric problem and those patients were advised to visit psychiatrist and take follow up on month end. Out 0f 180 patients 140 patients visited ENT OPD twice and 110 patients got relief in one visit. Conclusions: We found that conducting a cross-sectional survey using GHQ-12 helped us in detecting psychiatric patients presenting with unexplained diseases in ENT Clinics however to reach more accuracy in results, further tools can be utilized .We also believe doctors at all specialty clinics need to give more attention to their diagnosis and assist patients to open up to them and not to feel embarrassed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to find the association between the injury level and changes in bladder function. This was a descriptive cross sectional study performed on 30 patient of spinal cord injury. Categorization of patients was done based on clinical neurologic level and completeness and incompleteness of spinal cord injury (SCI) according to American Spinal Injury Association Classification (ASIA). Urodynamic study (UDS) was done on Laborie Dorado KT concept machine in Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Reduced bladder compliance in 100% cases of cervical SCI and lumbar levels SCI and 27.85% of thoracic level SCI. Detrusor overactivity was found in 2 cases of cervical level, 10 cases of thoracic level and 1 case of lumbar level. Detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD) in 100% patients of cervical, 77.8% patients of thoracic and 40% patients of lumbar level injuries. Detrusor areflexia was found in the 10% patients of the lumbar neurological level and absent in the cervical and thoracic level of injury. Normal PVRU was founded in 100% cases of thoracic and 10% of lumbar level. Bladder capacity was more affected in lumbar SCI than thoracic SCI. Detrusor over activity and bladder capacity significantly related with completeness and regional neurological level of injury. This association is not founded with all the parameter of urodynamic. Thus we can conclude that there is no significant association between neurological injury level and urodynamic parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to calculate the performance of the novel design of wet cooling tower (NDWCT) using first law (energy) and second law (exergy) of thermodynamics. Moreover, it determines the economic feasibility (cost savings and payback period) and sustainability of the NDWCT using the life-cycle cost (LCC) and environmental assessment method. An appropriate mathematical model is developed and simulated in Engineering Equation Solver to calculate water savings, performance and payback period of additional investment. The simulation results have a good agreement with the experimental outcomes (error 2.6%). Simulation results revealed that the NDWCT consumes 34.48% less water than the conventional wet cooling tower (WCT). The installation of heat exchanger improves the performance of WCT by 6% because the consumption of water to air ratio increases. Moreover, the exergy destruction in the NDWCT is 1.23 MW lower than the conventional WCT. Additionally, the heat exchanger costs k$30.7 to save an annual fuel cost of k$72 which could be recovered within a payback period of 0.37 years. Lastly, the environmental assessment proves that the NDWCT relinquishes the particulate matter emission by 0.042 g/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses to evaluate the prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients on Metformin therapy. Topics include Vitamin B12 deficiency has prevalent in patients on metformin therapy and taking metformin that suggests the routine screening of vitamin B12 in diabetic; and the first line oral hypoglycemic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus has biguanides, commonest of that has metformin.

