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In this paper, we address various optical soliton solutions and demonstrate the different dynamics of solitary waves to a (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with parabolic law (NLSE) using a newly created powerful and effective method named as the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method. This technique presents an organized manner to reveal the essential dynamics. There is great significance of the nonlinear Schrödinger equations and their several formulations in numerous fields of science, particularly in nonlinear optics, optical fibers, quantum electronics, and plasma physics. Through the use of numerical simulations and mathematical analysis, we explore the characteristics and behavior of these solitary wave solutions in a variety of scientific contexts. These results demonstrate the essential complexity of the governing equation and yield novel derived solutions. These solutions contribute to a better understanding of nonlinear wave phenomena by highlighting the fundamental dynamics establishing solitary waves in the NLSE. To enhance our wider knowledge, we provide effective graphic representations of the nonlinear wave structures in the derived solutions utilizing a variety of graphs, including 3D, 2D, and density plots. Moreover, a specific transformation has been applied to transform the system into a planar dynamical system, and several phase portraits have been presented to examine its behavior. Furthermore, upon introducing a perturbed term, chaotic behavior has been observed across different parameter values through both two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a scheme for image data security is designed by using Bifid cipher and Arnold map. The conventional 2D-Bifid cipher is changed to handle the encryption and decryption of color images. Further, a block-based method is realized using Arnold map to encrypt and decrypt the image data of square as well as non-square sizes. The proposed scheme is constructed on a widely adopted cryptographic framework, i.e., substitution-permutation design, where Bifid cipher-based scheme acts as a substitution layer and Arnold map-based scheme acts as a diffusion layer. The designed scheme has a huge key space with key sensitivity not only to accurate keys but also to their accurate orders. The practicability and performance of the designed scheme is validated by conducting a detailed analysis along with a comparative study. This paper contributes to a simple, efficient and secure image encryption method, which outperforms to the related works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent SARS-CoV-2 XBB and BQ subvariants exhibit noticeably enhanced resistance to neutralizing antibodies, including in those persons who are vaccinated and have had breakthrough Omicron infection or who have received the bivalent mRNA booster. Nonlinear dynamics is an intriguing technique for explaining the dynamical behaviors of COVID-19 illness. The goal of this study is to create a novel compartment mathematical model that takes into account populations that have received immunizations against new COVID-19 variants, particularly Omicron. The foundational characteristics of the model, including boundedness and positivity of solutions are established. Following that, the reproduction number has been used to illustrate the equilibrium analysis of steady states. The numerical design of the model has been introduced to assess how various control regimes affect COVID-19 dynamics. All control techniques have been found to have a positive effect on COVID-19 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Neutrophils are crucial components of the innate immune system that combat invading pathogens and maintain homeostasis. Nitric oxide (NO•) exerts regulatory influence on neutrophil rolling, adhesion, oxidative burst, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cytoneme, apoptosis, and NETosis by diverse mechanisms in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Recent Advances: Recent research has identified the critical role of NO• in the proliferation of neutrophil progenitors, differentiation, survival, and other functions. Further, NO• responses depend on the concentration, proximity, and redox environment, highlighting the intricate and context-dependent mechanisms by which NO• influences neutrophil responses. Critical Issues: Neutrophils express two constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), namely iNOS and nNOS. The production of NO• or superoxide (O2•−) radical by these isoforms depends on levels of substrates L-arginine and oxygen, and cofactors such as NADPH, FAD, FMN, and redox-sensitive BH4. Importantly, the interaction between NO• and superoxide generates potent oxidants within the phagolysosomes. The coordinated collaboration and regulation of NO• and O2•− are crucial for redox signaling and neutrophil properties. Future Directions: The activity of neutrophil NOS is regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation, cofactor availability, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications. However, our understanding of regulatory mechanisms during various neutrophil functions remains limited. While we now recognize the neutrophil heterogeneity, metabolic adaptability, and anti-tumoral ability; however, reports identifying NOS/NO• role remain largely unexplored on these aspects in infections, inflammation, and immunosuppression. Future studies addressing these intriguing areas will be crucial in unraveling the role of NO•/NOS signaling in neutrophils across diverse pathologies and may present therapeutic opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we use two newly powerful and efficient techniques, the unified method and the unified Riccati equation expansion (UREE) method, to derive solitary wave solutions for the (1 + 1)-dimensional longitudinal wave equation (LWE), presenting a systematic approach to reveal the underlying dynamics. By incorporating mathematical analysis and numerical simulations, we investigate the behavior and properties of these solitary wave solutions in various fields of science. The derived solutions are entirely new, and these findings show the essential complexities of the longitudinal wave equation. These obtained solutions shed light on the fundamental mechanisms governing solitary waves in the longitudinal wave equation, contributing to a deeper understanding of nonlinear wave phenomena. We present effective visualizations of the dynamical wave structures using various graphs, such as 3D, 2D, and contour plots in the obtained solutions to improve our comprehensive understanding. Consequently, numerous types of wave profiles, including periodic wave, interaction between periodic wave and kink wave, W-shape wave, kink wave, interaction between breather wave and kink wave, traveling wave, mixed periodic, singular soliton, and some new types of soliton profiles were found. Consequently, this work presents a comprehensive study of solitary wave solutions using the unified method and UREE method for the (1 + 1)-dimensional LWE equation. The outcomes of the current study manifest that the considered methods are significant and systematic in solving nonlinear evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a numerical framework for implementation of cohesive zone model with smoothed floating node method (SFNM) for failure analysis of quasi-brittle materials. The nonlinear behavior of material inside the fracture process zone in front of the crack tip is modeled with a potential-based intrinsic cohesive zone approach. Here, SFNM is used to represent the kinematics of crack and the crack front inside the domain without the requirement of remeshing and discontinuous enrichment functions during crack growth, hence resolves the issues associated with the existing discrete numerical methods. A strain smoothing technique is adopted over the domain through which classical domain integration changes to line integration along each boundary of the smoothing cell, hence derivative of shape functions are not required in the computation of the field gradients, thus resolves the issue of element distortion. The proposed numerical framework is firstly verified using the patch test of the two-dimensional specimen under mode I and mode II loading conditions and subsequently extended for solving the two-dimensional standard fracture problems. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is checked by comparing the computational results with the available literature results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we implement the bifurcation theory for the planar dynamical system and the complete discrimination system method of polynomials to the integrable Kuralay equations. Solitons generated by these equations are found to be relevant in diverse fields such as ferromagnetic materials, nonlinear optics, and optical fibers. Through specific wave transformations, it undergoes conversion into an ordinary differential equation (ODE), which is subsequently transformed into a planar dynamical system associated with a one-dimensional Hamiltonian function. As per the qualitative theory of the planar dynamical system, phase portraits of the Hamiltonian system are plotted and used to construct some new traveling wave solutions. Numerical examination reveals diverse nonlinear structures in the analytical solutions, encompassing solitary waves, kink waves, and periodic wave profiles. Additionally, the integrable Kuralay equation employs the complete discrimination system method of polynomial for the first time, yielding solutions expressed in trigonometric, exponential, hyperbolic, and Jacobi elliptic functions. Visual representations of the derived solutions include 3-D, 2-D, and contour plots. The reliability and effectiveness are affirmed through the numerical graphs of the solutions. Furthermore, we conducted a numerical investigation into the chaotic and quasiperiodic behavior of the perturbed system by introducing a specific periodic force into the primary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is important from two perspectives. Firstly, in this article, we suggest a novel analytical technique for creating the exact solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs). In order to study the dynamical behaviors of various wave phenomena, we can construct the several exact solutions in the form of Jacobi elliptic solutions, hyperbolic solutions, trigonometric solutions, and exponential solutions by using this method. Secondly, we consider a more generalized form of the (2+1)‐dimensional Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and modified Korteweg‐de Vries (mKdV) equations that plays an important role in describing the shallow water. We successfully extract several soliton solutions for the examined equation. By choosing the appropriate parameters, some graphs of the discovered solutions have been represented in the figures. Every obtained solution has been demonstrated to satisfy the corresponding equation. The findings demonstrate that the method can be applied to solve a number of nonlinear evolution equations. The new solutions and the paper's findings could improve our understanding of how the waves move through shallow water and open up new research avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer, a global health concern predominantly affecting women, recorded 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths in 2020. Alarmingly, projections suggest that by 2040, there could be over 3 million new cases and 1 million deaths. To assess breast cancer prevalence in 24 rural villages within a 60 km radius of NIMS Hospital, Tala Mod, Jaipur, Rajasthan, North India 303,121. A study involving 2023 participants conducted initial screenings, and positive cases underwent further tests, including ultrasound, mammography, and biopsy. SPSSv28 analysed collected data. Among 2023 subjects, 3 screened positive for breast lumps. Subsequent clinical examination and biopsy identified 1 normal case and 2 with breast cancer, resulting in a prevalence proportion of 0.0009 or 98 per 100,000. This study helps fill gap in breast cancer prevalence data for rural Rajasthan. The results highlight a concerning prevalence of breast cancer in the rural area near NIMS hospital, emphasizing the urgent need for increased awareness, early detection, and better healthcare access. Challenges like limited resources, awareness programs, and delayed diagnosis contribute to this high incidence. To address this, comprehensive approach is necessary, including improved screening programs and healthcare facilities in rural areas. Prioritizing rural healthcare and evidence-based strategies can reduce the burden of breast cancer and improve health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to assess the impact of non-encapsulated, air-dried microencapsulated, and lyophilized microencapsulated probiotics in indigenous cattle calves (Bos indicus). Twenty-four (5–7 days old) indigenous cattle calves were selected and assigned into four groups, with six calves in each as follows: control (CON), fed milk and basal diet alone, and treatment groups supplemented with non-encapsulated (NEC), air-dried microencapsulated (AEC) and lyophilized microencapsulated (LEC) probiotic L. reuteri SW23 at 108 CFU/head/day in skim milk as a carrier provided for 60 days. The animals were divided into four groups, adopting a complete randomized design, and the effects were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. Probiotics supplementation increased (p < 0.05) body weight gain (kg), average daily gain, and structural growth measurements in calves of all treatment groups. Dry matter intake (g/d), feed conversion efficiency, and fecal counts of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria were also increased in the treatment groups compared to CON. The fecal consistency index was highest in CON (0.70 ± 0.03), followed by NEC (0.68 ± 0.01), AEC (0.66 ± 0.02), and LEC (0.65 ± 0.02). Fecal pH and ammonia levels were reduced (p < 0.05) in the probiotic-fed groups compared to CON, with a concomitant increase in fecal lactate, acetate, and propionate levels. In addition, cell-mediated and humoral immunity were significantly increased in supplemented groups as compared to CON. Thus, it can be concluded that supplementation of the probiotics in microencapsulated/non-encapsulated forms to neonatal calves had a variety of positive effects on their health, including better performance, improved gut health, and a lower fecal consistency index. Moreover, among all supplemented groups, the lyophilized microencapsulated group outperformed air-dried microencapsulated and non-microencapsulated groups in terms of ADG, DMI, and gut health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthropogenic influence on the environment, exemplified by phenomena such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, glacier melting, biodiversity loss, and significant shifts in climatic conditions, has catalyzed a marked transformation in the priorities of the scientific community. This shift is evident in the increased focus on utilizing eco-friendly materials and methodologies. Consequently, there has been a paradigm shift in the mindset of synthetic chemists. Traditional reaction pathways are being supplanted by environmentally sustainable methods, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles has attracted significant attention due to their diverse applications in medicinal chemistry, materials science, and agrochemicals. However, traditional synthetic methods often involve hazardous reagents, high energy consumption, and generating substantial waste. In recent years, implementing green chemistry principles and sustainable development strategies has revolutionized the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles, offering a more environment-friendly and efficient approach. This review article highlights the advances in synthesizing 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles using sustainable methodologies, focusing on green solvents, catalysts, and heating/stirring technologies from 2015 to the present. In addition to these sustainable synthetic routes' benefits, challenges, and future perspectives are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research work is to explore novel soliton solutions and dynamics of solitonic structures to asymmetric Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov (ANNV) equations by two methods, namely, the generalized exponential rational function (GERF) method and the modified extended tanh expansion (METE) method. These techniques are the most effective and reliable tools for solving nonlinear equations with partial derivatives. The used methods provide a wide range of soliton solutions that can motivate applied scientists and researchers for these specific structures. These acquired solutions are in the form of exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions including, tan , sin , sec , cot , csc , sinh , tanh , sech , cosh , coth , csch and of their combinations. It has also been observed that the obtained soliton solutions of the ANNV equations are bell-shape, anti-bell-shape, periodic solution, multisoliton and different types of soliton solutions. To illustrate the physical features and dynamics characteristics of some obtained solutions, three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) figures are exhibited through the Mathematica software. The methods applied in this paper are suitable to study the soliton solutions for the ANNV equation without producing the complexities in some other known analytical method. Finally, the employed methods can be earmarked