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RNAs are involved in the crucial processes of disease progression and have emerged as powerful therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, efficient delivery of therapeutic RNA to the targeted location and precise detection of RNA markers remains challenging. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to applying nucleic acid nanoassemblies in diagnosing and treating. Due to the flexibility and deformability of nucleic acids, the nanoassemblies could be fabricated with different shapes and structures. With hybridization, nucleic acid nanoassemblies, including DNA and RNA nanostructures, can be applied to enhance RNA therapeutics and diagnosis. This review briefly introduces the construction and properties of different nucleic acid nanoassemblies and their applications for RNA therapy and diagnosis and makes further prospects for their development.

The stimuli-responsive polymer-based platform for controlled drug delivery has gained increasing attention in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) owing to the fascinating biocompatibility and biodegradability, improved antitumor efficacy, and negligible side effects recently. Herein, a disulfide bond-contained polypeptide nanogel, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)−poly(l-phenylalanine-co-l-cystine) [mPEG−P(LP-co-LC)] nanogel, which could be responsive to the intracellular reduction microenvironments, was developed to deliver lenvatinib (LEN), an inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, for HCC therapy. The lenvatinib-loaded nanogel (NG/LEN) displayed concise drug delivery under the stimulus of glutathione in the cancer cells. Furthermore, the intracellular reduction-responsive nanomedicine NG/LEN showed excellent antitumor effect and almost no side effects toward both subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC tumor-allografted mice in comparison to free drug. The excellent tumor-inhibition efficacy with negligible side effects demonstrated the potential of NG/LEN for clinical molecular targeted therapy of gastrointestinal carcinoma in the future.

Background: T follicular helper (TFH) cells and B cells are known to regulate humoral immune responses. This study is aimed at examining the putative contribution of different subsets of circulating of TFH cells and B cells to membranous nephropathy (MN). Methods: A total of 45 MN patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were examined for the number of TFH cells and B cells by flow cytometry. The level of 24-h urinary protein and eGFR were calculated, and the level of serum cytokines was examined. The potential association among these measures was analyzed. Results: Compared to the HCs, MN patients had significantly higher numbers of circulating CD4+CXCR5+, CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD4+CXCR5+CD154+, CD4+CXCR5+IL-21+, and CD4+CXCR5+CD28+ TFH cells, as well as IgD+CD27−CD19+ and CD138+CD19+ B cells. However, the number of IgD+CD27+CD19+ B cells was significantly lower in MN patients than in the HC. The levels of serum IL-21, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in MN patients than in the HC. Furthermore, the numbers of CD4+CXCR5+, CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD4+CXCR5+CD154+, CD4+CXCR5+IL-21+, CD4+CXCR5+CD28+ TFH cells, CD138+CD19+ B cells, and the level of sera IL-21 were negatively correlated with the values of eGFR, but positively correlated with the levels of 24-h urinary proteins. Following treatment, the numbers of CD4+CXCR5+, CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD4+CXCR5+CD154+, CD4+CXCR5+IL-21+, CD4+CXCR5+CD28+ TFH cells, CD138+CD19+ B cells, and the levels of IL-21 were significantly reduced. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were noticeably increased after treatment. Conclusions: Data suggest that activated TFH and plasma cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of MN.

Background: Gain-of-function of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is involved in the pathogenesis of many tumors. More and more studies have focused on the potential usage of therapeutic single-chain Fv (ScFv) antibodies against FGFR3. RNA interference (RNAi) has been considered as a promising therapeutic method against cancer. A tool which can deliver small interference RNAs (siRNAs) into FGFR3 positive cancer cells is very promising for anti-tumor therapy. Results: In this study, a novel fusion protein R3P, which consists of FGFR3-ScFv and protamine, was generated in Escherichia coli by inclusion body expression strategy and Ni-NTA chromatography. Its yield reached 10 mg per liter of bacterial culture and its purity was shown to be higher than 95%. 1 μg of R3P could efficiently bind to about 2.5 pmol siRNAs and deliver siRNAs into FGFR3 positive RT112 and K562 cells. Annexin V staining results showed that R3P can deliver the amplified breast cancer 1 (AIB1) siRNAs to induce RT112 cell apoptosis. Conclusion: These results indicated that R3P was a promising carrier tool to deliver siRNAs into FGFR3 positive cancer cells and to exert anti-tumor effect.