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Sleep and its quality play an important role in memory, cognition, and quality of life. Sleep deprivation-induced changes in hippocampal neurons and behavior have been studied widely, in contrast, the extent of damage to oligodendrocytes have not been fully understood. The present study aims to investigate chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) and sleep recovery-induced changes in oligodendrocytes of the hippocampus, cognition, and behavior of rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were grouped as control, sham control (SC), CSD, and CSD+sleep recovery (CSD+SR) (n = 12/group). CSD and CSD+SR group rats were sleep deprived for 21-days. After CSD, the CSD+SR group rats sleep recovered for 21-days. Oxidative markers, CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes, CNPase intensity, and CNPase gene expression were measured in the hippocampus, and the anxiety-like behavior, spatial learning, and memory were assessed. The 21-days of CSD significantly (p 0.001) increased oxidative stress and significantly (p 0.001) reduced the number of CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes, CNPase intensity, and CNPase gene expression when compared to controls. The increased oxidative stress was correlated with reduced CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes, CNPase intensity, and CNPase gene expression (r = -0.9). In-line with cellular changes, an increased (p 0.01) anxiety-like behavior and impaired spatial memory were observed in the CSD group compared to controls. The 21-days of sleep recovery significantly (p 0.01) reduced oxidative stress and anxiety-like behavior, improved spatial memory, increased CNPase intensity and CNPase gene expression, and non-significant (p 0.05) increase in CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes compared to CSD. Overall, the 21-days of CSD reduced the number of CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus, increased anxiety, and impaired spatial memory in rats. Though the 21-day sleep recovery showed an improvement in all parameters, it was not sufficient to completely reverse the CSD-induced changes to the control level.

Introduction: Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the only thyroid malignancy that is diagnosed on the basis of its nuclear characteristics, regardless of cytoplasmic features, growth patterns or immunohistochemistry. Although nuclear features have become hallmark for the diagnosis, they are neither constant nor specific. They can be seen in other tumours and non-tumours condition of thyroid. With the aim to know the frequency of various nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma in other thyroid lesions and also to find out which of the various nuclear features are most diagnostic of papillary thyroid carcinoma, this study was done. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on Fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid lesions where corresponding histopathological diagnosis was available, from 2010 to 2016. All cytology smears of were reviewed by two investigators who were blinded with respect to the final histopathological diagnosis. Results: 155 cases were included in the study; category 2 was the most common constituting 76%, followed by category 6 which was 35%. Frequency of various nuclear features of papillary carcinoma in other thyroid categories varied from 10% to 33%. Conclusion: Frequency of various nuclear features of papillary carcinoma in other thyroid categories varied from 10% to 33% and Intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions are the most diagnostic nuclear features of papillary carcinoma. Keywords: Papillary thyroid carcinoma, Nuclear inclusions, Nuclear grooves, Fine granular chromatin.

The present study deals with the secondary metabolites of Claviceps purpurea extract, which has been confirmed as an empirically potential cure for cancer. The purpose of this research was to prove scientifically the anticancer potential of ethyl acetate extract as its effects on the cell cycle, membrane apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and nuclear staining of lung cancer (A549) cell lines. The MTT method was used to measure cytotoxic effects, ethyl acetate extract of Claviceps purpurea showed IC50 value of 56.38 µg/ml compare to other cancer cell lines like breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines (90.04 µg/ml) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines (84.97 µg/ml) and normal cell lines fibroblast (3T3L1) does not show IC50 values due to lesser percentage of inhibition. The effect of inhibition of cell cycle and induction of cell apoptosis was measured by the flow cytometry method. DNA fragmentation studied by the gel electrophoresis method. The results showed, the ethyl acetate extract of Claviceps purpurea gives an induction of apoptosis effect on A549 cancer cell through inhibition of cell cycle in the G0-G1, Synthesis, and G2/M phases. In necrotic cell regions apoptosis was found. In DNA fragmentation 80 μg/ml concentration of extract showed significant results against A549 cell lines. In the nuclear staining study, membrane blebbing will be found. It indicates the extract was very active against cancer cell lines and it occurs in late apoptotic phase. In this study of all parameters, Colchicine was used as standard for cell cycle studies, for membrane apoptosis studies vinblastine and DNA fragmentation studies hydrogen peroxide was used.

