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Item does not contain fulltext, Objectives: To date, there have been no previous studies examining sex differences in the development of alcohol-related perceptions over time, a potential avenue for targeted prevention and early intervention efforts. This article examines any potential sex differences in young children’s development of situational drinking norms over time. Method: Two hundred ninety-eight children (aged 4-6 years at baseline) completed the Dutch electronic Appropriate Beverage Task - which involves attributing alcoholic beverages to adults in varying situational contexts - annually over 3 years (2015, 2016, 2017). Three-level regression models were estimated examining whether perceptions of situational drinking norms varied as a function of the sex of the participant and whether there were any changes over time. Results: Over time children did not attribute more alcoholic beverages to adults in various situations, instead both boys and girls became more accurate at correctly identifying situations in which drinking is more common. Over time, both boys and girls attributed more alcoholic beverages in common situations and less in uncommon situations, with no significant sex differences in attributions of alcohol found. Conclusions: We identified no significant sex differences in the development of situational drinking norms over time, suggesting that education and prevention campaigns can be unified/nontargeted by sex. However, given our findings differ from previous studies that identify significant sex differences between children on the development of other alcohol-related cognitions beyond situational drinking norms, there is a need for more international research in this space to understand the importance and nature of the development of alcohol-related perceptions over time.

Item does not contain fulltext, Shortly after young adolescents initiate alcohol use, we investigated whether (1) drinking motives are associated with current alcohol use and binge drinking, (2) motives predict these alcohol outcomes 6 months later, and (3) alcohol outcomes predict motives 6 months later. Data on adolescents’ drinking motives and alcohol use were drawn from a Dutch longitudinal 7-wave family study at the timepoint of alcohol use initiation (t0, N = 210, 51.4% male, Mage = 14.01 SD = 1.02) and 6 months later (t1, n = 88). Logistic and linear regressions were conducted. Results indicated that young adolescents mainly drink for social and enhancement motives rather than coping and conformity motives. Shortly after alcohol initiation, social motives were associated with alcohol use at t0 (OR = 1.52), enhancement motives with binge drinking at t0 (OR = 2.35), and coping motives with binge drinking at t0 (OR = 2.62) and at t1 (OR = 3.00). Conformity motives were inversely associated with binge drinking at t0 (OR = 0.42). Binge drinking predicted coping motives at t1 (B = 0.71, SE = -0.35), but no other associations among alcohol use, binge drinking, and drinking motives at t1 were found. Conclusively, this study shows that young adolescents drink to enjoy parties and to get drunk (social and enhancement motives) rather than to fit in (conformity motives). The study also indicates that shortly after alcohol initiation, alcohol to cope represents a reciprocal risk factor for binge drinking that may persist in the future, thus pointing to the importance of drinking motives for drinking behaviors among young adolescents.

07 februari 2022, Item does not contain fulltext, Objectives: To date, there have been no previous studies examining sex differences in the development of alcohol-related perceptions over time, a potential avenue for targeted prevention and early intervention efforts. This article examines any potential sex differences in young children’s development of situational drinking norms over time. Method: Two hundred ninety-eight children (aged 4-6 years at baseline) completed the Dutch electronic Appropriate Beverage Task - which involves attributing alcoholic beverages to adults in varying situational contexts - annually over 3 years (2015, 2016, 2017). Three-level regression models were estimated examining whether perceptions of situational drinking norms varied as a function of the sex of the participant and whether there were any changes over time. Results: Over time children did not attribute more alcoholic beverages to adults in various situations, instead both boys and girls became more accurate at correctly identifying situations in which drinking is more common. Over time, both boys and girls attributed more alcoholic beverages in common situations and less in uncommon situations, with no significant sex differences in attributions of alcohol found. Conclusions: We identified no significant sex differences in the development of situational drinking norms over time, suggesting that education and prevention campaigns can be unified/nontargeted by sex. However, given our findings differ from previous studies that identify significant sex differences between children on the development of other alcohol-related cognitions beyond situational drinking norms, there is a need for more international research in this space to understand the importance and nature of the development of alcohol-related perceptions over time.

Contains fulltext : 225632.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Background and aim: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol consumption is currently unclear. This study aimed to provide early estimates of how stress and demographics will interact with shifts in harmful alcohol consumption from before the COVID-19 outbreak to 2 months into social distancing. Design: Cross-sectional convenience sample. Setting Australia. Participants: A total of 1684 Australians aged 18-65 years who drink at least monthly. Measurements: Items from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the stress subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Findings: Overall, harmful drinking decreased during social distancing measures in our sample [2019 score = 8.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.9-8.4; during the pandemic = 7.3, 95% CI = 7.1-7.6]. Younger drinkers, particularly young women, decreased their consumption the most, but there was a small increase in consumption in middle-aged women. Drinkers experiencing high levels of stress also reported a relatively higher shift in harmful consumption compared with those with low levels of stress (beta = 0.65, P = 0.003), despite reporting a small decrease overall. Conclusions: The closure of licensed premises and social distancing measures in Australia in response to the COVID-19 outbreak appear to have reduced harmful alcohol consumption in younger drinkers, particularly young women.

