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本稿では、縄文時代後半期におけるトチノキ利用の変遷過程について考察を行った。特に、東北地方北部(青森県、秋田県、岩手県北部)におけるトチノキ利用の変遷過程とその年代を、放射性炭素年代測定を用いて明らかにし、仮説モデルとして提示した。縄文時代中期から後期にかけては、寒冷化に伴い自然環境が激変したことが知られている。青森県三内丸山遺跡では、人為干渉の高いクリから、低地部でのトチノキ拡大という植生変遷が解明され、生業の変化や人為生態系の成立が議論されている。本研究では、東北地方北部におけるトチノキ利用の変遷を、遺跡出土事例の状況や14C 年代値、土器型式等との関係から考察し、①NT-1期:円筒上層d・e式段階[約 4400BP(約 5000calBP)]の利用開始期、②大木9・10 式段階[約 4100BP(約 4600calBP)]における住居内での備蓄および精神世界への導入期、③腰内I式段階[約 3700BP(約 4000calBP)]の集約的な利用開始期の3段階の画期を経て変遷していくことを示した。なお、NTは東北地方北部(Northern Tohoku district)の略称である。この変遷の背景には、気候の寒冷化に伴う海退や河川の侵食作用に起因した低地部での新たな環境区の成立とその開発、大木9・10式段階にピークをむかえる活動の広域拡散化があると考えられる。また、この仮説モデルを念頭に、東北地方南部、関東地方、周辺地域(北海道と北陸地方北部)のトチノキ利用の状況を概観し、今回分析を実施した下野遺跡、正面ヶ原 A 遺跡、華蔵台遺跡、小丸遺跡の14C年代測定の報告も行った。なお、本稿は國木田ほか(2008)、國木田(2009a)で発表した内容に、新たに測定したデータを一部加えた構成となっている。, This study is to establish the transition of use of Aesculus turbinata in the late Jomon periods and radiocarbon chronology, and to propose the hypotheses of this transition in the northern Tohoku district. The climatic deterioration was caused in the stage of the middle Jomon period to the late Jomon period, especially at the Sannai-maruyama site, the vegetation history from expansion of the Aesculus turbinata forest in the lowland areas to decrease in the Castanea crenata forest related to human activities was established based on the analyses of fossil pollen assemblages. The occupation change of plant use and the birth of artificial ecosystem have been discussed at this site. In this paper, we present the transition model by three-stage process of use of Aesculus turbinata in the northern Tohoku district by radiocarbon dating related to Aesculus turbinata and pottery type. The first stage (NT-1) is the beginning of use as food resources (Entou Jousou d, and e pottery types: 4400 BP, approximately 5000 cal BP), the second stage (NT-2) is reserves in a pit dwelling and characterizing as cultural elements (Daigi 9 and 10 pottery types: 4100 BP, approximately 4600 cal BP), the third stage (NT-3) is beginning of intensive use (Tokoshinai 1 pottery type: 3700 BP, approximately 4000 cal BP). NT is an abbreviation for Northern Tohoku district. It seemed that this transition process take place against the background of the birth and development of new environmental lowland areas closely related to regression and degradation of river, and the expansion of human activities in the stage of the Daigi 9, and 10 pottery types. In addition, with this hypothetical model in mind, the situation of use of Aesculus turbinata in the southern Tohoku region, the Kanto region, and the surrounding areas (Hokkaido and northem Hokuriku region) was examined. We also reported on the radiocabon dates of the Shimono site, Shoumengahara-A site, Keshodai site, and Komaru site. This paper is composed of the contents presented in Kunikita et al. (2008) and Kunikita (2009) with the addition of newly measured data.