Introduction: Xylene is the most commonly used clearing agent as it has excellent deparaffinising and clearing properties. Commercial xylene is a clear, colourless liquid that has a sweet and aromatic odour. However, xylene is not only expensive but also has detrimental effect on human health such as hepatitis, chemical pneumonitis, depression, anaemia, etc. Hence in this study we are replacing xylene with commercially available liquid dish wash solution (LDW) which is not only cheap but also non biohazardous. Aims: To assess the efficacy of LDW with xylene as a deparaffinising and clearing agent in routine hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). Materials and Methods: Blocks from 20 consecutively submitted samples at RL Jalappa Hospital between Jan – June 2015 each of breast, Cervix, Lymphnode, Fat, Salivary Gland, Muscle and Alimentary Tract was taken and two sections of 4-micron thickness were cut and deparaffinised using Liquid Dish Wash and Xylene respectively followed by H & E Staining. The 280 sections of the 140 blocks were evaluated and scored by two pathologists independently for nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining, uniformity, clarity and crispness. Results: In the samples evaluated LDW seems to be on par with xylene cleared sections in terms of nuclear and cytoplasmic detail, clarity and crispness. However Xylene cleared sections showed slightly better uniform staining. However both sections were equally good for reporting. Conclusion: Liquid dish wash solution is an excellent alternative to xylene in H&E Staining. However more extensive studies need to be done on other types of tissues for validation

Porocarcinoma (PC) is a rare malignant ductal carcinoma of sweat gland. It is predominantly seen in elderly patients with mean age of presentation of 67 years. Lesions are not clinically distinctive. It is most often clinically mistaken as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's diseases or pyogenic granuloma. A 65 year old female presented with complaints of swelling on the back since four years, skin biopsy was done with the provisional diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathological examination of biopsy showed features of Porocarcinoma. Later wide excision of the tumor was done.

The commonly employed screening test for detection of cervical carcinoma is Pap smear examination. However, it can also be used for screening cervico-vaginal infections. Several microorganisms are encountered in Pap smears such as bacteria, fungi, parasites etc. The occurrence of few such organisms may be rare and when encountered should be reported with caution for several reasons such as to avoid unnecessary toxic anti-fungal therapy. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease. The infection with Chlamydia and trichomonas may show changes in cells which mimic malignancy. So in our case report, we present three such cases and discuss the importance of reporting them.

Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a rare but potentially serious complication of surgically implanted prosthetic heart valves. Patients who have PVL can be asymptomatic or present with haemolysis, heart failure, or endocarditis. The goldstandard treatment for prosthetic-valve PVL is surgery to repair or replace the valve but carries higher operative risk compared to the initial procedure. In view of this, percutaneous transcatheter closure of PVL is becoming an increasingly attractive alternative strategy. In this report, we describe a case of mitral PVL in a patient with double-valve replacement, which was successfully closed using Cocoon duct occluder device (Vascular Innovations Co., Ltd, Thailand) via ante-grade approach, guided by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and fluoroscopy and without complete arterio-venous loop.

Right sided infectious endocarditis (IE) by involvement of tricuspid valve is mainly associated with cardiac malformations or intravenous drug use. Occurrence of right-sided IE in children with structurally normal heart is exceptionallyrare. We report the case of 9-year-old child presenting with bronchopneumonia and septicaemia who was diagnosed to have native tricuspid valve staphylococcal endocarditis and was successfully treated.