Contains fulltext : 221820.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Background: Combining work and family demands often results in conflicts increasing alcohol use. However, extreme levels of conflict may be associated with low volumes consumed. This study tests such an inverse u-shaped relationship and whether this is influenced by the source from which the conflicts mainly arise (family duties and/or work obligations). Methods: Regression models including linear and quadratic terms were estimated based on a sample of 305 employed parents (mean age = 38.7; 52.1% mothers) in French-speaking Switzerland. Results: No significant gender differences were found for the total level of conflict, but men reported significantly more work conflicts influencing family life than women. A significant positive linear (B = 2.10, SE = 0.72) and negative quadratic (B = -0.60, SE = 0.26) effect was found indicating that parents with low and those with high level of conflict report drinking less alcohol than those with a medium level of conflict. This relation was independent from the underlying sources of conflict and persisted when adjusting for gender, level of employment, number of children, or age of the youngest child. Conclusion: This study extends existing knowledge by demonstrating that the relationship between work-family conflicts (WFC) and alcohol use is more complex than previously assumed. To explain the inverse u-shaped relation, future studies should test two major processes: (a) holding multiple roles may cause more conflicts but will also limit the opportunities to engage in alcohol use, (b) those facing high level of WFC are a particular risk group experiencing detrimental health outcomes other than hazardous drinking, and (c) a combination of both.

Item does not contain fulltext, Introduction and Aims: By the time young adolescents initiate alcohol consumption they have firmly established attitudes, expectations and beliefs about alcohol and its effects. To further unravel the origins of this knowledge in childhood, we aim to address Dutch children's knowledge of the types of alcoholic beverages adults typically consume in certain situational contexts (i.e. their knowledge of beverage-specific situational norms). Design and Methods: A total of 329 children (4-8 years old) completed the Dutch electronic Appropriate Beverage Task at three-time points (2015, 2016, 2017). Three-level regression models were estimated examining whether children's beverage-specific situational norms depend on the gender of the person displayed in the task, sex of the participant and whether there were any beverage-specific changes over time. Results: Beverage-specific findings seem to be robust across the appropriateness of the situation. Beer was the most frequently attributed alcoholic beverage overall and across the common drinking situations. White wine was attributed significantly more to females in the task. Beer, red wine and champagne were attributed significantly more to males. Attributions of individual alcoholic beverages did not change significantly over time. There were no significant differences between the participating boys and girls. Discussion and Conclusions: Results suggest that 4-8-year olds are yet to form knowledge of beverage-specific situational norms. Independent of the situation, time and participants' sex, the gender of the person displayed in the task seemed to be more salient to children than situational or environmental indicators in determining consumption.

Contains fulltext : 216279.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Despite human geographers' growing recognition of the need to explore how digital technologies are increasingly co-producing geographies, the methodological implications of such forms of data production are rarely discussed. This paper explores how smartphones co-constitute fieldwork when they are used as research instruments. Drawing from a research project on young people's nightlife in Switzerland, we use Ahmed's ideas of emotions to show how smartphones are not inert research tools but emotionally entangled in the field. We argue that doing research with smartphones visibly in fieldwork has an effect on the relationships between the people, practices, and places of the field site. More specifically, we propose that these effects of emotions call for a renewed scrutiny of research ethics, particularly as smartphones increasingly become part of research designs.

Contains fulltext : 219484.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Background and aims: Repeated cross-sectional surveys have identified substantial declines in adolescent drinking in Australia and some other countries in recent years. There is debate about whether these declines will be maintained as the cohort ages. This study modelled alcohol consumption over time to check for cohort effects reflecting a decrease in youth consumption and then used this model to predict how decreases in youth drinking will be sustained through to adulthood. Design: Longitudinal study using data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey from 2001 to 2016. Piecewise latent growth models were estimated to assess consumption trajectories for each birth cohort from age 15 to 18 and 18 to 24. Setting: Australia Participants: This study focused on 5320 (51.9% female) respondents aged between 15 and 22 in Wave 1 (2001) to those aged between 17 and 24 in Wave 16 (2016). Measurement: Annual volume of alcohol consumption was calculated as the product of the quantity per occasion and the frequency of drinking expanded to represent drinking occasions per year. Findings: The model with best fit suggested consumption increased rapidly (b=0.67, SE = 0.05, p<.001) until the legal drinking age of 18 and then plateaued (b=-0.03, SE = 0.02, p=.088). More recent cohorts start with significantly lower levels of consumption (b=-0.15, SE = 0.01; p<.001) but increase at a faster rate (b=0.02, SE = 0.003, p<.001) between 15 and 18; however, not enough to catch up to earlier cohorts. Conclusion: Recent decreases in adolescent drinking in Australia may, at least in part, be attributed to lower consumption in recent cohorts of younger drinkers. Results indicate that this group may continue to drink less than previous cohorts as they age into their twenties.