easily for solving various classes of nonlinear evolution equations appearing in mathematical physics, fluid dynamics, plasma physics, nonlinear waves and nonlinear sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakshadweep is an archipelago of 36 islands located in the Southeastern Arabian Sea. In the absence of a detailed archaeological record, the human settlement timing of this island is vague. Previous genetic studies on haploid DNA makers suggested sex-biased ancestry linked to North and South Indian populations. Maternal ancestry suggested a closer link with the Southern Indian, while paternal ancestry advocated the Northern Indian genetic affinity. Since the haploid markers are more sensitive to genetic drift, which is evident for the Island populations, we have used the biparental high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphic markers to reconstruct the population history of Lakshadweep Islands. Using the fine-scaled analyses, we specifically focused on (A) the ancestry components of Lakshadweep Islands populations; (B) their relation with East, West Eurasia and South Asia; (C) the number of founding lineages and (D) the putative migration from Northern India as the paternal ancestry was closer to the North Indian populations. Our analysis of ancestry components confirmed relatively higher North Indian ancestry among the Lakshadweep population. These populations are closely related to the South Asian populations. We identified mainly a single founding population for these Islands, geographically divided into two sub-clusters. By examining the population's genetic composition and analysing the gene flow from different source populations, this study contributes to our understanding of Lakshadweep Island's evolutionary history and population dynamics. These findings shed light on the complex interactions between ethnic groups and their genetic contributions in making the Lakshadweep population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper presents an extension of the recently developed smoothed floating node method (SFNM) with cohesive zone approach to model crack growth in elastic materials under thermo-elastic loading conditions. The SFNM utilizes floating nodes to accurately model the crack by activating dormant nodes at intersection points of crack path and the corresponding element edges. Through the activation of floating nodes, the cracked element transforms into sub-elements, facilitating separate integration of each sub-element. A smoothing cell-based integration technique is employed to convert the area integral to line integral which mitigates the element distortion issues. The temperature distribution is initially determined across the entire domain, and then imposed as thermal loads in the 2D domain. The thermal stress intensity factor is calculated for both homogeneous and bi-material specimens using the interaction energy integral approach, and the crack propagation is predicted using circumferential stress criterion. The accuracy of the proposed framework is demonstrated with several benchmark problems of fracture mechanics. The develop framework yields comparable results with the available literature with less modeling complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the factors determining the discontinuance intentions of millennials to use hotel booking apps. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative technique was followed to collect the data from the tourists, and partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was adopted to validate the proposed model. Findings: Significant predictors of discontinuance intentions of hotel booking apps are usage barrier, values barrier, risk barrier, lack of facilitating conditions and digital self-efficacy. Practical implications: The results of this study provide useful insights for tourism stakeholders and app developers to understand in real terms the setbacks that might be a hindrance to the users of such apps for hotel booking. Originality/value: Despite the increasing focus of scholars toward understanding the determinants of technology adoption, the present study has extended innovation resistance theory with three novel constructs: social dependency, lack of facilitating conditions and digital self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakshadweep is an archipelago of 36 islands located in the Southeastern Arabian Sea. In the absence of a detailed archaeological record, the human settlement timing of this island is vague. Previous genetic studies on haploid DNA makers suggested sex-biased ancestry linked to North and South Indian populations. Maternal ancestry suggested a closer link with the Southern Indian, while paternal ancestry advocated the Northern Indian genetic affinity. Since the haploid markers are more sensitive to genetic drift, which is evident for the Island populations, we have used the biparental high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphic markers to reconstruct the population history of Lakshadweep Islands. Using the fine-scaled analyses, we specifically focused on (A) the ancestry components of Lakshadweep Islands populations; (B) their relation with East, West Eurasia and South Asia; (C) the number of founding lineages and (D) the putative migration from Northern India as the paternal ancestry was closer to the North Indian populations. Our analysis of ancestry components confirmed relatively higher North Indian ancestry among the Lakshadweep population. These populations are closely related to the South Asian populations. We identified mainly a single founding population for these Islands, geographically divided into two sub-clusters. By examining the population’s genetic composition and analysing the gene flow from different source populations, this study contributes to our understanding of Lakshadweep Island’s evolutionary history and population dynamics. These findings shed light on the complex interactions between ethnic groups and their genetic contributions in making the Lakshadweep population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rocks containing flaws around rock structures are often subjected to complex temperatures and geological conditions. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of heat-treated rock samples with a flaw under ungrouted and grouted conditions subjected to dynamic loading. Rock samples were prepared from two different types of rocks, model rock and natural marble, with an existing flaw at a fixed orientation under three different infill conditions, i.e., ungrouted, cement grouted, and epoxy grouted. Samples were initially heat treated to a temperature between 30 and 650 °C for 0–15 h and then subjected to dynamic loading using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). A high-speed camera was coupled with SHPB to record the progressive failure process of these samples, and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) captured the strain evolution. It was observed that the strength and stiffness of samples remained constant up to a certain temperature, namely transition temperature (i.e., 100–150 °C and 500–650 °C for model rock and marble, respectively) and then reduced significantly. The presence of grouts improved the mechanical behavior of samples significantly. However, their efficiency was dependent on the degree and duration of heating. Epoxy grout was observed to have superior efficiency compared to cement grout at lower degrees and lesser durations of heating which reverses for their higher magnitudes. Except for the epoxy-grouted samples at low temperatures, fracture initiation took place from the flaw tips in all other samples. Fracturing was dominated by tensile cracks at lower degrees and lesser duration of heating which changes to shear cracks-dominated mechanism, especially for porous model rock with the increasing degree and duration of heating. Highlights: Grouts were efficient in improving the dynamic response of jointed rocks with efficiency dependent upon the heat treatment of samples. Crack initiation and progression for grouted samples depend on grout strength, degree and duration of heating. Crack initiation and progression for ungrouted samples depend on the degree and duration of heating. Epoxy grout was more efficient for lower degree and duration of heating while cement grout was for higher ones. The transition from tensile-dominated fracturing to shear-dominated fracturing with increasing duration and degree of heating with more dominant effect on porous model rocks as compared to crystalline marble. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the Lie symmetry analysis to integrate the concatenation model studied with the Kerr law of self-phase modulation. The reduced ordinary differential equation is integrated using two approaches, which are the extended tanh method and the generalized Arnous' approach. These yielded dark and singular solitons for the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of syn and anti-conformers in tetramethyl substituted meta-benziporphodimethenes has been well studied. Herein, we report a new sterically hindered hexaaryl-m-benziporphodimethene (m-BPDM) using benzaldehyde and its Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes. The UV-Vis, mass, and NMR characterized data confirmed the synthesis of these m-BPDM analogues. Time-dependent DFT analysis has been performed to visualize the distribution of electron density at the HUMO and LUMO. The present work primarily focuses on the comparative study of the syn,anti-conformers of metallated meta-benziporphodimethenes upon increasing the bulkiness at the sp3meso carbon atoms. The placement of –H, –CH3, and –Ph groups at the C6- and C21-positions of m-BPDM greatly impacts the stability of these conformers, which has been explored. Along with this, a comparison has also been drawn between the reported X-ray crystallographic geometry and B3LYP/LANL2DZ optimized structures for free-base tetramethyl-m-BPDM and its Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes. The article sums up the much-anticipated results from the tetramethylene analogue of m-BPDM, which were contrary to that of tetraphenylene analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact solutions of the (2 + 1) dimensional Broer–Kaup–Kupershmidt (BKK) system which has been recommended to model the nonlinear and dispersive long gravity waves traveling along with the two horizontal directions in the shallow water of uniform depth were obtained. Firstly, the given system was reduced to an ordinary differential equation (ODE) with the help of the wave transformations. Then, the reduced ODE was solved with the help of two methods which are called the modified (G ′ / G) -expansion method and new extended generalized Kudryashov method. We checked the results with the Maple software and plotted 3D, contour and 2D plots of some obtained solutions. As a result, we obtained exact solutions that are different from each other and have not been obtained before. Results can enhance the nonlinear dynamical behavior of a given system and demonstrate the effectiveness of the employed methodology. Results will be beneficial to a large number of engineering model specialists and useful for understanding the wave motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of optical soliton solutions in optical fiber theory is described by the Schrödinger–Hirota equation, a nonlinear partial differential equation with multiple applications in science and engineering. In this work, a highly effective approach for solving the Schrödinger–Hirota equation is utilized based on the modified generalized Riccati equation mapping approach. The remarkable achievement of obtaining over one hundred plus newly-formed distinct analytical soliton solutions for the governing Schrödinger–Hirota equation is accomplished through the employment of this technique. The technique employed is characterized by its power, simplicity, and adaptiveness, enabling the extraction of various forms of soliton solutions into a unified framework. As a consequence of the applications, traveling waves, bell-shaped solitons, kink waves, and combo-multisoliton wave profiles are generated. To provide valuable insights into the behavior and characteristics of the solutions, two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and corresponding contour graphs are plotted for selected solutions. These findings contribute to the improvement of theoretical knowledge regarding the Schrödinger–Hirota equation and lay the groundwork for practical implementations. The abundant soliton solutions discovered through this method have the potential to find utility in a variety of fields, including electronics, quantum physics, and optical fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates a (2 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation of ion-acoustic waves in plasma physics. It comprehensively analyzes Cole–Hopf transformations concerning dimensions x, y, and t and obtains the dispersion for a phase variable of this equation. We show that the soliton solutions are independent of the different logarithmic transformations for the investigated equation. We also explore the linear equations in the auxiliary function f present in Cole–Hopf transformations. We study this equation's first- and second-order rogue waves using a generalized N-rogue wave expression from the N-soliton Hirota technique. We generate the rogue waves by applying a symbolic technique with β and γ as center parameters. We create rogue wave solutions for first- and second-order using direct computation for appropriate choices of several constants in the equation and center parameters. We obtain a trilinear equation by transforming variables ξ and y via logarithmic transformation for u in the function F. We harness the computational power of the symbolic tool Mathematica to demonstrate the graphics of the soliton and center-controlled rogue wave solutions with suitable choices of parameters. The outcomes of this study transcend the confines of plasma physics, shedding light on the interaction dynamics of ion-acoustic solitons in three-dimensional space. The equation's implications resonate across diverse scientific domains, encompassing classical shallow water theory, fluid dynamics, optical fibers, nonlinear dynamics, and many other nonlinear fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four cross-breed (Alpine × Beetal) lactating goats (average body weight: 37.5 ± 2.7 kg and milk yield: 1.78 ± 0.31 kg/day) were chosen for the ninety days duration of the experiment and divided into three groups following a completely randomized design. Group I acted as control (T0) and received only a basal diet as per requirement, whereas group II (T1) and group III (T2) received basal diet added with Aloe vera extract at 2% and 4% of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and milk antioxidant status were higher (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than T0. Relative abundance of methanogen, protozoa, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens in the rumen were lower, while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens population was higher (p < 0.05) in T2 and T1 compared to T0. Saturated fatty acids levels in milk were lower, whereas different polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were higher (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than T0. Nutritional indices of milk increased in both supplemented groups. Overall, it may be concluded that dietary supplementation of Aloe vera extract at 2% and 4% of DMI may enhance the functional characteristics of milk by boosting TPC and antioxidant status, as well as the FA profile and nutritional quality indices of milk fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous improvement in the living standards of developing countries, calls for an urgent need of high quality meat and dairy products. The farm animals have a micro-ecosystem in gastro-intestinal tract, comprising of a wide variety of flora and fauna which converts roughages and agricultural byproducts as well as nutrient rich concentrate sources into the useful products such as volatile fatty acids and microbial crude proteins. The microbial diversity changes according to composition of the feed, host species/breed and host's individual genetic makeup. From culture methods to next-generation sequencing technologies, the knowledge has emerged a lot to know-how of microbial world viz. their identification, enzymatic activities and metabolites which are the keys of ruminant's successful existence. The structural composition of ruminal community revealed through metagenomics can be elaborated by metatranscriptomics and metabolomics through deciphering their functional role in metabolism and their responses to the external and internal stimuli. These highly sophisticated analytical tools have made possible to correlate the differences in the feed efficiency, nutrients utilization and methane emissions to their rumen microbiome. The comprehensively understood rumen microbiome will enhance the knowledge in the fields of animal nutrition, biotechnology and climatology through deciphering the significance of each and every domain of residing microbial entity. The present review undertakes the recent investigations regarding rumen multi-omics viz. taxonomic and functional potential of microbial populations, host–diet–microbiome interactions and correlation with metabolic dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicago sativa is the "Father of all herbs" or "King of Herbs," and Panax ginseng is the "'Man root" or "Herb for all healings." Individually, both have copious numbers of phytochemicals and nutrients like flavonoids, saponins, ginsenosides, vitamins, minerals, protein, and so on, and this has already been proven by many scientific studies. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the potential health benefits of M. sativa and P. ginseng as herbs for complete wellness. The review also compares the nutritional profiles of these two herbs and discusses the potential synergistic effects of combining them with some existing scientific evidence. The review highlights the need for further research to validate the efficacy of these herbs as a magical combination for complete wellness and recommends precautions for potential side effects and dosage considerations. Several studies suggest that individually, each herb has various similar clinical significances, like immunomodulating properties, anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant properties, improved cognitive function, and so on. But in combination, they may show synergistic effects like improved energy and endurance, immune boosters, and cognitive functions. After studying various articles, it is fair to say that both herbs may be considered complete health tonics for complete wellness. Due to limitations and gaps in the current scientific literature, the findings of this review may contribute to further clinical trials and validation of these herbs for improved wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an optimised Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to minimise the number of channel access collisions and to improve the bandwidth efficiency of IoT-based Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). The frame structure of the proposed MAC protocol consists of three different phases, namely Contention Phase (CP), Transmission Phase (TP), and Inactive Phase (IP). During CP, the proposed protocol prioritises the life-sensitive data. Based on allocated priority, the communicating sensor nodes (SNs) compete for channel access. During TP, the successful SNs transmit their data. We use TDMA mechanism for data transmission and Spider Monkey Optimisation (SMO) technique to improve the bandwidth efficiency of the system by selecting the best possible TDMA time slot according to the data packet size of the SNs. During IP, the SNs go into sleep mode to save energy. We simulate the scenario on MATLAB simulator. The simulation results show that the proposed SMO-MAC improves the throughput by 22.23%, 14.00%, and 17.62%, residual energy by 60.76%, 81.17%, and 124.34%, communication reliability by 70.32%, 52.60%, and 52.60%, and data packet transmission delay by 80.74%, 70.10%, and 77.40% as compared to DRT-MAC, PSO-MAC, and GA-MAC, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary mix and host species have both been shown to have a significant impact on rumen microbial diversity, enteric methane emission and animal performance. The goal of this study was to see how the roughage concentrate ratio 70:30 (Low concentrate; LC) vs 40:60 (High concentrate; HC) and the host species crossbred cattle vs buffalo affected rumen microbial diversity, enteric methane emissions and nutrient utilization. Dry matter intake (kg/d) and dry matter percent digestibility were considerably (p < 0.05) higher in the HC ration and buffalo compared to LC ration and crossbred cattle, respectively. Both dietary mix and host species had a substantial (p < 0.05) impact on intake of various nutrients, including organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Increased concentrate proportion in the ration improved nitrogen balance, resulting in increased average daily gain and considerably reduced methane (g/d) output (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 16S rRNA genes were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and subsequently annotated using the Centrifuge workflow to uncover ruminal bacterial diversity. Firmicutes was considerably (p < 0.01) greater in the LC diet, whereas, Bacteroidetes was higher in the HC ration. Genus Prevotella dominated all rumen samples, and buffalo fed LC ration had significantly (p < 0.01) higher Oscillospira abundance. At the species level, simple sugar-utilizing bacteria such as Prevotella spp. and Selenomonas ruminantium predominated in the crossbred cattle, but fibrolytic bacteria such as Oscillospira guilliermondii were statistically (p < 0.01) more abundant in the buffalo. Overall, dietary mix and host species have both been shown to have a significant impact on rumen microbial diversity, enteric methane emission and animal performance, however, host species remained a major driving force to change ruminal community composition as compared to roughage concentrate ratio under similar environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) imaging technique computes relative distances or surface maps by measuring the absolute phase differences of returned radar signals. The measured phase difference is wrapped in a 2 π cycle due to the wave nature of light. Hence, the proper multiple of 2 π must be added back during restoration and this process is known as phase unwrapping. The noise and discontinuity present in the wrapped signals pose challenges for error-free unwrapping procedures. Separate denoising and unwrapping algorithms lead to the introduction of additional errors from excessive filtering and changes in the statistical nature of the signal. This can be avoided by joint unwrapping and denoising procedures. In recent years, research efforts have been made using deep-learning-based frameworks, which can learn the complex relationship between the wrapped phase, coherence, and amplitude images to perform better unwrapping than traditional signal processing methods. This research falls predominantly into segmentation- and regression-based unwrapping procedures. The regression-based methods have poor performance while segmentation-based frameworks, like the conventional U-Net, rely on a wrap count estimation strategy with very poor noise immunity. In this paper, we present a two-stage phase unwrapping deep neural network framework based on U-Net, which can jointly unwrap and denoise InSAR phase images. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms related work in the presence of phase noise and discontinuities with a root mean square error (RMSE) of an order of magnitude lower than the others. Our framework exhibits better noise immunity, with a low average RMSE of 0.11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to explore the connection between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) through a case–control investigation. OSA is a sleep-related breathing disorder that affects breathing during sleep, whereas TMD involves pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint. Understanding any potential association between these two conditions could contribute to improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 participants were included in both the OSA group and the control group. Participants with diagnosed OSA constituted the OSA group, whereas individuals without OSA formed the control group. TMD symptoms were assessed using standardized diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the prevalence of TMD symptoms between the two groups. Results: In the OSA group, 36 out of 50 participants exhibited TMD symptoms, whereas in the control group, 18 out of 50 participants displayed such symptoms. The calculated P value was found to be 0.023, indicating a statistically significant association between OSA and TMD. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest a notable association between OSA and TMD. Individuals with OSA are more likely to experience TMD symptoms compared to those without OSA. This underscores the importance of considering TMD symptoms in individuals with OSA and vice versa for a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three transects having high river resources (T1), high human habitation (T2) and moderate human habitation and high river resources (T3) were selected along the Beas river conservation reserve. A total of 43,282 birds belonging to 20 orders and 241 species were recorded with species richness of 231, 114, and 179 in T1, T2, and T3 respectively during the study period of two years. The Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices varied from 3.85 to 4.65 and 0.971 to 0.986 respectively; T2 had minimum values for both the indices indicating an inverse relationship with human habitation. T3 and T1 transects had higher beta diversity both at the replacement and richness scale. Study findings revealed that human habitation has a negative influence on avian species richness and evenness; therefore curbing or limiting land-use changes may help to rejuvenate the avian density and richness along the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of smartphones, the means of information exchange have significantly changed. Technological innovations such as m-learning via smartphones are important for future education because they provide many benefits such as the ability to learn at any time and from any location. The study aims to investigate the student's adoption intention of m-learning apps framed by e-WOM in the context of Signalling theory. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on university students in India. Smart-PLS 3.0 was used to analyse the data. The model explains 58.2% of the variance in user engagement from e-WOM (user-generated and marketer-generated) and 49% of the intention to use. The findings reveal that e-WOM as a signal moves from the sender (marketer in this study) to the receiver (students in the present context), which develops the m-learning app engagement, leading to trust. Furthermore, the findings confirm the impact of user trust on the adoption intention of m-learning Apps. The conclusion, implications and limitations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study elaborated on the impact of online service convenience on the adoption intention and adoption of electronic information resources. Factors of service convenience have been identified as access convenience, search convenience, evaluation convenience, transaction convenience, and possession/post-possession convenience. Data were collected from 205 Ph.D. scholars and faculty members from Central Government Institutes in Northern India. The received responses have been analyzed and presented with the help of PLS-SEM using ADANCO 2.2 software. The present study's findings suggested a significant impact of access, search, transaction, and possession/post-possession convenience. However, evaluation convenience has been found insignificant in arousing adoption intention for electronic information resources. The uniqueness of the present study lies in elaborating on the unexplored area of online service convenience concerning electronic information resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current outbreak of the monkeypox viral infection, which started in Nigeria, has spread to other areas of the globe. This affects over 28 nations, including the United Kingdom and the United States. The monkeypox virus causes monkeypox (MPX), which is comparable to smallpox and cowpox (MPXV). The monkeypox virus is a member of the Poxviridae family and belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. In this work, a novel fractional model for Monkeypox based on the Caputo derivative is explored. For the model, two equilibria have been established: disease-free and endemic equilibrium. Using the next-generation matrix and Castillo's technique, if R 0 < 1 the global asymptotic stability of disease-free equilibrium is shown. The linearization demonstrated that the endemic equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable if R 0 > 1. Using the parameter values, the model's fundamental reproduction rates for both humans and non-humans are calculated. The existence and uniqueness of the solution are proved using fixed point theory. The model's numerical simulations demonstrate that the recommended actions will cause the infected people in the human and non-human populations to disappear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of flaw inclination angle on the mechanical behaviour of rock-like specimens containing a pre-existing flaw under different infill conditions is investigated under dynamic loading conditions. A total of 81 split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) compression tests were conducted on the fabricated samples with a single non-persistent flaw. SHPB tests were coupled with high-speed digital image correlation (DIC) to investigate the dynamic fracture process during loading. Three different infill conditions (unfilled, grouted with cement paste, and grouted with epoxy resin) and seven orientations (0–90° with vertical) of the flaw were considered. The maximum dependency on flaw inclination angle was observed for flawed samples with an unfilled flaw. However, this dependency decreased significantly for grouted samples with a shift in the mechanical behaviour of the flawed samples towards intact samples. Minimum strength for the flawed samples was obtained at 30° (with respect to vertical) orientation, due to the coincidence of the flaw with the shear failure plane of intact specimens. Fracturing was found to be highly dependent on the flaw orientation for all infill conditions. Six types of fractures in different modes, having different initiation locations and propagation directions along the samples, were observed depending upon the orientation and infill conditions of the flaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the notion of slant lightlike submanifold of a golden semi-Riemannian manifold and provide a characterization theorem with some nontrivial examples of such submanifolds. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for integrability of distributions. Finally, we study curvature properties of slant lightlike submanifolds of golden semi-Riemannian manifolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we proposed a new modified generalized Riccati equation mapping approach to successfully extract several analytical soliton solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with the help of symbolic computation works in Mathematica.The (2+1)-dimensional NLS equation is used in many fields, including plasma physics, nonlinear optics, and quantum electrodynamics. The main objective of the present work is to develop an effective methodology for solving highly nonlinear evolution equations that are influenced by the enhancement of a previously known method. The approach under consideration is a newly improved version of the classic generalized Riccati equation mapping. By taking advantage of this newly proposed method, we produced a wide range of closed-form solutions, including new optical solitons, traveling waves, and soliton-like solutions, all of which are crucial for nonlinear optics, optical fibers, and the physical propagation of electromagnetic waves. One may clearly argue that the novel method is highly effective and successful in finding exact solutions to nonlinear evolution equations. Moreover, we obtained a variety of new families of soliton-like wave solutions. By using the mathematical software Mathematica, we also created 2D, 3D, and contour graphics for some of the reported solutions by choosing suitable parameter values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the Kudryashov's equation by using the generalised exponential rational function (GERF) technique. This technique allows us to use the traveling wave reduction for Kudryashov's equation which provides the system of equations associated with the real and imaginary parts of the profile pulse for a complex function. First and foremost, we reduced these systems of equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) under the travelling wave transformations. The critical steps of the GERF technique are then applied to the resulting nonlinear ODE. With the assistance of the mentioned technique, we obtained different kinds of families of optical soliton solutions for Kudryashov's equation. The real part, imaginary part and modulus of some of the obtained solutions are investigated/explored by the three-dimensional visual representations under the appropriate choice of the involved arbitrary parameters with suitable range space, demonstrating that the solutions represent a series of solitons, bright solitons, dark solitons, singular solitons, the interaction of solitons with solitary wave profiles, the interaction of kink waves with solitons and the interaction of kink waves with solitons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer health benefits to host when administered in adequate amounts. To develop novel host-specific probiotic for their application as feed additive, the present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize probiotic strains of indigenous cattle-calves origin. A total of 55 colonies were isolated from 12 healthy calves, with 34 of the isolates being Gram-positive, catalase-negative and vancomycin-resistant. Furthermore, eleven isolates showed tolerance to acid (pH 2.0) and thirteen isolates tolerated bile salts (0.3%). Seven common acid and bile tolerance strains were further investigated for other probiotic attributes and displayed higher (p< 0.05) auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity values. Moreover, all seven isolates had potent antibacterial activity against pathobiont E. coli as well as significant co-aggregation capacity and enzyme activity. In vitro biosafety assessment revealed that all seven isolates were non-hemolytic, negative for mucin degradation and susceptible to most of the antibiotics. Based on the obtained findings, heatmap and principal component analysis identified four highly effective probiotic candidates confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing as Limosilactobacillus reuteri SW23, Limosilactobacillus reuteri SW26, Limosilactobacillus reuteri SW27 and Enterococcus faecium SW28, respectively. Further studies on biosafety aspect are warranted for the application of these strains in animal as potential probiotics. L. reuteri SW23, L. reuteri SW26, L. reuteri SW28 and Enterococcus faecium SW28 were successfully isolated and identified from indigenous calves' feces. These microbes were characterized for potential probiotics attributes. Heatmap analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) was used along with probiotic attributes to select highly effective probiotic candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we used the generalized exponential rational function approach to extract a collection of different optical wave solutions to the highly nonlinear Schrödinger equation in (3+1) dimensions, which illustrates the formation of ultra-short optical pulses in highly nonlinear media. The applied approach is straightforward and robust, and it can extract various types of optical soliton solutions into a single framework. Dark and bright solitons, singular-form solitons, periodic waves, mixed-form solitons, and rational, exponential, and complex solutions are among the outcomes that are significant to diverse applied scientific applications in nonlinear optics, and nonlinear sciences. Finally, several soliton solutions in 3D, 2D and contour graphics, as well as the interactions of evolutionary waves, are presented to better understand the changing dynamics of soliton wave solutions in the model under consideration. The findings of this study are more beneficial, useful, and favorable in the real-world applications of nonlinear optics, optical communications, and optical fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the coupled nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional complex modified Korteweg-de-Vries (cmKdV) equation, which appears in the fields of applied magnetism and nanophysics. By taking advantage of two mathematical integration approaches, namely, the modified generalized exponential rational function method and the extended tanh function method, a variety of exact optical soliton solutions are obtained for the governing cmKdV equation. These acquired soliton solutions are determined in terms of hyperbolic, exponential, and trigonometric function types. By choosing suitable values of parameters, some 3D, 2D, and contour plots are portrayed with the aid of symbolic computation in Mathematica to visualize the underlying dynamics of the generated solutions. These solutions include doubly soliton, multi-soliton, singular periodic soliton, anti-bell-shaped soliton, and hyperbolic structures. Moreover, the modulation instability of the governing equation is also investigated by using the linear stability analysis. The results presented in this paper are novel and are reported for the first time in the literature. Again, modulation instability analysis was carried out on the governing model for the first time. Thus, the results obtained demonstrate that the two new mathematical schemes are quite concise and effective and can be useful in understanding the dynamical behaviors of many other nonlinear physical models appearing in nonlinear optics, nanophysics, and so many other areas of nonlinear sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we use the generalized Riccati equation mapping method (GREMM) to seek solitary and periodic wave solutions to the generalized complex coupled Schrödinger–Boussinesq equations, which is a more useful model for describing the stationary propagation of coupled nonlinear upper-hybrid and magnetosonic waves in magnetized plasma. The GREMM approach is applied to compute a variety of soliton and other solutions in distinctive forms such as trigonometric, hyperbolic, singular, and interaction solutions in addition to rational. The main feature of this work is the achieved soliton solutions, which were not before constructed and are more general. All of the obtained solutions are validated by re-inserting them into the governing system with the help of mathematica. Moreover, 3D and 2D combined line profiles, as well as their contour graphics, are plotted to depict the dynamical behaviors of the retrieved solutions using numerical simulations. We exhibit how the wave profiles are impacted with varying time. Computational results demonstrate that applied research methodology and analytical results enrich the dynamics of the governing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the impact of online service convenience on customer engagement. Furthermore, the role of customer engagement has been examined in relation to attitudes and intentions to use mobile food delivery apps. The data was collected in five malls of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India through a structured questionnaire. The convenience sampling method was employed, resulting in 161 responses. The Adanco 2.2 software was used to analyze the responses. Since this study represents the first attempt in the context of food delivery apps, its findings have implications for both academics and marketers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper presents an efficient Doherty power amplifier (DPA) with optimized harmonic impedance inverter. The proposed design consists of carrier and peaking power amplifiers designed for class F‐ and class F−1‐based operations. Also, multiharmonic non‐uniform stepped‐impedance transmission line‐based input–output matching network is designed for the proposed circuit. The new design maximizes the operating bandwidth by optimizing the control harmonic impedance inverter. The DPA circuit is implemented using the advanced design system simulator, and the chip is made of GaAs 0.25‐μm PHEMT on silicon nitride monolithic microwave integrated circuit die. The fabricated chip exhibits drain efficiency (DE) of 41%–51.5%, power added efficiency of 36.4%–41%, gain of 10.9 dB, and adjacent power leakage ratio of −34.6‐dBc at 30‐dBm peak power. The size of the chip is 2.8 × 1.9 mm2, and it occupies less die area as compared to the existing DPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we concentrated on the dispersive long wave system in two horizontal directions for dispersive nonlinear waves on the shallow water of an open sea or a wide channel of finite depth. We investigated this governing system by using two different methodologies, namely the generalized exponential rational function (GERF) method, and the new modified generalized exponential rational function (MGERF) method. The GERF method was first introduced by Ghanbari and Inc (Eur. Phys. J. Plus 133:-142, 2018) for finding the soliton solutions for highly nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs). This technique is very reliable and straightforward and reduces the NLPDEs into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) under the wave transformation. Being motivated by the GERF technique, we proposed a newly modified generalized exponential rational function (MGERF) method under wave transformation. We obtained a diverse set of solutions involving trigonometric forms, hyperbolic forms, rational forms, and so on, which have a broad application spectrum in fields such as plasma physics, nonlinear optics, optical fibers, and nonlinear sciences by utilizing these methods. Due to the presence of various arbitrarily chosen constants, these solutions exhibit extensive and rich dynamical behavior. Based on the dynamical behaviors, we discovered that the soliton solutions were collisions of solitons, breather-like solitons, line-form solitons, multi-solitons, solitary waves, lump-form solitons, and other forms. Consider a nonlinear system with dispersive and dispersion terms, a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and fractional nonlinear evolution equations, which will yield additional interesting and more achievable results. Finding solutions to these equations in solitary wave solution forms will be a difficult task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, acrylic-epoxy-based nanocomposite coatings loaded with different concentrations (0.5–3 wt.%) of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were successfully prepared via the solution intercalation approach. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the inclusion of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix increased the thermal stability of the coatings. The degree of transparency evaluated by the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy showed that the lowest loading rate of GO (0.5 wt.