論文

本稿では、アムール川下流域における近年の日露共同研究で報告された筆者らによる放射性炭素年代値を概観し、新石器時代における文化編年の年代区分を提示する。当該地域の文化変遷は、①開始期 (初期、移行期) (オシポフカ文化) : 約 15,500～11,000 cal BP (約 13,000～9600 BP) 、②前期 (ヤミフタ文化等) : 約 11,000～8800 cal BP (約 9600～8000 BP) 、③中期前半 (コンドン文化) : 約 8800～6500 cal BP (約 8000～5400 BP) 、④中期後半 (リシェボ文化) : 約 6500～5500 cal BP (約 5400～4800BP) ⑤後期 (ボズネセノフカ文化) : 約 5500～3600cal BP (約 4800～3400 BP) に区分できる。この文化変遷の切れ目・併行関係は、日本列島における縄文時代の年代区分と比較すると、縄文時代後期の途中までは比較的整合している。その背景には、両地域が環日本海特有の気候下にあるため、類似した適応戦略をとった可能性が考えられる。北海道とサハリンの間には、縄文時代早期の石刃鏃文化の時期に文化的な関連がみられる。この現象は、急激・短期的な寒冷現象である「8.2ka イベント」に起因するものであるが、アムール川下流域では、中期前半のコンドン文化期古段階、もしくはヤミフタ文化からの移行期に相当する。同段階では、近年、クニャゼボルコンスコエ1遺跡、ビジャン4遺跡等での調査成果が報告されており、議論が進展している。本稿で設定した年代区分は確定的なものではないが、今後この年代設定が、広域文化編年や環境変遷の年代検討に寄与することを期待したい。, This article provides a chronology of the Neolithic period in the lower Amur River basin, based on the recent 14C dating reported by the author and his colleagues in the Japan-Russia joint research program. Cultural transformation of the Neolithic period in this area is summarized as follows: (1) Early Transitional Period (Osipovka culture): ca. 15,500–11,000 cal BP (ca.13,000–9600 BP); (2) Early Period (Yamikhta culture etc.): ca. 11,000–8800 cal BP (ca. 9600–8000 BP); (3) Early Middle Period (Kondon culture): ca. 8800-6500 cal BP (ca. 8000-5400 BP); (4) LateMiddle Period (Mal'shevo culture): ca. 6500-5500 cal BP (ca. 5400–4800 BP); (5) Late Period (Voznesenovka culture): ca. 5500–3600 cal BP (ca. 4800-3400 BP). The breaks and parallel relationships of the Lower Amur Neolithic cultural transitions are relatively consistent with the Jomon chronology in the Japanese archipelago until the Late Jomon period. This may be because both regions are located in the particular climatic conditions of the Circum Japan Sea, and may have adopted similar adaptation strategies. There is a cultural link between Hokkaido and Sakhalin during the Blade Arrowhead culture in the Initial Jomon. This cultural link was caused by the 8.2 ka rapid cooling event, which corresponds to the early stage of the Kondon culture in the Early Middle period (or transition from Yamikhta culture). In recent years, more research has been conducted at the Knyaze-Volkonskoe 1 site, the Bidzhan 4 site, etc., and discussion of this period has progressed. Although the chronology established in this paper needs further examination, I hope it will contribute to the dating of the broad area and environmental changes in the future.

This article discusses the chronology of Novopetrovka III—a Neolithic settlement in the Western Amur basin, evaluated by the radiocarbon analysis of charred remains on pottery. The Novopetrovka culture as a whole, represented by Novopetrovka I-III and Konstantinovka sites, which had been excavated in the early 1960s, was dated to the 5th (possibly 6th) to early 4th millennia BC on the basis of the typology of the blade industry. The overview of data on prismatic blades manufactured by the pressure technique demonstrated that blade industries appeared in a vast territory of Eurasia in the Final Pleistocene to Early Holocene and, in certain regions, survived until the Chalcolithic. Therefore, they are only a rough guide to the relative chronology of the sites. In the 1990s, after the appearance of radiocarbon dates generated from samples of organic remains in temper and charred remains on pottery from Novopetrovka II, the culture was redated to 15.5-10.8 cal BP. A comparative analysis of new radiocarbon dates based on charred remains on pottery suggests that the age of Novopetrovka III is 9.0-9.5 thousand years. Because no changes were traced in the Novopetrovka sites over a long period of time, the chronological assessment of the Novopetrovka culture in toto and of its separate sites is problematic.