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Background: Congenital anomalies in dogs are the defects present at birth and often lead to perinatal death if it involves any vital organ or system like cardiovascular system. Some dogs may remain asymptomatic or may have non cardiac manifestations and hence, undetected until later in life, so the percentage of dogs with congenital heart diseases that survive to adulthood can be rather high. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is an unusual congenital heart disease in dogs that is characterized by communication between the two atria due to a defect in the interatrial septum. Methods: A thorough clinical examination followed by physical examination, thoracic radiography and 2d-echocardiography was performed to determine the septal defect. Doppler evaluation of ASD dogs was carried out to confirm the blood flow direction through the septal defect, which was managed medically. Result: In the present study, ASD (secundum type) was diagnosed in 7dogs (7.5%) aged between 2y-6y. Boxer, German shepherd, Cocker spaniel, Daschund and Pomeranian were the breeds affected. Soft systolic murmur on left heart base and pulmonic valve area, low intensity heart sounds, distended jugular vein, jugular pulse and ascites were the significant findings on physical examination. Though few dogs (21%) were asymptomatic, exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, general weakness, cough and syncope were the presenting signs among other cases. Enlarged right heart, pleural effusion and pulmonary overcirculation were radiographic findings. 2d-echocardiographic evaluation determined the presence of the defect as a loss of echogenicity at the interatrial septum and presence of interatrial communication of varied size, enlargement of main pulmonary artery and thick atrio-ventricular valves but with normal left atrium:aorta base ratio, increased fractional shortening, systolic function and paradoxal septal motion. The colour flow Doppler study demonstrated a continuous flow with left-to-right shunt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aging is a biological process, which affects many body systems and increases susceptibility to disease that is associated with a reduction in immune response, a decline in cognitive function and a diminished functional reserve of the cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal systems. Diseases of heart or cardiovascular system represents a major component of geriatric medicine among which, myxomatous mitral valve disease is more common among geriatric dogs. The present study is keeping on record about the diagnosis of myxomatous mitral valve disease in geriatric dogs in and around Hyderabad, Telangana state. Methods: A total of 1695 geriatric dogs presented to various clinics including university veterinary clinical complex of Hyderabad, Telangana state during 2015 to 2020 were considered for this study. After confirming that they were free from any other systemic disease, medium to large size breed dogs above 8 years with the history of exercise intolerance, dyspnoea and cough were selected. Diagnostic protocol included, auscultation, chest x-ray and 2d-echocardiography to confirm mitral valve degeneration. Result: Myxomatous mitral valve disease was diagnosed in 427/695 geriatric dogs (61.43%) and were showing hyperechoeic thick mitral valve leaflets with kinking and prolapse. Further, echocardiography also revealed dilated left atrium and ventricle, hyperkinesis of interventricular septum, mitral valve degeneration and rupture of chordae tendineae with valuvular regurgitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning (ML) was a rapidly advancing technology in the modern world. It had a wide variety of applications such as medical diagnosis, stock market trading, email spam, and malware filtering, etc., ML algorithms train the computer to learn from the past data and make predictions on the unknown samples. This research mainly focuses on the prediction of the PIMA Indian diabetes disease. The diabetes dataset was taken from the UCI machine learning repository. The research work was broken down into three stages. The AdaBoost technique was applied to all the features of the PIMA Indian Diabetes dataset. The correlation technique was applied for feature selection and the selected features were trained and tested with AdaBoost. A novel Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) was designed and developed for feature selection and the selected features were trained and tested with AdaBoost. Even though the correlation identifies the feature subsets based on statistical relevance but it fails in providing optimal feature subset. This drawback was overcome by the proposed novel HGA by selecting an optimal feature subset that can improve the performance of the AdaBoost model. A comparison of correlation and HGA was performed. The HGA with Ada-Boost outperformed when compared with correlation with AdaBoost and AdaBoost models in terms of accuracy. The proposed methods were also applied to other datasets like the Wisconsin breast cancer