The three Gemini (m-s-m; m (head group) = 16 and s (spacer) = 4, 5, 6) surfactants have been synthesized and their impact on reaction of zinc(II)-glycylleucine complex ([Zn(II)-Gly-Leu]+) and ninhydrin were studied at temperature (343 K) and pH (5.0) using spectroscopic method. Influence of several factors, viz., [Zn(II)-Gly-Leu]+, [ninhydrin], temperature and pH were also carried out on title reaction in geminis. Rates of reaction are the first-order path in concentration of [Zn(II)-Gly-Leu]+ complex and fractional order path in concentration of ninhydrin. The catalysis of gemini 16-s-16 surfactant micelles was investigated below and above their critical micelle concentration (cmc) value and detailed elaboration were provided in the text. In the present case, rate constants, kψ, increased on increasing geminis ([gemini] are below their cmc, region I) and stayed nearly constant (region II). The shape of (region I and II) surfactants ([gemini] = 0 to 400 × 10−5 mol dm−3) are similar to a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB (single hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic part). Later, a sharp increment in rate was observed with higher [gemini] (region III, (Fig. 5). The study was catalyzed and accelerated quite enough by geminis (at concentrations below their cmc) compared to aqueous. An appropriate mechanism has been proposed for accounting for the distribution of reactants between aqueous and micellar pseudo phases. Resulting kinetic data were used to determine the binding constants of micelle-substrate (KB) and micelle-ninhydrin (KNin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat transfer through building opaque envelope is responsible for approximately half of the total heat loss and gain to and from the surroundings. Therefore, insulation materials are commonly used in the building envelope to reduce the heat transfer. Recently, lightweight wall materials with lower thermal conductivity are used in construction along with the commonly used materials such as heavy concrete and earthen materials. In this perspective, there is a need to understand the optimum insulation thickness for different types of building construction materials to minimize unnecessary usage of insulation materials. This study investigated the optimum insulation thickness for different construction materials following a life-cycle approach, where an analytical optimization methodology based on the degree-days method and life-cycle cost analysis was used. In total, 4 insulation materials and 15 building construction materials were considered in the optimization study. The objective function was to minimize life-cycle cost corresponding to the decision variables including insulation thickness and the thermal conductivity of insulation and wall materials. The results showed that the use of insulation in lightweight wall materials is not economically feasible because of their negligible cost-saving potential (below US$2.5/m2-year). However, the walls with heavy concrete and earthen materials that have high thermal mass must be insulated due to their highest cost-saving potential (US$14–26.39/m2-year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the economic and environmental impacts of insulation material are determined for different sizes of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) duct. The optimum insulation thickness (OIT), energy-saving (ES) and payback period (PP) for HVAC duct are estimated using Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. The analysis considers coal, natural gas (NG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), fuel oil (FO), bagasse, rice husk (RH) and geothermal as an energy source and the fiberglass as an insulation material. The results indicate the OIT and PP for an HVAC duct increase with the size of the duct while ES decreases. The maximum value of OIT, ES and minimum value of PP for different sizes and energy sources are determined as 48.27 mm in size A (300 mm) and NG, 84.91% in size E (500 mm) and LPG, and 0.2035 years in size A and NG, respectively. Additionally, the environmental analysis results indicate emission of CO2, CO and SO2 decreases with insulation thickness. The maximum value of CO2 and CO emission is determined for size E and NG i.e. 81.8% and SO2 emission for size E and FO i.e. 76.66%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work concerns with the interaction of ninhydrin with zinc(II) complex of tryptophan ([Zn(II)-Trp]+) in the three dicationic gemini surfactant systems. To record critical micellar concentration (CMC) and absorbance, we have used Systronics conductivity meter and UV-visible spectrophotometer, respectively. Experiment opens up the fractional- and first-order paths in ninhydrin and complex, respectively. Gemini micellar medium is found more superior over aqueous medium. Rate constant (kψ) vs. [gemini] plot shows the unusual role of geminis on kψ. kψ increases with gemini concentration (at concentrations lower than the CMC, part I) and leveling-off regions obtain (concentration up to 400 × 10−5 mol dm−3, part II). Characteristics of part I and part II are just the same as that of conventional surfactant. Later, gemini produces a third region of increasing kψ at higher concentrations ([gemini] > 400 × 10−5 mol dm−3, part III). Detail and systematic elucidation about the effect of surfactants are mentioned and discussed in the text. Binding constants (KS for [Zn(II)-Trp]+ and KN for ninhydrin) and rate constant (km in geminis) were determined by nonlinear least squares regression technique. The kinetic results acquired can reasonably be interpreted by pseudo-phase model of surfactant micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigation of commutation current ripple (CCR) in the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive using DC-DC converter based topologies are achieving widespread popularity. However, undesired alternating current (AC) components are presented in the DC-link voltage across the capacitor of the DC-DC converter which leads to a destabilization of the power supply during the commutation interval. In addition, undesired speed regulation and audible noise occur which deteriorates the motor performance. In order to encounter this problem, different conventional compensation techniques based on the low-pass filter (LPF) has been proposed. However, LPF requires a close relation between dynamic coupling and active compensation. In view of the limitation, this paper proposes a proportional-resonant (PR) compensator to stabilize the DC-link voltage. Performance of the PR compensator is tested on a combination of modified single-ended primary inductor converter (MSEPIC), DC-link voltage selector circuit is used in the proposed current ripple mitigation technique for BLDC motor drive. The PR compensator is utilized to stabilize the DC-link voltage whereas the DC-link voltage selector circuit is employed to achieve a regulated DC voltage from the MSEPIC converter for efficient current ripple suppression during the commutation interval. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed compensation scheme for current ripple mitigation technique of BLDC motor drive. The simulation and experimental results clearly reveal that the PR compensator effectively stabilized the DC-link voltage, which alleviates the CCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a finite element scheme with Newton's method for solving the time‐fractional nonlinear diffusion equation. For time discretization, we use the fractional Crank–Nicolson scheme based on backward Euler convolution quadrature. We discuss the existence‐uniqueness results for the fully discrete problem. A new discrete fractional Gronwall type inequality for the backward Euler convolution quadrature is established. A priori error estimate for the fully discrete problem in L2(Ω) norm is derived. Numerical results based on finite element scheme are provided to validate theoretical estimates on time‐fractional nonlinear Fisher equation and Huxley equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, interaction of a metal ion‐coordinated dipeptide complex and ninhydrin was examined in the alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis‐type gemini surfactant system. This work was performed as a function of reactants (ninhydrin and metal‐dipeptide complex), surfactants, temperature, and pH. Different techniques including UV–vis spectrophotometry were used to carry out the experiments. The kψ–values were evaluated in the presence of alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis‐type gemini surfactants. A first‐order path in the metal‐dipeptide complex and a fractional‐order path in ninhydrin were noticed. To illustrate the quantitative analysis of kψ–[gemini] profiles, a pseudophase model of micelles was employed. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated and explained. By the observed outcomes, a probable mechanism was suggested and discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare Appendicitis Inflammatory Response (AIR) score to Alvarado score to determine which one is more accurate as a diagnostic tool for acute appendicitis. Study design: Cross Sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Surgery, Dr. fRuth K.M Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi from October 2017 to April 2018. Material and Methods: Th is study included 102 patients who visited Emergency Department and were suspected clinically with acute appendicitis. Both AIR and Alvarado scores were calculated and decision for surgical intervention was made on strong clinical judgment. After surgery specimen of every patient was sent for histopathology to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Results of histopathology were compared with AIR and Alvarado score individually. All data was recorded in the predesigned proforma. Results: The average age of the patients was 30.09±1.92 years. There were 59(57.84%) male and 43(42.16%) female. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value(NPV) and accuracy of Alvarado score 70.3%, 81.8%, 97%, 25% and 71.6% and for AIR score was 86.8%, 81.8%, 97.5%, 42.9% and 86.2% resepctively. Area under Curve (AUC) of AIR was higher as compared to Alvardo score (AUC: 0.82 vs 0.88 ; p<0.05) Conclusion: It was concluded that AIR scoring system provides bett er accuracy than Alvardo score for diagnosis of acute appendicitis consistent with final surgical pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Articular cartilage (AC) is a flexible and soft yet stiff tissue that can be visualized and interpreted using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the assessment of knee osteoarthritis. Segmentation of AC from MR images is a challenging task that has been investigated widely. The development of computational methods to segment AC is highly dependent on various image parameters, quality, tissue structure, and acquisition protocol involved. This review focuses on the challenges faced during AC segmentation from MR images followed by the discussion on computational methods for semi/fully automated approaches, whilst performances parameters and their significances have also been explored. Furthermore, hybrid approaches used to segment AC are reviewed. This review indicates that despite the challenges in AC segmentation, the semiautomated method utilizing advanced computational methods such as active contour and clustering have shown significant accuracy. Fully automated AC segmentation methods have obtained moderate accuracy and show suitability for extensive clinical studies whilst advanced methods are being investigated that have led to achieving significantly better sensitivity. In conclusion, this review indicates that research in AC segmentation from MR images is moving towards the development of fully automated methods using advanced multi-level, multi-data, and multi-approach techniques to provide assistance in clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the L 1 -Galerkin finite element analysis of the coupled time-fractional nonlinear diffusion system. Existence and uniqueness results are discussed at continuous as well as discrete levels. Two different methods for linearizing the nonlinear fully discrete problems are used. We provide a priori bounds and convergence estimates in L 2 (Ω) norm for fully-discrete problems. Numerical results based on the presented finite element methods are provided to validate the theoretical estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]