Collision tumors are distinct and rare groups of neoplasms characterized by occurrence of two histologically different neoplasms at one site as a single lesion without significant tissue admixture. They are described in different parts of the body including adrenal glands. Collision tumors reported in relation to adrenal gland are mainly combinations of adenoma and metastasis. Here we present a case of incidentally detected adrenal collision tumor with adenoma and hemangioma as components which is a very rare and unique occurrence.

Glomus tumors are usually small painful nodules situated most commonly in the subungual region, and subcutis of upper and lower extremities. The histologic features of glomus tumor are characteristic and do not pose any diagnostic difficulty. However, cytomorphologic features have been poorly defined and rarely reported. We present a case of glomus tumor which mimicked a cutaneous adnexal neoplasm - eccrine spiradenoma on fine needle aspiration.

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer occurring among women worldwide, with almost half a million new cases each year. Normal cells gradually transform to form cancer cells through several stages. So, the changes occurring during the transformational stages need to be assessed. Aim: Our aim was to study various nuclear parameters useful in evaluating pre-malignant and malignant cervico-vaginal pap smears. Materials and Methods: Bethesda System was used to categorize cervical pap smears into premalignant and malignant lesions. Nuclear parameters were calculated using J 1.44C morphometric software. Several nuclear size parameters were analysed. Results: The nuclear area, perimeter, diameter were found to be statistically significant (p

Background: Mast cells are derived from the multipotent cells in the bone marrow and located at body sites that interface with the external environment such as the mucosa, skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal mucosa. Objective: (1) To compare the mast cell counts in acute appendicitis, chronic appendicitis, and appendix removed during other abdominal surgeries and (2) to investigate the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of appendicitis. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty cases of appendix, except gangrenous appendicitis, were analyzed for mast cells counts. Qualitative data were represented in the form of frequencies and percentages. Quantitative data were represented in the form of mean and standard deviation (SD); ANOVA was the test of significance to compare the mean between the three groups. Result: In this study, 150 cases of appendicitis were examined. The most common lesion that was noticed was acute appendicitis in 46 cases (30.66%), followed by chronic appendicitis in 39 cases (26%). Sixty-five (43.33%) cases were those whose appendix was incidentally removed during abdominal surgeries. Conclusion: The mast cell count was the highest in chronic appendicitis when compared with acute and noninflamed appendices.

Primary testicular lymphoma usually presents as a unilateral testicular mass with occasional bilateral involvement. The tumor show contiguous spread to rete testis, epididymis spermatic cord and rarely to tunica albuginea. We report a case of primary testicular lymphoma which showed rupture of tunica albuginea with involvement of inguinal lymph node which is unusual. A 50-year-old male patient presented with right inguinal swelling and right side scrotal swelling of five months’ duration. Fine needle aspiration of the right inguinal lymph node was done and was suggestive for lymphoma/seminoma. Histopathology of right orchiectomy revealed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Further investigations did not reveal any other organs involved with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Primary testicular lymphoma usually shows spread to extranodal sites like skin, central nervous system and Waldeyer's ring at presentation and at relapse. Whereas, less common sites are lung, bone, liver, gastrointestinal system and nodal sites, especially the paraaortic lymph nodes. Testicular lymphoma with involvement of the inguinal lymph node is unusual. Clinical presentation of such cases may mimic germ cell tumors.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the second most common thyroid lesion next to goiter diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). It is also an important cause for hypothyroidism. FNAC plays a significant role in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions due to its simplicity and low cost. It can accurately diagnose Hashimoto's thyroidits in most patients. However, a small percentage of cases may be missed due to the inherent limitations of this procedure and the varied cytomorphology of this lesion. Therefore thorough cytological evaluation and an integrated approach are necessary to pick up correct diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary surgery. We present a 56-year-old female with solitary thyroid nodule diagnosed as Hurthle cell neoplasm on FNAC, but subsequent histopathological diagnosis following resection revealed Hashimoto's thyroiditis with marked Hurthle cell change.