diagnostic and Cleveland heart disease datasets to show its broader applications. The HGA with AdaBoost outperformed other reported techniques for the PIMA Indian diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present here a singular spectrum analysis (SSA)-based low pass filtering algorithm for regional and residual gravity anomaly separation. The data adaptive decomposition in SSAfrequency filtering algorithm facilitates reduction of the artefacts in the filtering of the non-linear and non-stationary gravity data. Initially, the method was tested on synthetic gravity data representing combined response of regional and residual components derived from the geological structures like infinite horizontal layers, intrusive dykes, deep-seated faults and volcanic intrusive bodies and compared with fast Fourier transform (FFT) wavenumber and wavelet-based filtering techniques. The results show that SSA-based filtered output exhibits a better match with pure synthetic data than the output generated from the FFT and wavelet filtering methods. The underlying method was then applied to two parallel gravity profiles of real data from theUmred coalfield, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Further, the SSA-based filtered regional anomaly was modelled using Geosoft GM-SYS software to construct the model of crustal structure of the study region. In essence, the modelling results suggest the following: (i) a basin-type graben structure with variable trap and sedimentary thicknesses and (ii) deep seated faults on either sides of the basin. These results correlate fairly well with known regional geology attesting the authenticity of the regional models generated from the two gravity profiles, which also agree well with each other. We, therefore, conclude that the SSA-based filtering technique is robust for regional gravity anomaly separation and could be effectively exploited for filtering other geophysical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High ground magnetic anomalies are observed at western basin of the Sandur schist belt (SSB) near Muraripura village, Karnataka. Sources for these anomalies are inferred due to presence of exposed banded iron formations hosted by metabasalts, arenaous and argillaceous rocks associated with the Donimali Formation of the schist belt. Two varieties of BIF bands are observed in the study area viz. Band 1 and Band 2. The bands 1 and 2 are displaced by lateral strike-slip fault. Band 1 is dominantly composed of banded iron formation, rich in iron ore minerals and silica chert. Band 2 is largely composed of ferruginous quartzite and quartz arenites. Qualitative analysis of the magnetic data indicates that the study area can be divided into three lithologically important BIF/BQ formations. Spectral and quantitative analysis of the magnetic data indicates, the average depth of band 1 is 70 m and band 2 is 130 m. The magnetic data results are well correlated with chemical analysis of borehole and surface rock samples data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure is a state where the cardiac function is sufficiently compromised resulting in clinical signs inspite of the compensatory mechanism. Based on various diagnostic procedures, a total of 342 dogs of various breed, sex and age were diagnosed for cardiac failure of various etiology. Hematologically, no significant difference was noticed but, biochemically, there was a significant increase (P<0.01) in mean values of CKMB (56.95 ± 2.94u/L), LDH (141.40 ± 5.14 u/L) but with a significantly low (P<0.05) levels of TP (5.36 ± 0.15 g/dL) and Alb (2.85 ± 0.9 g/ dL). Similarly, a non-significant hypernatremia (141.08 ± 0.57 mEq/dL) and significant hypokalemia (3.86 ± 0.14 mEq/dL) was also noticed in comparison with apparently healthy dogs. Abnormal P, QRS and T wave along with ventricular premature complexes were the significant ECG findings and cardiomegaly, auricular bulge with elevated trachea and pulmonary venous congestion were the significant radiographic abnormalities recorded. On 2-D echocardiography, dilated cardiomyopathy was the primary cardiac disorder recorded in 69% cases, followed by valvular disease (mitral valve insufficiency in 38%, tricuspid valve insufficiency in 14%), pericardial effusion in 22% and relatively rare hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 4 dogs. Following therapy with ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers, positive ionotropes and neutraceutical for 6 months, significant signs viz., dyspnoea at rest, cough and exercise intolerance disappeared after 20-25 days in 90% dogs, followed by improvement in appetite, weight and systemic circulation in 30-35 days. Whereas, no significant difference was noticed with ECG and radiographic findings. However, a significant improvement in left ventricle dimensions, EF and Fs was noticed by the end of treatment. Despite of every effort, 26 dogs of severe heart failure (DCM-13; MVI-8 and pericardial effusion-5) developed azotemia and collapsed during 10-40 days of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothroidism with signs dermatitis