Contains fulltext : 215381.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Background: Many addictive behaviours are influenced by the context in which they occur, but methods for simultaneously capturing the characteristics of a behaviour and its context are scarce. This study describes a smartphone application developed to document young adults' nightlife and drinking behaviours and investigates its impact on participants' lives. Methods: 241 participants, aged 16-25 (46.5% women), were asked to document 10 Friday and Saturday nights over seven weekends. Using their own smartphones, they documented the beverages consumed and the social and physical context by means of questionnaires, photos, and video clips, while phone sensors (e.g., GPS, Bluetooth, accelerometer) were running in the background. Quantitative and additional qualitative data (40 in-depth interviews) were used to investigate response burden, assessment reactivity, and disruption of usual activities among three participant groups, arranged according to the number of reports submitted during the study. Results: 69% of participants documented 10 or more nights. Compared with the most frequent contributors, regular and irregular participants reported similar numbers of non-alcoholic drinks per night, but lower numbers of alcoholic drinks. Within each group, the number of drinks consumed did not change over the course of the study. Taking pictures and video clips was sometimes perceived as inappropriate and potentially disruptive to the ongoing social activities. Conclusion: The application required a high but sustainable degree of commitment and did not induce reactivity. The method might be adapted to study other context-dependent addictive behaviours. Measures to decrease response burden and disruption of usual activities are proposed.

Contains fulltext : 214926.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Background: Evidence demonstrates that seeing alcoholic beverages in electronic media increases alcohol initiation and frequent and excessive drinking, particularly among young people. To efficiently assess this exposure, the aim was to develop the Alcoholic Beverage Identification Deep Learning Algorithm (ABIDLA) to automatically identify beer, wine and champagne/sparkling wine from images. Methods: Using a specifically developed software, three coders annotated 57,186 images downloaded from Google. Supplemented by 10,000 images from ImageNet, images were split randomly into training data (70%), validation data (10%) and testing data (20%). For retest reliability, a fourth coder re-annotated a random subset of 2,004 images. Algorithms were trained using two state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks, Resnet (with different depths) and Densenet-121. Results: With a correct classification (accuracy) of 73.75% when using six beverage categories (beer glass, beer bottle, beer can, wine, champagne, and other images), 84.09% with three (beer, wine/champagne, others) and 85.22% with two (beer/wine/champagne, others), Densenet-121 slightly outperformed all Resnet models. The highest accuracy was obtained for wine (78.91%) followed by beer can (77.43%) and beer cup (73.56%). Interrater reliability was almost perfect between the coders and the expert (Kappan=n.903) and substantial between Densenet-121 and the coders (Kappan=n.681). Conclusions: Free from any response or coding burden and with a relatively high accuracy, the ABIDLA offers the possibility to screen all kinds of electronic media for images of alcohol. Providing more comprehensive evidence on exposure to alcoholic beverages is important because exposure instigates alcohol initiation and frequent and excessive drinking.

Contains fulltext : 221824.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), There is new interest in measuring alcohol consumption during risky drinking events, but there is little guidance on how to best ask such questions. In this study, we contrast two different types of questions on peak consumption over a single heavy drinking occasion. We used a general question that ask respondents to recall the total amount consumed (total consumption question), and location-specific questions that ask respondents to recall consumption in each drinking location (location-specific peak consumption, LSPC). Heavy drinkers (≥11 Australian Standard Drinks (ASD) per occasion for males, ≥8 for females) from the second wave of a prospective cohort study were recruited via landline random digit dial from Melbourne in 2012. Respondents were randomly assigned to surveys of different question order, and either first received total consumption (n = 127) or LSPC questions (n = 147). T-tests compared peak consumption between categories stratified by sex and consumption tercile. Mean peak consumption was 12.5 ASD. Irrespective of question order, consumption amounts for total consumption and LSPC questions were not significantly different for both sexes. However, drinkers in the highest tercile asked LSPC questions first provided significantly higher consumption estimates in response to the total consumption question than in response to the LSPC questions. At a population level, LSPC and total consumption questions produce similar estimates of peak consumption for risky drinking events. Except for heavy drinkers, general consumption questions may be sufficient when asking about these drinking events in consumption surveys, without the greater response burden of longer LSPC questions.

Contains fulltext : 218468pub.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Introduction: The subjective effects of alcohol, i.e., alcohol expectancies (AE), are important predictors of alcohol use. This three-year longitudinal study examined: 1) the development of enhancement, social, coping, and conformity AE from age 10-16; 2) the association between parental alcohol use exposure and positive AE among adolescents and between exposure and changes in AE over the six month period and 3) the moderating effect of gender on the association between exposure and change in AE. Methods: A longitudinal study followed adolescents between 10-13-years old at baseline (N = 755; 45.6 % boys) in six months intervals for three years, resulting in seven measurements. Results: Adolescents most strongly endorsed enhancement AE. Social and coping AE dimensions positively increased over time. The estimated Multilevel Model of Change revealed that exposure to either fathers 'or mothers' alcohol use predicted an increase in social AE six months later (B = .129, SE = .032). Exposure to fathers' drinking predicted an increase in enhancement AE for boys (B = .075, SE = .031) but not for girls (B=-0.045, SE = .030). No associations between parental exposure and other AE dimensions were found. Conclusion: The results add to previous studies in showing that the association between parental drinking behavior and offspring AE develops within short periods. Prevention should, therefore, include explicit guidelines for parents with respect to how their drinking behavior affect their offspring.

