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Accepted: 2015-07-03, 資料番号: SA1150181000

Accepted: 2018-02-18, 資料番号: SA1180045000

第31回宇宙環境利用シンポジウム (2017年1月16日-17日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)), 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Utilization Research (January 16-17, 2017. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 13名, 資料番号: SA6000061008, レポート番号: SUS31-M01

第30回宇宙環境利用シンポジウム (2016年1月19日-20日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)), 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Utilization Research (January 19-20, 2016. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 資料番号: SA6000048015, レポート番号: G-11

第28回宇宙利用シンポジウム (2012年1月23-24日. 日本学術会議), 港区, 東京都, Space Utilization Research (January 23-24, 2012. Science Council of Japan), Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan, 著者人数: 38名, 資料番号: SA6000032051, レポート番号: L11

第28回宇宙利用シンポジウム (2012年1月23-24日. 日本学術会議), 港区, 東京都, Space Utilization Research (January 23-24, 2012. Science Council of Japan), Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan, 著者人数: 13名, 資料番号: SA6000032058, レポート番号: L18

第27回宇宙利用シンポジウム (2011年1月24日-25日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, The Twenty-seventh Space Utilization Symposium (January 24-25, 2011. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, To discuss the necessity of space studies in mammal and to seek opportunities of the joint space missions for the animal experiments, we have organized the group for rodent studies with the joint members, which consist of the investigators familiar with the space experiment, in several working groups. We collaborated in the ground-based research using mice and held the joint meetings in 2010. These mice experiment was based on the tissue sharing program in space-utilizing experiment using the mouse drawer system organized by Italian Space Agency (2009), the key person is Dr. Ohira Y and colleagues, and he worked actively among the scientists in Japan and foreign country to maintain the scientific researches and the international collaboration without adequate government supports. From these activities, we cannot persuade ourselves that Japan Space Agency is in earnest for space utilization researches using rodents in the international space station (ISS), and it is thought that we will see to its opportunity ourselves ISS and/or small payload. However, we must require continuously JAXA to organize the project of rodent module in ISS, even if there are no chances to house the mice and rats in outer space. Other key rodent experiment is the investigation under less gravity environment such as the surface of Moon and Mars (Kumei Y). The human will arrive at Mars before next century, thus we also consider the conditions in mammal under the less gravity and more long-term stay in outer space including travel. At the present time, the crews on orbit of ISS are performing the many researches about space medicine in their bodies, and these investigations will produce the important knowledge regarding an exposure to long-duration microgravity and specific environments of the module in the near future. Probably, the new questions will be understood by these results, and the rodents investigations based on the human studies should be needed. Thus, we should perform continuously the ground-based experiments using rodents to lead young scientists interested in the space life science and medicine for next decade., 著者人数: 14人, Number of authors: 14, 資料番号: AA0065129046

Accepted: 2014-09-11, 資料番号: SA1004978000

The effects of 2 G hypergravity on the synaptic plasticity of hippocampus and amygdale were examined. After 5 min exposure to 2 G, rats were sacrificed and brain slices were prepared immediately. LTP (Long Term Potentiation) was analyzed by measuring the change in the amplitude of the negative deflection of field potential in hippocampus CA1 (Cornu Ammonis 1) and basolateral amygdala nucleus after tetanus stimulus of the Schaffer Collateral or entorhinal cortex, respectively. It was found that hypergravity significantly increased the efficiency of synaptic transmission in both hippocampus and amygdala. The synaptic plasticity in the limbic system might be a primarily sensitive response site to gravity change., 資料番号: AA0048095051