was diagnosed in 49 dogs of various breed, age and sex based on thyroid profile. The classical skin and coat manifestations include bilateral alopecia, rat tall appearance, puppy like coat, dry and lustreless coat, alopecia at neck, bald thigh appearance, hyperpigmentation, failure of hair regrowth and delayed wound healing. Few affected cases revealed Malassezia pachydermatis, Demodex canis and Staphylococcus spp and hence diagnosed for malasseziosis, demodicosis and bacterial pyoderma, that were secondary to hypothyroidism. The animals were successfully managed with Levothyroxine and other specific drugs without any recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mange, atopy, malasseziosis, pyoderma, hypothyroidism, dermatophytosis and mixed infections are the various causes for dermatoses in dogs. Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is the second most prevalent dermatological disorder manifested as severe erythema and pruritus. Though the clinical diagnosis of various forms of dermatoses is based on significant clinical signs, specific lesions and identification of causative agent (mite, fungi, bacteria etc), diagnosis of CAD is by means of differential diagnosis, by ruling out all other possible causes and confirmation by Intra Dermal Allergic Skin Test (IDAST). In the present study, IDAST revealed highly positive reaction towards cockroach, parthenium weed and common dust allergens, thus confirming etiology for canine atopic dermatitis. Animals after treatment with Tacrolimus topical spray showed clinical improvement from 7th day with complete clinical recovery with 20 days of treatment confirming clinical efficacy of Tacrolimus topical in Atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistaxis also termed as nose bleed caused by simple trauma or by upper respiratory tract infections is a common disorder in dogs that is frequently regarded as an emergency. Nasal discharge with fresh blood or clots along with respiratory distress, weakness and hematuria were the prominent manifestations among all the dogs and seizures among few. Significantly low (P<0.05) levels of mean Total Erythrocyte Count, Hemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were haematological findings along with increased (P<0.05) gamma glutamine transaminase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total serum proteins and globulins but with decreased albumins were the significant biochemical alterations among all the affected dogs compared to apparently healthy ones. Presence of intracellular rickettsial organisms in the monocytes of 14/19 dogs, confirmed the cause of epistaxis. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly with engorgement of vessels were the significant abnormal ultrasonographic findings. Whereas, two of these that were negative for ehrlichia organisms, also revealed a significantly low thyroid profile suggesting hypothyroid associated coagulative disorder as the cause. Therapy with doxycyline and thyroxine along with other supportive drugs helped improve the condition and complete clinical recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congestive heart failure often referred as heart failure is an emerging cardiac disorder that is associated with diseases of myocardium, endocardium and great vessels. The condition can be diagnosed with a set of diagnostic utilities of which electrocardiogram is one. Abnormalities of amplitude and duration of P, Q, R, S, T and QRS waves, ST coving, ventricular premature complexes, ventricular tachycardia, atrial standstill, junctional premature complexes with II degree AV block, ventricular bigeminy, bundle branch block, low voltage QRS complexes and atrial fibrillation were the abnormal ECG findings recorded among congestive heart failure dogs. However, confirmation of various causes of heart failure was diagnosed using echocardiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the therapeutic management of thyroid malfunction-associated nervous system abnormalities in 42 dogs. The study states that the dogs with thyroid malfunction were administered with levothyroxin. It concludes that nervous signs or polyneuropathies are caused by thyroid hormone deficiency in dogs and suggests thyroid profile assessment in the patients.

Four simple, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of Verapamil in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Verapamil exhibits maximum absorbance at 279.0 nm in Method A. In Method B (D1) it shows minima and maxima at 288.0 nm and 267.0 nm , in Method C (D2) it shows maximum absorbance at 294 nm and Method D is based on calculation of Area under Curve (AUC) in the wavelength region of 274.0-284.0 nm. The drug obeys the Beer-Lambertís law in the concentration range of 1.0-200 μg/ml in all four methods. The methods were validated by following the analytical performance parameters suggested by the International Conference on Harmonization. All validation parameters were within the acceptable range. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Verapamil in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two metal response elements, flanking an antioxidant response element, were identified in regions upstream (−3730 bp) to copper metallothionein (CuMT) gene of Neurospora crassa. Presence of copper in culture media, but not of pro-oxidants like H2O2 or menadione, induced CuMT gene expression that could not be completely abolished by antioxidants such as N-acetyl cysteine and ascorbic acid. Gel shift assays revealed the ability of nuclear extracts from copper induced cultures to bind PCR-amplified metal response or antioxidant response elements. Similar observations could not be made with cultures exposed either to pro-oxidants or antioxidants. These results differentiate between CuMT gene induction by copper from antioxidant functions associated with the identified upstream elements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A government airborne geophysical survey flown in the late 1970s detected a large magnetic anomaly at Gadarwara, Madhya Pradesh, in north-central India. Deep drilling indicates that the oval-shaped magnetic anomaly is caused by underlying magnetite-bearing banded iron formation belonging to the Mahakoshal Formation of Archean to Early Proterozoic age. The anomaly is hosted in a tectonic rift zone (Narmada-Son Lineament). After drilling alluvium up to 312 m thick, rocks intersected to depths of 612 m provided core samples for research. Broadly speaking, the samples contain banded hematite jaspilite (BHJ) and banded magnetite (BM) iron formation with pervasive carbonate alterations. Three vertical diamond drill holes were drilled along a 1.4 km long N-S transect across the center of the geophysical anomaly. DDH-1, near the northern edge of the anomaly, went through 309 m of alluvium before intersecting bedrock and then cored 303 m of bedrock for a total depth of 612 m. Copper mineralization with appreciable amounts of cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, silver, rare earth elements, uranium and other elements was intersected. The litho-units are highly oxidised and intensely brecciated with hydrothermal overprinting of Na-K metasomatism alteration mineralogy. The second borehole, DDH-2 failed as the core drilling bit stuck in the alluvium and further drilling was abandoned, whereas the third borehole DDH-3 didnot intersect a magnetite-hematite association and cored only siltstone. Two-dimensional model studies suggest that the signature of high magnetic anomaly is at a depth of 0.4 km from the surface, with a width of 3.5 km, dipping at 45° in a northerly direction. The causative body has a magnetic susceptibility of 0.0052 C.G.S. units, suggestive of a hematite with quartz veinlets lithology. Based on predictive magnetic exploration models for Iron-Oxide-Copper-Gold (IOCG), such deposits can be inferred from geological observations combined with petrophysical data and forward modelling of the observed magnetic signatures. This paper reports a prospective IOCG-like mineralization style hosted in a rift (Narmada-Son) type of tectonic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Katpal in Mesoarchaean Sukinda Ultramafic Complex (SUC) hosts chromitites within the ultramafic rocks emplaced in the Tomka–Daitari–Mahagiri greenstone belt, Singhbhum Craton. Chromite deposits occur as seams, lenses or pockets in ultramafic–mafic rocks mainly comprising serpentinised dunite, peridotite and gabbro. Chromite deposits at Kalrangi, Kaliapani and its precincts in SUC are currently being exploited by M/s. Odisha Mining Corporation (OMC), whereas their continuity is elusive in the subsurface in the Katpal area, Sukinda, Odisha. High-resolution electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out in quarry-G of M/s. OMC in Katpal on four profiles each with a profile length 400 m and each of them is separated at an interval of ~100 m to capture and visualise a maximum anomaly variation within the host rock. The objectives of this study are to understand the behaviour of chromite seams vis-à-vis with a high-resolution electric potential signal with depths and to evolve a method to discriminate chromitites from the host rock both in horizontal and vertical directions with depths, which can be used to locate the extension of chromite seams around the study area. The interpretation of the ERT models revealed interesting resistivity anomalies, which is inferred as chromite associated with the ultramafic host rock in the area. Exploratory borehole data of the area confirmed the subsurface occurrence of chromitites within 22–40 m depths as lensoidal bodies within the mafic–ultramafic rocks. The chromite ore is mapped as low-resistive zones with a resistivity of ~35–200 Ω m and extended up to a depth of 170 m within the high-resistive (>500 Ω m) host rocks. Two distinct chromite bands were identified at different depths: 20–40 and 90–110 m based on the specific resistivity contrast and were validated using the existing shallow borehole data. The second band is highly folded whereas the first band resembles sill-like feature within the host rock. The electrical tomography technique can be aptly applied in an unknown area in SUC to