Contains fulltext : 214517.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Introduction and Aims: Research has linked exposure to the drinking of one's partner or spouse and changes in alcohol-related behaviours. However, there is a dearth of studies which consider only cohabiting relationships. More couples are preferring to cohabit prior to and in place of marriage. As a result, studies focused on cohabiting couples may provide a more representative consideration of modern long-term relationships. The present study uses a representative, longitudinal sample with annual follow-up and aims to determine if cohabiting partner's drinking habits are influenced by their partner's consumption, as well as consider the role of intimacy as a key component of these influences compared to a relationship's label or legal status. Design and Methods: Data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey identified 1483 newly cohabiting, Australian heterosexual couples between 2001 and 2016. Individual alcohol consumption was analysed using a cross-lagged, three-wave actor-partner structural equation model. Results: A respondent's own drinking was a stable and significant predictor of future consumption, and a greater predictor of later drinking than their partner's. Female consumption generally exerted significant influence on their male partner's later consumption, while male drinking was non-significant for all but the first year following cohabitation. Overall, women generally had greater influence on their partner's drinking than men. Discussion and Conclusions: This study furthers our understanding of each partner's role in influencing consumption within intimate relationships. Cohabiting couples appear to have some similarities with married couples regarding partner influence and may better represent the typical contemporary long-term relationship.

Contains fulltext : 216311.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Aims: Limited cross-sectional studies have indicated that young children have some knowledge of the type of situations in which adults usually consume alcohol. However, it is unclear when and how this knowledge develops over time. This study tests the hypothesis that between the ages of 4 and 8, children become more knowledgeable about common drinking situations (e.g. 'partying') and uncommon situations (e.g. 'driving'). Methods: Data of two independent samples were used: a cross-sectional study (parents) and a three-wave longitudinal study (children). Parents and children were recruited via a convenience and random sampling strategy, respectively. To identify common, ambivalent, and uncommon drinking situations, parents (N = 158; 47% men) completed an online survey in which they indicated how common it is that any adult would drink alcohol in the 18 situations of the Dutch electronic appropriate beverage (eABT). Children (N = 329; 48.9% boys) completed the Dutch eABT to assess their knowledge of situations in which adults usually consume alcohol. Results: General linear model repeated measures with post-hoc pairwise comparisons showed that parents’ perceptions of common, ambivalent, and uncommon situations in which adults consume alcohol predicted the initial level and the change over time in children's knowledge of adults' alcohol use in these situations. Conclusions: Children aged 4-8 become increasingly knowledgeable about drinking norms in specific situations which implies that they know in what kind of situation alcohol consumption is a common human behavior. This knowledge may put them at risk for early alcohol initiation and frequent drinking later in life.

Radboud University, 15 september 2020, Promotores : Kuntsche, E.N., Kleinjan, M., Otten, R. Co-promotor : Voogt, C.V., Contains fulltext : 221894.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 221817.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Background: Research on alcohol consumption mostly relies on self-reported data, which are subject to recall bias. Wearable transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) monitors address this limitation by continuously measuring the ethanol excreted via the skin. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of TAC monitors' reliability to detect alcohol consumption and methods to estimate Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC) and number of standard drinks consumed in a given timeframe. Methods: The databases Medline, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Engineering Village and CINAHL were systematically searched to identify 1048 empirical research papers published from 2013 onwards, of which 13 were included after full-text screening. The selected studies included three TAC monitors: SCRAMTM, WristTASTM and SkynTM. Results: TAC measures of SCRAM, WrisTAS and Skyn are found to be positively correlated to BrAC (r=0.56-0.79) and/or self-reports (r=0.62). Using the AMS criteria for detection results in low sensitivity, adjusted criteria can increase the sensitivity of the SCRAM from 39.9-68.5%. The WrisTAS and an early prototype of the Skyn showed high failure rates (17-38%). Recent advances towards transforming the TAC data into more clinically relevant measures have led to the development of mathematical models and the BrAC Estimator Software. Using TAC data, both approaches produce estimates explaining 70-82% of actual BrAC and self-reported drinking or to highly correlate with the actual BrAC measures (beta=0.90-0.91). Conclusions: Transdermal alcohol monitors offer an opportunity to measure alcohol consumption in a valid and continuous way with mathematical models and software estimating BrAC values improving interpretation of TAC data. However, the SCRAM seems unable to detect low to moderate drinking levels using the thresholds and criteria set by the manufacturer. Moreover, the WrisTAS and the Skyn prototype show a high failure rate, raising questions about reliability. Future studi

Contains fulltext : 216942.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), The aim of this paper is to explore whether in the eyes of young adolescents the consumption of different alcoholic beverages is associated with different alcohol expectancies, namely beliefs on what emotional outcomes take place when alcohol is consumed. 283 nine to 12-year olds from Switzerland completed the Alcohol Expectancy Task (AET). Participants were asked to assign one of 12 beverages (four alcoholic, eight non-alcoholic) to 16 adults depicting four emotional states (happy, angry, relaxed, sad). General linear modelling was used to examine beverage attributions across the four different emotional states. Beer was the most commonly attributed beverage across all 16 adults depicted. Happy and angry persons were most commonly attributed beer. Gender variations were found for relaxed persons, with females predominantly attributed champagne and males predominantly attributed beer. Young adolescents predominantly gave white wine to sad persons. Findings reveal a level of nuanced knowledge existing among young adolescents with minimal drinking experience, in that they hold very different expectancies for different beverages, prompting for future investigations to examine beverage-specific expectancies. Furthermore, findings showing beverage-specific expectancies among young adolescents may have implications for researchers' considerations of how alcohol-related knowledge and expectancies develop throughout childhood.