宇宙飛行士の尿中カルシウム量の増大、骨密度の減少、骨無機質の脱落が報告されている。2-3週間宇宙旅行したラットでの骨形成の阻害の報告もある。こうしたことは微小重力が骨代謝に影響を及ぼすことを示唆しているが、そのメカニズムは解明されていない。本研究の目的は、微小重力が骨由来培養細胞に及ぼす影響のメカニズムを明らかにすることである。実験は、遺伝子発現と細胞産生能、サイトカイン、増殖因子、骨基質タンパク質に注目しておこなった。遺伝子発現はリバーストランスクリプターゼ-ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(RT-PCR)により定量分析し、骨由来細胞の分化機能は、酵素免疫測定法や同位元素標識免疫定量法を使用して細胞産生物質を定量的に調査した。培地中に分泌される細胞産生物質は宇宙フライト中に採取し、地球に帰還後、定量分析をおこなった。微小重力下では、プロスタグランジンE2産生は2-10倍に増加したが、オステオカルシン産生は60-90%抑制された。プロスタグランジンE2は破骨細胞の誘導を活性化し、オステオカルシンは骨基質タンパク質であるヒドロキシアパタイト結晶形成に何らかの役割を果たしていることが報告されている。細胞産生能の変化は、プロスタグランジンE2およびオステオカルシン合成に対応するmRNAレベルでの変化と一致していた。微小重力が、破骨細胞の分化した機能に転写レベルで作用していること、および細胞産生物質の変化が、微小重力下で次に骨無機質脱落を誘導するであろうということを、これらの結果は示唆している。, The increase of urinary calcium and decrease of bone density, bone demineralization have been reported in astronauts. Inhibition of bone formation was reported in rats that were flown for two to three weeks. It has been suggested that microgravity affects bone metabolism, however, the mechanism remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of microgravity effects on cultured osteoblasts. The investigation is focused on the gene expression and cell productivity, cytokines, growth factors, and bone matrix proteins. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), whereas differentiated function of osteoblasts was investigated by quantitating cellular products using enzyme immunoassay or radioimmunoassay. The cellular products which were secreted into the culture medium were harvested during space flight and analyzed quantitatively after return to the earth. In microgravity, prostaglandin E2 production was increased by two- to ten-fold, whereas osteocalcin productivity was inhibited by 60 to 90 percent. Prostaglandin E2 is reported to activate on osteoclast induction, whereas osteocalcin is reported to play some role in hydroxyapatite crystal formation as the bone matrix protein. The changes of cellular productivity were consistent with changes in mRNA (m Ribonucleic Acid) levels for prostaglandin E2 and osteocalcin synthesis. These results suggest that microgravity affects differentiated function of osteoblasts at the transcriptional level and that the changes of the cellular products will then induce bone demineralization in microgravity., 資料番号: AA0000271005, レポート番号: NASDA-TMR-960004

資料番号: SA1170050000

It was previously reported that 2G hypergravity exposure modulated the nociceptive response of rats, being mediated through induction of beta-endorphin in the arcuate, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. However, it is unclear whether these hypothalamic areas are the primarily sensitive sites of gravity change or the secondarily affected areas via neurons that are projected from the higher CNS, including limbic system. In the present study, the effects of 2G hypergravity on the synaptic plasticity, change in the amplitude of the negative deflection of field potential around the CAI region were examined, by stimulating the Schaffer Collateral in rat hippocampus slice., 資料番号: AA0045438006