establish the extension of the chromite ore body, its resistive signature and their variation with depths within the host rock for future resource prospecting and exploitation in the given geological setting of the area. Research highlights: The chromite ore is mapped as a low-resistivity signature and its extension is delineated as a low-resistivity anomaly of ~35–200 Ω m. The electrical resistivity models indicate low resistivity as chromite and high-resistivity as ultramafic rock (~500–10,000 Ω m) up to a depth of 170 m. The light green up to yellow bands in the inverted resistivity models characterise various grades of mineralisation within the host rock setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight Jersey crossbred cattle were presented with signs of photosensitisation. Generalised weakness, anorexia, constipation followed by diarrhoea, corneal opacity, photosensitization associated dermatitis with alopecia, fissures and sloughing of skin at various parts of body viz. brisket, perianal region, face, nasal area with serum and bloody discharges common signs. Few were also presented with signs of jaundice. Skin scraping analysis could not reveal any ectoparasites. Low levels of PCV, Hb and TEC with significantly elevated AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine were the significant hemato-biochemicai findings recorded. It was later reported that animals accidentally consumed lantana plants, a week prior to onset of lesions. Based on collective history and typical lesions, the cause was diagnosed as photosensitisation reaction towards lantana poisoning and managed with supportive drugs successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the diagnosis and treatment of mixed skin infestation of Malasseziosis and Demodicosis in dogs in India. The dogs positive for both Malasseziosis and Demodicosis were successfully treated with oral Ivermectin and washed with ketaconazole based shampoo. However, the use of immunostimulants was considered as faster alternative medication.

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the comparative therapeutic efficacy of Ceftriaxone-Tazobactum and Amoxicillin-Dicloxacillin for management of caprine clinical mastitis. Mastitic quarters of goats were diagnosed to be associated with Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E.coliand Klebsiella infection. The organisms showed highest sensititvity to Ceftriaxone followed by Amoxy-Clav, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, whereas, all isolates were resistant to Penicillin G. The clinical and bacteriological cure rates obtained in the present study were found to be 100 percent in both groups. The response was excellent in animals treated with Ceftriaxone-Tazobactum @ 10 mg/kg b.wt as there was marked relief of symptoms by second day of treatment itself. Goats treated with Amoxicillin-Dicloxacillin @ 10 mg/kg b.wt responded slowly. Mild relief was noticed on second day but marked effect was evident third day onwards. Both groups were given supportive treatment with Flunixin meglumine. Isolation studies were conducted again on 5th day after recovery in both groups and all samples were found to be culturally negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosecurity and infection control are major activities or actions taken to prevent the introduction and/or spread of infectious or zoonotic pathogens in an environment. The terms 'biosecurity' and 'infection control' are used interchangeably in the paper, as their overall goal is minimizing spread of disease between animals and between animals and humans. Biosecurity Is a continuum that starts with awareness and ends with the best disease prevention strategies, we are able to provide with the priorities, facilities and funds available. Great differences can be made in infection control and as a result in human and animal health and welfare - through committed individuals with increased awareness instituting practical infection control policies. Everyone can 'do' biosecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landcover categories with a special emphasis on biomass were mapped in an area within 100 km radius of the twin cities of Hyderabad-Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, using the technique of interpretation of satellite imagery acquired in the mid-1990s. They were then compared with the imagery acquired in the mid-1980s. The changes in landcover were not only from natural to manmade, but also in the reverse order. The manifestations indicate a process of conversion of non-agricultural land to agricultural land which were later given up. The biomass per unit area of each category was estimated using groundbased measurements. The category-wise and total biomass of the study area were computed and the annual increment of the biomass was derived. The residual portion of the annual increment after estimating the rural requirement was found to more or less match with the estimated annual wood and fuelwood intake of the metropolis. It is inferred that the pressure of the demand for fuelwood on the forest and non-forest biomass is not