Contains fulltext : 219062.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background: Recent research has investigated the utility of mobile phone-delivered interventions for reducing risky single-occasion drinking, also known as binge drinking. In the past five years, focus has been placed on ecological momentary interventions (EMIs), which aim to deliver intervention content in correspondence to real-time assessments of behavior, also known as ecological momentary assessments (EMAs). Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of a fully automated, tailored, mobile phone–delivered EMI termed Mobile Intervention for Drinking in Young people (MIDY) on young people's risky single-occasion drinking behavior. Methods: We will use a three-armed randomized controlled trial design to determine the impact of MIDY on peak consumption of alcohol among young people. A list of mobile telephone numbers for random digit dialing will be generated, and researchers will telephone potential participants to screen for eligibility. Participants will be randomized into one of three intervention groups. For 6 weeks, EMI, EMA, and attention control groups will complete hourly EMA surveys on their mobile phones on Friday and Saturday nights. EMI participants will receive personalized feedback in the form of text messages corresponding to their EMA survey responses, which focus on alcohol consumption, spending, and mood. EMA participants will not receive feedback. A third group will also complete EMA and receive feedback text messages at the same time intervals, but these will be focused on sedentary behavior and technology use. All groups will also complete a short survey on Saturday and Sunday mornings, with the primary outcome measure taken on Sunday mornings. A more detailed survey will be sent on the final Sunday of the 6-week period, and then again 1 year after recruitment. Results: The primary outcome measure will be an observed change (ie, reduction) in the mean peak number of drinks consumed in a single night over the 6-week intervention period betw

Contains fulltext : 199295.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Successful emotion regulation (ER) is a central aspect of psychosocial functioning and mental health and is thought to improve and be refined in adolescence. Past research on ER has mainly focused on one-time measurements of habitual ER. Linking regulatory strategies to emotions in daily lives is key to understanding adolescents' emotional lives. Using an Experience Sampling Method with 78 adolescents (Mage = 13.91, SDage = .95, 66% girls), we investigated the use, selection, and success in down-regulating negative emotions of eight ER strategies across 44 assessments. Acceptance was the strategy employed most often followed by problem-solving, rumination, distraction, avoidance, reappraisal, social support, and suppression. Interestingly, negativity of the event influenced the use of ER strategies: With low intensity negative emotions, acceptance was more likely to be used, and with high intensity negative emotions, suppression, problem-solving, distraction, avoidance, social support, and rumination were more likely to be used. With regard to success, multilevel models revealed that problem-solving, reappraisal, and acceptance were more successful in down-regulating negative emotions than rumination. Further, among girls, no relations between the momentary use of ER strategies and depressive symptoms was found. Among boys, a negative relation between acceptance and depressive symptoms emerged. Results from this study suggest that there is a reciprocal relationship between the intensity of negative emotions and ER strategies and that gender differences may exist. Taken together, this study showed which ER strategies are used by a healthy adolescent sample, and these results are discussed with regard to their theoretical and practical importance.

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Contains fulltext : 209850.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), During adolescence, interpersonal stressors such as peer rejection pose challenges to emotion regulation. Yet, very little is known about how these transactional processes unfold in adolescents' daily lives. This study investigated adolescents' (a) emotional reactivity to daily perceptions of peer rejection, which concerns concurrent changes in negative and positive emotions, and (b) emotional recovery from daily perceptions of peer rejection, which concerns subsequent changes in negative and positive emotions. Because depressive symptoms can compromise effectiveness of emotion regulation, it was investigated as a moderator for emotional reactivity and recovery to daily perceptions of peer rejection. The sample consisted of 303 adolescents (59% girls; Mage = 14.20, SD = 0.54; range 13-16 years) who reported depressive symptoms at baseline and completed ecological momentary assessments of emotions and perceived peer rejection at nine random time-points per day for six consecutive days. Results from multi-level modeling analyses showed that perceived peer rejection was related to emotional reactivity (i.e., higher levels of negative emotions and lower levels of positive emotions). This effect was stronger for those with higher depressive symptoms. For emotional recovery, perceived peer rejection had lasting effects on adolescents' negative emotions, but was not related to positive emotions. Depressive symptoms did not moderate effects of perceived peer rejection on emotional recovery. This study provides a more nuanced understanding of how depressive symptoms amplify the emotional impact of perceived peer rejection in adolescents' day-to-day lives.

Item does not contain fulltext, To resolve the mixed findings on the link between social anxiety (SA) and alcohol use, studies have examined the role of post-event processing (PEP), i.e., negative thinking about past social events. In a sample of 18-30 year olds (82% female) high (n = 40) and low (n = 49) in SA, the current 21-day study assessed the effect of PEP after social drinking events on subjective intoxication at the next social event. The moderating role of SA severity was tested. Compared to the low SA group, the high SA group reported overall more PEP but similar intoxication levels. Multilevel models supported a SA by PEP interactive effect on next-event intoxication, but for the high SA group only. Conditioned slopes revealed that within the high SA group, at - 1 SD elevated PEP predicted increased next-event intoxication. Thus, for those 'moderate/high' in SA, PEP after social drinking may increase risk for alcohol misuse.