微小重力は個体レベルでは骨･筋肉その他臓器に影響するが、細胞に対して直接的作用を及ぼすかどうか不明である。そこで培養細胞を用い、トリプシン処理により解離された細胞内骨格の再配列過程を観察することによって、細胞内骨格に及ぼす微小重力の直接作用を明らかにするとともに、細胞の形態、増殖、ウロキナーゼ産生、ブドウ糖消費に及ぼす微小重力の影響についても検索することを目的として実験を行った。この研究は、個体レベルで生ずる微小重力の影響のメカニズムを解明する上で重要であるばかりでなく、宇宙実験室における生物科学の基本技術の1つである細胞培養技法を確立する上で大きな意義を有する。飛行実験には、4個の培養容器で培養したサル腎由来培養細胞JTC-12が使用された。搭乗科学者は予定のスケジュール通りに実験を実施した。培養容器1および2の細胞について、位相差顕微鏡観察と写真撮影およびトリプシン処理と細胞固定を行い、冷蔵保存した。培養容器3の細胞については顕微鏡写真を撮影した。培養容器4の細胞については無血清培地に変換し、1日培養したのち、培地を採取し、冷蔵保存した。飛行延長にともない、顕微鏡写真撮影が1回追加実施された。軌道上撮影した顕微鏡写真観察から培養初期においては培養細胞の形態、増殖は地上対照群と差がないことが明らかとなった。しかし生きたまま帰還した細胞では細胞周期のS期頻度の減少とG2+M期頻度の増加が認められた。トリプシン処理により浮遊した細胞の基材への再付着は飛行群では地上対照群に比して少なかった。固定し帰還した細胞についての透過型および走査型電子顕微鏡観察から、トリプシン処理後の飛行群細胞は基材上でわずかに伸展するにすぎなかった。また、細胞辺縁におけるマイクロフィラメントの束状の再配列はわずかであり、地上対照群と著しく異なっていた。また、採取した培地中のブドウ糖量およびウロキナーゼ量はいずれも地上対照群と差が認められなかった。本研究の結果は、8日間の飛行では哺乳動物細胞の形態、増殖、生理活性物質の産生には宇宙実験室環境はほとんど影響しないが、トリプシンを用いた継代操作においては微小重力のもとでは沈降がない、あるいは膜機能の変化のため、浮遊した細胞の基材への付着が遅延し、細胞の継代が困難であることが示唆された。宇宙実験室における細胞培養技術の確立のための基礎的技術に関して情報が得られた。, Microgravity has effects on bones, muscles and other organs at an individual level. However, its direct effects on cells are unclear. The experiment is carried out to observe rearrangement of the cytoskeleton dissociated by trypsinization in cultured cells. The purpose is to understand the direct effects of microgravity on the cytoskeleton as well as on cell structure and proliferation, urokinase production, and glucose consumption. This study is important because it reveals the effect mechanism of microgravity at an individual level and because it establishes the cell culturing technique, one of the biologically basic techniques, in a space laboratory. This space flight experiment uses monkey-kidney-derived cultured cells, JTC-12, cultured in four cultures vessels No. 1 to 4. The scientist on board carried out the experiment as scheduled. The cells in No. 1 and 2 were observed and their photographs were taken with a phase contrast microscope. They were stored in a refrigerator after trypsinization and fixation. Microscopic photographs of the No. 3 cells were taken. The No. 4 cells were converted into a serum free medium, cultured for one day, and its medium was collected and stored in a refrigerator. Because of prolonged flight, one additional microscopic photographing was carried out. The microscopic photographs taken in orbit showed that, in the early culture stage, the cultured cells' structure and proliferation were not different from those of the ground control cells. However, the cells that returned alive showed decreased S stage and increased G2+M stages in cell cycle. Fewer trypsinized floating flight cells readhered to the medium than the ground control cells. Observing the cells that returned fixed with a transmission or scanning electron microscope showed slightly extended trypsinized flight cells on the medium. It also showed little bundle rearrangement of microfilaments at the cell margin, which was greatly different from that of the ground control cells. The glucose and urokinase amounts in the collected medium were not different between the flight and the ground control cells. These results suggest that the space laboratory environment has little effect on mammalian cells' structure and proliferation and bioactive substances' production. They also suggested the difficulty of cell passage in a microgravity state because, in passage technique using trypsin, floated cells takes much time to readhere to the medium due to microgravity or change in membrane function. This experiment provided information on the basic technique for establishing cell culturing technique in a space laboratory., 資料番号: AA0004115007, レポート番号: NASDA-TMR-940002 V.1

