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Objectives: To evaluate the level of knowledge, understanding, and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on adult patients regarding their ongoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive survey was conducted on 108 adult patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment at GSL Dental College (GSLDC), India. All the candidates were aged 18 years and above, who were in lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic and devoid of treatment. Results: Among the patients 43.5% were male and 56.5% were female; 22.3% were not at all aware that the COVID-19 virus spreads quickly in a dental setup; 64.8% were definitely willing for their status disclosure and to undergo pretreatment screening; 71.3% were definitely willing to adhere to strict appointment timings for adequate sanitization of the clinical area; 60.2% thought that missed appointments during the COVID-19 pandemic would prolong their overall orthodontic treatment and affect their treatment outcome; and 51.9% were financially affected due to the pandemic. Conclusions: Not all adult orthodontic patients were in knowledge of COVID-19 cross infection. The majority were in a state of understanding and willing to follow infection-eradicating protocols. Patients' view on overall orthodontic treatment was altered due to the psychological and financial impact of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Maxillary sinus augmentation surgical techniques have evolved greatly allowing successful placement of dental implants in the atrophic posterior maxillary region. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes and postoperative morbidity of sinus floor elevation procedures performed using the minimally invasive surgical technique the Sinu lift system. Materials and Methods: Sinus lift procedure was done using the sinu lift system by a transcrestal approach and bone augmentation was done on ten systemically healthy patients using β- tricalcium phosphate and platelet rich plasma mix. The study was evaluated upto six months period with bone related parameters being assessed at base line using CT scan, OPG and after six months the results were analysed using SPSS Version 18.0 software (p < 0.01 (0.005). Wilcoxson signed rank sum test was used to correlate between preoperative and postoperative measurements. Implant placements were done at the desired area of sinus augmentation with a two year follow up. (Nobel Biocare, Nobel Biocare Holding AG, Zürich-Flughafen, Switzerland) Results: The augmented sites had a significant increase in the bone parameters at the desired grafted region. The mean gain in bone height as observed in CT Scan had revealed increased measurements from 5.80mm±0.98 to 10.20mm±1.68 at the sixth month evaluation. This was statistically significant (0.005). Clinically, no complications were observed during or after the surgical procedure. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the Sinu lift system with a controlled working action resulted in high procedural success and this procedure may be an alternative to the currently used surgical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-antigens such as heat shock protein 60 (HSP 60) have recently been implicated in the periodontal disease pathogenesis. There is scant evidence regarding HSP 60 levels in circulation and saliva following periodontal disease and its possible relation to systemic inflammation. Aim of the Study: The aim was to evaluate the circulatory and salivary levels of HSP 60 in periodontal health and disease and to correlate it with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Materials and Methods: Forty-five peripheral blood samples were collected from two groups of patients (periodontally healthy -Group A [22 patients] and periodontal disease -Group B [23 patients]). Serum, cell lysates, and saliva samples were used to detect HSP 60 levels in both groups by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. Measurement of hs-CRP was performed using an immunoturbidimetric assay. Statistical analysis was done using the student t-test and Pearson's correlation. Results: Circulatory HSP 60 was significantly increased in periodontal disease compared to health (P - 0.038). There was a significant correlation between the totals circulating HSP 60 and hs-CRP (P - 0.052), but there was no significant correlation between the salivary HSP 60 and hs-CRP levels in periodontal disease. Conclusion: Circulating HSP 60 levels may play a role in the systemic inflammatory state produced by periodontal disease. Salivary HSP 60 may not be used as a surrogate to determine systemic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multi-rooted teeth with furcation involvement exhibit a poorer prognosis when compared to single rooted teeth. The furcation angle (formed by the divergent roots and the roof) may exert a considerable influence on the accessibility for both home care maintenance and instrumentation during periodontal therapy. As there are few anatomy based reports, the furcation angle has not yet been delineated. Materials and Methods: Furcation angle (FA) was mathematically evaluated in extracted mandibular first and second molar teeth, using the Computer-aided design - computer-aided manufacturing technology. Results: The furcations were divided into three groups (Group I: <30°, Group II: 30°-60°, Group III: >60°) based on the furcation angle and their prevalence. The first molar showed greater prevalence of group II FA, while second molar showed a greater prevalence of group III FA. Conclusion: Linear, two dimensional measurements may not accurately reflect the complexities of the furcation area which exhibits considerable intermolar and intramolar (buccal and lingual furcations of second molar) variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present work is to study the antibacterial activity of polyphenols isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble of methanol extract of stem bark of Garcinia indica against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli by paper disc method. The results showed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus at higher concentrations, moderate at lower concentrations, against S. typhi moderate at higher concentrations but no activity against E. coli even at higher concentration for lavononyllavone. With proauthocyanin S. Aureus, S. Typhi and E. coli showed good antibacterial activity at higher concentration only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our traditional understanding of the T-helper (Th)1/Th2 paradigm in periodontal disease has undergone considerable changes in recent years. This review focuses on the Th subsets, including the recently identified cells of the CD4 lineage, their activation pathways and effector function in periodontal disease. The roles of Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in disease pathogenesis have been explored. Newer Th subsets such as Th9 and Th22 cells and their potential role in periodontal disease have also been outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Free gingival grafts have been used extensively for gingival augmentation procedures, but are associated with postoperative morbidity because of the open palatal wound. This study compares the clinical efficiency of two dressing materials, a non-eugenol-based dressing (Coe-Pak™) and a collagen dressing (Colla Cote®) on palatal wound healing. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients in the age group of 25−50 years,who required gingival augmentation, were selected. Free gingival graft was harvested from the palatal mucosa and the wound was then protected using Coe-pak® in control group and Colla Cote® in test group. The subjective parameters pain and burning sensation were recorded on the 2nd and 7th day and the objective parameters colour and consistencywere recorded on the 7th and 42nd day, using a visual analog scale. Thickness of the mucosa was measured using K file at baseline and 42nd day. Histological examination was done on 42nd day. Results: The subjective and objective parameters showed significant improvement in the test group when compared to control group. Histologically, there was a greater evidence of collagen formation and turn over in the test group than control group. Conclusions: Collagen-based dressing may thus offer significantly greater advantages over the traditional non-eugenol dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epithelial integrity is important for maintenance of periodontal health. It is not fully known if non-surgical periodontal therapy is capable of recreating the epithelial barrier in its functional state. Patients and Methods: Sixty-five patients (31 males and 34 females) were included in the study. They were divided into group A (healthy gingiva 16 patients), group B (gingivitis 17 patients), group C (periodontitis 17 patients), and group D (post-treatment 15 patients). Gingival samples were collected and immunohistochemical study was done using E-cadherin and CD1a antibody. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test for CD1a and Tukey's highly significant difference (HSD) test for E-cadherin. Result: There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.001) in the expression of E-cadherin between healthy (1.846±0.555), gingivitis (1.100±0.994), and periodontitis group (0.700±0.483). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.001) in the expression of CD1a between healthy (75.70±3.09), gingivitis (42.53±3.09), and periodontitis group (29.07±3.08). However, the expression of E-cadherin (1.242±0.653) and CD1a in post-treatment samples (52.18±2.90) was lower with no statistically significant difference when compared to health. Discussion: The significant reduction in E-cadherin and CD1a levels in periodontal disease when compared to health could possibly be a result of invasion by the periodontopathogens and its subsequent sequel. Although, the post-treatment samples showed significant improvement when compared to disease, the reduction in E-cadherin and CD1a levels when compared to gingival health suggests that the epithelial barrier was not yet fully established in its functional state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated lesions of gingiva arise in succession to the hyperinflammatory reactions in response to the underlying local irritants. Despite their overlapping clinical and histological features, these lesions are distinctive regarding their biological behavior. Recurrence has been reported after surgical excision because of the incomplete removal of underlying local irritants. This article describes the clinical and histological features of four localized gingival lesions, adding a note on their molecular pathogenesis and surgical management.