Contains fulltext : 201326.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Background: Balancing contradictory demands of different social roles such as work and family can lead to role conflicts. However, whether such conflicts lead to detrimental alcohol use may depend on the individual's gender role attitudes (GRA). For example, considering family care taking as a female task, and breadwinning as a male task. This study investigates whether GRA moderates the relation between work-family conflicts (WFC) and alcohol use, namely usual quantity of alcohol consumed on a drinking day and annual frequency of alcohol use. Methods: Employed parents (163 mothers (mean age = 37.1, SD = 4.5)), 142 fathers (mean age = 40.5, SD = 4.6)) of young children were sampled in preschool classes and nurseries in French-speaking Switzerland. Results: The higher the level of WFC the higher the frequency of alcohol use in men and the higher usual quantity in women. These associations were not found for GRA. However, GRA moderated the relationship between WFC and alcohol use, i.e., increasing alcohol use with increasing WFC was exclusively found among parents with more traditional GRA. Conclusion: Among employed parents of preschool children, traditional role distributions may impede flexible responses to varying job and family demands leading to higher alcohol use in both genders, i.e., men increasing their drinking occasions and women the amount per occasion. Promoting higher gender equity in the fulfilment of family demands and allowing greater flexibility in solving conflicts, could possibly help to prevent the detrimental alcohol use arising from work-family constraints and conflicts.

Item does not contain fulltext, This exploratory study aims to model the impact of sex and age on the percentage of pre-drinking in 27 countries, presenting a single model of pre-drinking behaviour for all countries and then comparing the role of sex and age on pre-drinking behaviour between countries.Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentages of pre-drinkers were estimated for 27 countries from 64,485 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to investigate and compare the percentage of pre-drinking by sex (male and female) and age (16-35 years) between countries.The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.8% (Greece) to 85.6% (Ireland). The influence of sex and age on pre-drinking showed large variation between the 27 countries. With the exception of Canada and Denmark, higher percentages of males engaged in pre-drinking compared to females, at all ages. While we noted a decline in pre-drinking probability among respondents in all countries after 21 years of age, after the age of 30 this probability remained constant in some countries, or even increased in Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States.Pre-drinking is a worldwide phenomenon, but varies substantially by sex and age between countries. These variations suggest that policy-makers would benefit from increased understanding of the particularities of pre-drinking in their own country to efficiently target harmful pre-drinking behaviours.

Contains fulltext : 202218pub.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Drinking heavily in a short period is associated with significant health risks. However, little is known about when heavy drinking occurs during an evening. Recently, research found that individuals increase their drinking pace across the evening, speeding up their drinking. The current study examines whether this speeding up is different depending on when individuals start to drink in the evening. Data on alcohol consumption were collected among 197 young adults in the Netherlands (48.7% female, Mage = 20.8 SD = 1.7) on Thursday, Friday and Saturday evenings for 5 consecutive weeks using questionnaires send to participants' smartphone every hour between 9 p.m.-1 a.m. The final sample consisted of 10,144 questionnaires across 2,781 evenings. On evenings when individuals started to drink early (between 8 and 9 p.m.), more alcohol was consumed in the first drinking hour, yet no increase in acceleration was found compared to evenings when individuals started later. Moreover, starting later resulted in a lower overall evening consumption and less binge-drinking episodes compared to starting earlier. The results indicate that when individuals start drinking later in the evening they do not tend to catch up the "missed" drinks, that is they do not increase their drinking faster when starting later in the evening, and they drink less heavily. Therefore, motivating young adults to postpone their first drink in the evening could help heavy drinking young adults to drink less on weekend evenings.

Contains fulltext : 203915.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background and Aims: Previous studies have found that in some countries ‘drinking pace’ (number of drinks consumed per hour) increases over the course of an evening. We aimed to provide evidence of this acceleration from a culture in which binge drinking is prevalent and to test whether this is consistent across gender, day of week, and in high-risk drinkers. Design: Event-level data collected on Thursday, Friday and Saturday evenings over five consecutive weeks. Setting: Netherlands. Participants: 197 young adult frequent drinkers (48.7% women, mean age=20.8). Measurements: High-risk drinking (assessed by AUDIT) and gender were measured at baseline, and questionnaires were sent to participants' smartphones every hour between 9pm and 1am. A total of 7,185 questionnaires across 1,589 evenings were used for the analyses. Findings: Multilevel latent growth curve models revealed an acceleration in drinking on days of the week tested (across all evenings; b=0.430, SE=0.045, p<.001), which stabilized as the evening progressed (b=-0.072, SE=0.008, p<.001). The temporal pattern did not differ between the days or gender, but men started with a higher number of drinks at the beginning of the evening (b=0.465, SE=0.099, p<.001). High-risk drinking was related to more alcoholic drinks at the beginning of an evening (b=0.032, SE=0.011, p=.003) and a steeper acceleration over the subsequent hours (b=0.021, SE=0.009, p=.024). Conclusions: Young adults in the Netherlands appear to show an increase in drinking pace over the course of an evening's drinking, with high-risk drinkers showing a greater increase.