第26回宇宙利用シンポジウム(2010年1月25日-26日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部相模原キャンパス), The Twenty-sixth Space Utilization Symposium (January 25-26, 2010: ISAS/JAXA Sagamihara, Japan), We have been organizing the working group for rodent experiments in space to discuss a necessity of space studies in mammal and to seek opportunities of the joint space missions for the animal research. Over many centuries, to understand the Homo sapiens from the viewpoint of biology, the experiments that we used animals have been performed. The various questions about the phenomena, which occur in human body, have been elucidated by using the experimental animal in laboratory. The investigations on life science that are performed with mammals by controlling experimental conditions as well as performing in subjects will produce the high quality data on Earth and/or in outer space. At the present time, the crews on orbit of international space station (ISS) are performing the many investigations of space medicine in their bodies, and these researches will produce the important results under long-duration microgravity and specific ISS environments in the near future. The new questions will be led by these results, therefore, we will think that the additional rodents investigations based on these experiments in human are needed. The opportunity of a housing the rodents in outer space is still fewer, probably it is worldwide problem, nevertheless we should carry out the rodents ground-based experiments continuously to lead scientists to be interested in the study on space life science and medicine in next era., 共催: 日本学術会議, 著者人数: 12人, joint hosting: The Science Council of Japan, 資料番号: AA0064730081

第26回宇宙利用シンポジウム(2010年1月25日-26日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部相模原キャンパス), The Twenty-sixth Space Utilization Symposium (January 25-26, 2010: ISAS/JAXA Sagamihara, Japan), The primary goal of this work group is to promote life sciences in the partial gravity environment,such as those encountered on the surface of the Moon and Mars. For this purpose, we take advantage of the unique system for parabolic flights in Japan, which enables the simulation of different gravity environments with great precision and flexibility. The effects of the partial gravity are examined at organismic (whole animal), tissular, cellular, and molecular levels. Presently, this is the first and only research group dedicated to the study of moderate-low gravity environments, but it is one of our goals to establish collaborative work and increase the availability of the original Japanese parabolic flight to other research groups both in Japan and abroad., 共催: 日本学術会議, 著者人数: 24人, joint hosting: The Science Council of Japan, 資料番号: AA0064730083

第25回宇宙利用シンポジウム(2009年1月14日-15日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部相模原キャンパス), The Twenty-fifth Space Utilization Symposium (January 14-15, 2009: ISAS/JAXA Sagamihara, Japan), The primary goal of this work group is to promote life sciences in the partial gravity environment, such as those encountered on the surface of the Moon and Mars. For this purpose, we take advantage of the unique system for parabolic flights in Japan, which enables the simulation of different gravity environments with great precision and flexibility. The effects of the partial gravity are examined at organismic (whole animal), tissular, cellular, and molecular levels. Presently, this is the first and only research group dedicated to the study of moderate-low gravity environments, but it is one of our goals to establish collaborative work and increase the availability of the original Japanese parabolic flight to other research groups both in Japan and abroad., 形態: カラー図版あり, 資料番号: AA0064297051

第25回宇宙利用シンポジウム(2009年1月14日-15日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部相模原キャンパス), The Twenty-fifth Space Utilization Symposium (January 14-15, 2009: ISAS/JAXA Sagamihara, Japan), We organized the working group for rodent experiments in space to discuss a necessity of space studies in mammal and to seek opportunities of the joint space missions for the animal research. At the present time, the fewer opportunities of a housing the rodents in outer space is worldwide problem. Nevertheless, we need to discuss continuously that rodent experiments is important for the space medicine, if we stay in the space environment for a period of a few years., 資料番号: AA0064297053

第25回宇宙利用シンポジウム(2009年1月14日-15日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部相模原キャンパス), The Twenty-fifth Space Utilization Symposium (January 14-15, 2009: ISAS/JAXA Sagamihara, Japan), Osteoclast plays pivotal roles in bone metabolism. However, details of osteoclast activity in low gravity remain unknown. We have developed a unique osteoclast culture system using biodegradable and unbiodegradable ceramic discs. Using an ultrasensitive intracellular calcium analyzing system, we are studying change in intracellular calcium of active osteoclasts cultured on biodegradable ceramics and quiescent osteoclasts cultured on unbiodegradable ceramics. It is highly possible that low gravity changes function of calcium channels in osteoclasts and will change the intracellular calcium concentration very quickly. It has been shown that intracellular calcium affects osteoclast bioactivity. Hence, parabolic flight experiments will be able to clarify the mystery of osteoclast in space medical biology., 形態: カラー図版あり, 資料番号: AA0064297047

資料番号: SA1160232000