Background: Self-antigens such as heat shock protein 60 (HSP 60) have recently been implicated in the periodontal disease pathogenesis. There is scant evidence regarding HSP 60 levels in circulation and saliva following periodontal disease and its possible relation to systemic inflammation., Aim of the Study: The aim was to evaluate the circulatory and salivary levels of HSP 60 in periodontal health and disease and to correlate it with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)., Materials and Methods: Forty-five peripheral blood samples were collected from two groups of patients (periodontally healthy - Group A [22 patients] and periodontal disease - Group B [23 patients]). Serum, cell lysates, and saliva samples were used to detect HSP 60 levels in both groups by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. Measurement of hs-CRP was performed using an immunoturbidimetric assay. Statistical analysis was done using the student t-test and Pearson's correlation., Results: Circulatory HSP 60 was significantly increased in periodontal disease compared to health (P - 0.038). There was a significant correlation between the totals circulating HSP 60 and hs-CRP (P - 0.052), but there was no significant correlation between the salivary HSP 60 and hs-CRP levels in periodontal disease., Conclusion: Circulating HSP 60 levels may play a role in the systemic inflammatory state produced by periodontal disease. Salivary HSP 60 may not be used as a surrogate to determine systemic inflammation.

A new furoquinoline alkaloid, 5-hydroxydictamnine, along with β-sitosterol was isolated from the heartwood of Atalantia monophylla. The structure of this alkaloid was established by chemical and spectral evidences together with a nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) experiment.

Background: Cell interaction between dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer (NK) cells in the periodontal milieu is not yet fully known, although these cells are individually known to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease., Materials and Methods: Fifty subjects (25 males and 25 females) were included in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups: Group A comprised 16 subjects with clinically healthy gingiva; group B 17 subjects with gingivitis; and group C 17 subjects with gingivitis; and group C 17 subjects with moderate periodontitis (PPD >/= 5 mm and CAL >/= 3 mm in at least six sites). Gingival samples were collected and immunohistochemical study was done using CD57 and CD1a antibody. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison for CD1a and Tukey's highly significant difference (HSD) test for CD57., Results and Conclusion: The study showed an inverse relationship between the CD1a(+) (langerhans) cells and CD57(+) (natural killer) cells. There was a significant increase in CD57(+) cells and reduction in CD1a levels as periodontal disease progressed. The significant reduction in CD1a levels in periodontal disease when compared to health could possibly be a result of NK cells down regulating it. Reduction in CD1a levels may result in a low inflammatory response subsequently resulting in tissue destruction.