Contains fulltext : 206134.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background: The amount of alcohol consumed during an occasion can be influenced by physical and social attributes of the setting, characteristics and state of individuals, and the interactions of these components. This systematic review identifies and describes the specific combinations and sequences of context-related factors that are associated with heavy drinking occasions. Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. Eligible articles were event-level and event-based studies that quantitatively analysed associations of sequences or combinations of context-related factors with event-level alcohol consumption. We extracted information on study design, sample, variables, effect estimates and analytical methods. We compiled a list of combinations and sequences associated with heavier drinking (i.e., 'risky contexts') and with lighter drinking ('protective contexts'). The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42018089500). Results: We screened 1902 retrieved records and identified a final sample of 65 eligible studies. Daily mood, day of week, location and drinking group characteristics are important drivers of whether an individual engages in a heavy drinking occasion. The direction and magnitude of some associations differed by gender, age, personality and motives, such that in particular social or physical contexts, some people may feel compelled to drink more while others are compelled to drink less. Very few sequences of factors were reported as being associated with event-level alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Contexts or factors are experienced in specific sequences that shape the broader drinking context and influence drinking behaviours and consequences but are under-studied. Event-level studies such as those using ecological momentary assessment can harness new technologies for data collection and ana

Contains fulltext : 206917pub.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Background: Alcohol expectancies (AE), that is, the anticipated effects of alcohol, start developing early in childhood and are important predictors of alcohol use years later. Whereas previous research has demonstrated that parental drinking relates to children's AE, this study aims to test whether exposure to parental alcohol use mediates the link between parental alcohol use and positive and negative AE among children (6 to 8 years) and early adolescents (12 to 15 years). Methods: Longitudinal multi‐informant family studies were conducted in the Netherlands among children (Study 1 (2015 to 2017): N = 329; 48.9% boys; Mage = 4.6) and adolescents (Study 2 [2015 to 2018]: N = 755; 45.6% boys; Mage = 11.3). Fathers' and mothers' alcohol use in terms of quantity and exposure (i.e., the frequency of alcohol use in 9 family‐specific situations), and offspring's AE were collected using online questionnaires. Results: Structural equation modeling conducted in the full sample and separately by gender revealed the following: For children, no associations were found in the full sample. However, gender‐specific results indicated that fathers' exposure was associated with (and mediated) favorable AE. Among adolescents, fathers’ exposure was associated with (and mediated) social and coping AE (both boys and girls) and enhancement AE (only boys). Contrastingly, neither mothers' alcohol use nor its exposure was associated with any AE. Although different associations were found by offspring's gender, strong evidence for gender differences was lacking. Conclusions: This study indicates that, for specific expectancies, exposure to fathers' alcohol use shapes offspring's cognitions about the effects of alcohol, rather than fathers' alcohol use in general. Prevention efforts could focus on lowering the degree to which fathers expose their drinking, which might be more easily changeable than drinking in general.

Contains fulltext : 180365.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Background: Research has found that children as young as preschoolers have an idea about the valence (positive vs. negative) and activation (arousal vs. sedation) of emotional change when adults drink alcohol. The development of alcohol expectancies at such a young age may be due to observed parental alcohol use. Methods: Three measures of alcohol use (frequency, quantity and binge drinking) assessed among 115 fathers and 149 mothers were correlated with four alcohol expectancy factors (crossing valence and activation) of their offspring, aged three to six (70 boys and 82 girls). Results: For both arousal and sedation expectancies and across alcohol use measures of both fathers and mothers, the greater parental alcohol use was, the higher their sons' negative and the lower positive alcohol expectancies were. For negative expectancies (particularly sedation, i.e., drinking when feeling sad or depressed), there was a stronger and more consistent association with paternal than with maternal drinking. For daughters, there was no consistent association between any expectancy factor and any parental drinking behavior. Conclusions: Already among preschoolers, parental drinking was found to be correlated with their sons' alcohol expectancies in the sense that they may observe and associate positive emotional consequences (feeling joyful, happy, calm, relaxed etc.) with moderate parental drinking and negative emotional consequences (feeling angry, nervous, sad, depressed etc.) with excessive drinking. This may be important for prevention, as expectancies have been found to be predominant predictors of early alcohol initiation and development of risky drinking in adolescence and beyond.

Item does not contain fulltext, Alcohol use and risky single occasion drinking are common among adolescents and are associated with a higher risk of various negative social, physical, academic, or sexual consequences. Studies have shown that among college students, willingness to experience negative consequences is associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing these consequences in the future. However, it remains unclear how experiencing negative consequences influences adolescents’ willingness to experience them again. Based on a representative sample of 1,333 alcohol-using 14- to 15-year-olds (47.9% female), a path model was used to examine the associations between risky drinking, negative social and physical consequences, and willingness to experience the specific consequence in the future. As hypothesized, more frequent risky drinking was positively associated with experiencing negative consequences (i.e., saying or doing embarrassing things, regretted sexual experiences, impairment of schoolwork, problems with parents/friends, accident or injury, hangover, vomiting, memory lapses). Contrary to our second hypothesis, adolescents who experienced a negative consequence were also consistently willing to experience it in the future. Findings suggest that adolescents may see the experience of negative consequences as a necessary evil to attain the positive consequences. Prevention efforts may benefit from focusing on ways of attaining positive consequences by promoting alternatives to engaging in risky drinking practices, as well as reducing negative consequences (e.g., by promoting protective behavioral strategies).