%) had completely blocked the incoming irradiation, thus resulting in zero percent transmittance. Furthermore, the water contact angle (WCA) measurements revealed that the incorporation of GO nanoparticles and PDMS into the polymer matrix had remarkably enhanced the surface hydrophobicity, exhibiting the highest WCA of 87.55º. In addition, the cross-hatch test (CHT) showed that all the hybrid coatings exhibited excellent surface adhesion behaviour, receiving 4B and 5B ratings respectively. Moreover, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs confirmed that the presence of the functional groups on the GO surface facilitated the chemical functionalization process, which led to excellent dispersibility. The GO composition up to 2 wt.% showed excellent dispersion and uniform distribution of the GO nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. Therefore, the unique features of graphene and its derivatives have emerged as a new class of nanofillers/inhibitors for corrosion protection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, researchers have devoted consistent efforts to producing excellent coating properties since coating plays an essential role in enhancing electrochemical performance and surface quality. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles in varying concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 wt.% were added into the acrylic-epoxy polymeric matrix with 90:10 wt.% (90A:10E) ratio incorporated with 1 wt.% graphene, to fabricate graphene/ TiO 2 -based nanocomposite coating systems. Furthermore, the properties of the graphene/ TiO 2 composites were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, water contact angle (WCA) measurements, and cross-hatch test (CHT), respectively. Moreover, the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were conducted to investigate the dispersibility and anticorrosion mechanism of the coatings. The EIS was observed by determining the breakpoint frequencies over a period of 90 days. The results revealed that the TiO 2 nanoparticles were successfully decorated on the graphene surface by chemical bonds, which resulted in the graphene/ TiO 2 nanocomposite coatings exhibiting better dispersibility within the polymeric matrix. The WCA of the graphene/ TiO 2 coating increased along with the ratio of TiO 2 to graphene, achieving the highest CA of 120.85° for 3 wt.% of TiO2. Excellent dispersion and uniform distribution of the TiO 2 nanoparticles within the polymer matrix were shown up to 2 wt.% of TiO2 inclusion. Among the coating systems, throughout the immersion time, the graphene/ TiO 2 (1:1) coating system exhibited the best dispersibility and high impedance modulus values ( Z 0.01   Hz ), exceeding 10 10 Ω   cm 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since few decades, researchers have continuously devoted significant efforts to develop coatings as an alternative approach to protect corrosion. Herein, a series of coatings containing various ratios of acrylic and epoxy resins were developed to investigate the corrosion protection on mild steel substrates. In addition, 1 wt% polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) solution was incorporated as a modifier to enhance the corrosion protection performance and the hydrophobicity of the coatings. The chemical structures and thermal stability of the fabricated coatings were evaluated by the Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis respectively. Furthermore, via the utilization of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and water contact angle (WCA) instrument, the degree of transparency and surface wettability of the coating samples were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to evaluate the corrosion protection performance of the coatings. Among all the coating samples, the EIS results revealed that the T1, T5, and T7 coating samples containing higher ratios of acrylic resin exhibited pronounced impedance modulus ( Z 0.01 H z ) values exceeding 10 10 Ω cm 2 throughout 60 days of exposure to the corrosive medium, 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Moreover, this finding was supported by the breakpoint frequency measurement which showed that the T1 and T5 coating samples performed at a full capacitive region even after 60 days of immersion. From this investigation, it was concluded that the T5 coating sample exhibited optimum results, thus enhancing the overall corrosion protection performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we use two extremely efficient methods, generalized Kudryashov (GK) and generalized Riccati equation mapping (GREM), to extract various optical wave soliton solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Davey-Stewartson Fokas (DS-Fokas) system, which is an ideal model for nonlinear pulse propagation in monomode optical fibers. The employed methods are very efficient and robust mathematical approaches for solving various nonlinear models of a variety of nonlinear Schrödinger's equations (NLSEs) in mathematical physics and sciences. Firstly, the traveling wave transformation converts the given nonlinear equation with a partial derivative into an ordinary differential equation (ODE). Then, different novel types of optical soliton solutions are attained using the abovementioned methods. Indeed, the obtained solutions are beneficial and important for explaining the physical phenomena of the DS-Fokas model. In the literature survey, we have found that these acquired solutions are very new and have not been discussed earlier. Some numerical simulations of the solutions have been performed for a better understanding of the results obtained with the use of symbolic computations. Furthermore, these obtained solutions are discussed graphically to attain a deep knowledge and vision of the mechanisms of all nonlinear phenomena. As a result, the wave profiles of the lump soliton, bell-shaped soliton, anti-bell-shaped soliton, periodic soliton, multisoliton, and other solitons have been displayed using three-dimensional (3D) contour plots and two-dimensional (2D) plots created with the computer software Mathematica 11.3. Moreover, the above-utilized techniques have been assumed to be essential tools for describing some nonlinear physical phenomena, namely, the nonlinear pulse propagations in monomode optical fibers, fluid mechanics, and plasma physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and development of a fractal photoconductive antenna for efficient terahertz generation and detection that can be useful for sensing and imaging applications. The performance of the proposed serrate Sierpinski gasket terahertz photoconductive antenna is improved by leveraging the benefits of fractal ('space-filling' and 'self-similar') geometry. The photoconductive antenna performance is investigated by varying the sub-wavelength features inside the serrate electrodes and the number of serrate teeth while keeping its shape and length fixed. Several time- and temperature-dependent parameters are investigated, including carrier density, gap conductance, photocurrent, bandwidth, and optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency, depending on the input ultrafast laser, carrier mobility, and photoconductive antenna's dimensions. Also, the proposed fractal-shaped designs are reformed up to fourth order, achieving ~39.22% increase in terahertz radiated power, and a bandwidth of 11 THz as compared to the rectangular interdigitated photoconductive antenna. The results of different dimensions of serrate photoconductive antennas are compared among themselves and with previously published photoconductive antennas. It is observed that the proposed photoconductive antenna overcomes the limitations of conventional bow-tie and dipole photoconductive antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use two efficient mathematical approaches to obtain a variety of soliton solutions to the (3+1)-dimensional Schrödinger equation: the generalized Riccati equation mapping method and the newly proposed modified generalized exponential rational function method. These techniques extracted standard, illustrative, rich dynamical structures, and further comprehensive soliton solutions and traveling wave solutions involving hyperbolic form, trigonometric form, and exponential form. The obtained results have been verified by placing them back into the mentioned nonlinear partial differential equation via symbolic computation in Mathematica. Thereafter, the graphical demonstrations of some attained solutions are discussed for a better understanding of the physical phenomenon. We have portrayed the three-dimensional, contour plot, and two-dimensional graphs for different parametric values. The attained results demonstrate the generalized Riccati equation mapping method and modified generalized exponential rational function techniques for extracting soliton solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations are efficient, compatible, and reliable in nonlinear sciences, optical fibers, and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]