great, but the pattern of landcover changes attracts interests because of its socio-economic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of optical illumination on the microwave characteristics of a conventional MESFET hare been studied theoretically. The effect of the changes in the intrinsic parameters of the device under illumination has been utilized to calculate the Y parameters of the device at microwave frequencies. The small-signal equivalent circuit of the device in the illuminated condition has been obtained with the various components determined from the Y parameters. The attractive feature of the present model is that it is fully compatible with commonly used circuit simulation packages like SPICE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study based on Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), a near-surface geophysical technique, was carried out for the first time in the Mandla Lobe of the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province. The study was conducted to demarcate fractures, which are essential for finding potential groundwater zones in the hard rock region and for the delineation of shallow subsurface geological features in terms of shear wave velocity. The MASW surveys were carried out at different selected locations in the study area to delineate fractures in the basaltic terrain covered with thin weathering and alluvium cover. These basalts are mainly comprised of massive, vesicular and amygdaloidal varieties and interpreted as different basaltic flows of Mandla, Dhuma and Pipardahi formations. The shear wave velocity sections divulge the layered nature of the basalt sequences. In some of the massive flows, there are low-velocity vertical zones that can be deduced to be either vertical columnar joints or fracture zones, and the low-velocity weathered flows can be the good groundwater reservoirs. The shear wave velocities Vs obtained are in the range from 300 to 2500 m/s at different locations, and the thicknesses of flows are varied in the MASW sections. The obtained shear wave data are compared with the borehole data, and the results are well correlated. The study clearly differentiates the variations within basaltic formations, which are interpreted as potential groundwater zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time-bound crustal evolution and subsequent deformation of the Cuddapah basin, Nellore Schist Belt and Eastern Ghats terrain of Eastern Dharwar Craton, which have undergone sustained geodynamic upheavals since almost 2.0 billion years, remain enigmatic. An attempt is made here to integrate newly available potential field data and other geophysical anomalies with deep seismic structure, to examine the generative mechanism of major crustal features, associated with this sector. Our study indicates that the initial extent of the Cuddapah basin sedimentation may have been much larger, extending by almost 50–60 km west of Tadipatri during Paleoproterozoic period, which subsequently shrank due to massive erosion following thermal uplift, caused by SW Cuddapah mantle plume. Below this region, crust is still quite warm with Moho temperatures exceeding 500 °C. Similarly, Nallamalai Fold Belt rocks, bounded by two major faults and extremely low gravity, may have occupied a large terrain in western Cuddapah basin also, before their abrasion. No geophysical signatures of thrusting are presently seen below this region, and thus it could not be an alien terrain either. In contrast, Nellore Schist Belt is associated with strikingly high positive gravity, possibly caused by a conspicuous horst structure and up dipping mafic crustal layers underneath, that resulted due to India-east Antarctica collision after the cessation of prolonged subduction (1.6–0.95 Ga). Further, the crustal seismic and gravity signatures would confirm presence of a totally distinct geological terrain east of the Cuddapah basin, but the trace of Eastern Ghats Belt is all together missing. Instead, all the geophysical signatures, point out to presence of a Proterozoic sedimentary terrain, east of Nellore Schist Belt. It is likely that the extent of Prorerozoic sedimentation was much larger than thought today. In addition, presence of a seismically detected Gondwana basin over Nellore Schist Belt, apart from some recently discovered similar subsurface Gondwana occurrences in intracratonic parts, would indicate that Dharwar Craton was rifting even during Gondwana period, thereby challenging the long held view of cratonic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of orbital complications secondary to sinusitis is on the decline. However the potential for serious and at times life-threatening complications makes it necessary to have a high index of suspicion, prompt diagnosis and appropriate and timely management plans. We report the case report of a 6-year-old child who presented with orbital subperiosteal abscess of the left eye, secondary to sinusitis, where prompt diagnosis and timely surgical intervention helped in restoring the visual acuity of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]