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Item does not contain fulltext, While risky drinking in adolescence has been found to be rooted in childhood, evidence is scarce regarding where early alcohol-related knowledge originates. This study investigates preschoolers' alcohol-related knowledge about beverage names, content and social norms (i.e. drinking to be common among men and at parties) depending on parental alcohol consumption patterns and characteristics of family life. In French-speaking Switzerland, 214 three to six year olds completed the electronic Appropriate Beverage Task (Kuntsche, Le Mevel, & Zucker, 2016) while their parents (205 mothers, 154 fathers) were surveyed with a questionnaire. The results showed that when parents drank frequently, at higher quantity, or during meals, their children knew more about the names of alcoholic beverages and the social norms of consumption. No effect was found for parental binge drinking or living in a single-parent household. Frequent contact with adults outside the immediate family (visits from relatives and going to fairs and neighborhood parties) but not television viewing was associated with both knowing the name and the alcoholic content of alcoholic beverages. To conclude, this study indicates that the knowledge of children aged three to six about the content, name and consumption norms of alcoholic beverages does not only depend on the drinking frequency and quantity of their parents, but also on contact with adults outside the immediate family. When frequently surrounded by alcohol-consuming adults, children may get the impression that alcohol consumption is a common human behavior, which may put them at risk for early alcohol initiation and risky drinking later in life.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background and aims: Recent studies have argued that there has been substantial gender convergence in alcohol consumption. However, many of these rely on comparisons of different cohorts and do not adjust for age differences in male and female drinking patterns. We aimed to examine (1) whether the gender gap in risky drinking in Australia narrowed between 2001 and 2013, (2) if the evidence for gender convergence (or divergence) was consistent across age groups and (3) how a cohort-focused analysis of gender convergence compared with an age-focused approach. Design: Repeated cross-sectional data from five waves of the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013). Interaction terms in logistic and linear regression models were used to test for significantly different trends between men and women. Setting: Australia. Participants: Australians aged 14 years and older (n = 125215) who provided data on alcohol consumption in the National Drug Strategy Household Survey. Measurements: Prevalence of long-term risky drinking (average of 20 g or more per day) and prevalence of risky single occasion drinking (12 or more sessions of 50 g or more). Findings: Gender differences were large for all age groups except adolescents (14-17-year-olds), with men typically reporting levels of drinking at least twice as high as women across the study period. Overall, there was statistically significant gender convergence in alcohol use measures showing a slight decrease in men's drinking and a slight increase in women's drinking. However, when age-specific analyses were conducted gender convergence was only observed for 50-69-year-olds. Conclusions: In Australia, gender convergence in risky drinking since 2001 has been evident only in people aged 50-69 years.

Item does not contain fulltext, Objective: Young people often drink more alcohol than intended over the course of a night. This study investigates individual- and night-specific factors predicting young people's acknowledgment of having drunk more than intended. Method: Using the Youth@Night smartphone application, 176 people aged 16-15 documented 757 Friday and Saturday nights. Participants recorded their drinking intentions at the beginning of the night, the composition of the social and physical environment over the course of the night, and, the next morning, the previous night's total consumption and whether they had drunk more than intended or experienced other alcohol-related consequences. Bivariate statistics and multilevel logistic regressions were used based on the 361 nights during which 139 participants (53.2% men, mean age = 19.3) exceeded their drinking intentions. Results: Participants acknowledged higher consumption than intended on 36.7% of nights. At the night level, higher drinking intentions than usual (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36, 95% CI [1.13, 1.65]), attending a larger number of locations than usual (OR = 1.84, 95% CI [1.11, 3.04]), having a hangover the next morning (OR = 3.23, 95% CI [1.50, 6.95]), or spending more money than planned (OR = 3.12, 95% CI [1.56, 6.26]) were associated with acknowledgment of drinking more than intended. No individual characteristics were associated with acknowledgment of exceeding drinking intentions. Conclusions: Young people not only tend to drink more than intended on weekend nights but also often fail to acknowledge this the next morning. Event-based prevention measures aimed at narrowing the gap between drinking intentions and quantities of alcohol consumed are recommended.

Contains fulltext : 194095.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background: Real-time ecological momentary interventions have shown promising effects in domains other than alcohol use; however, only few studies regarding ecological momentary interventions for alcohol use have been conducted thus far. The increasing popularity of smartphones offers new avenues for intervention and innovation in data collection. Objective: We aimed to test the efficacy of an ecological momentary intervention, comprising mobile Web-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) and text messaging (short message service, SMS) brief interventions, delivered during drinking events using participants’ mobile phones. Methods: We conducted a three-armed randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of a mobile Web-based ecological momentary assessment with texting feedback on self-reported alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms in young adults. Participants were enrolled from an existing observational cohort study of young adults screened for risky drinking behavior. The intervention group (ecological momentary intervention group) completed repeated ecological momentary assessments during 6 drinking events and received immediate texting-based feedback in response to each ecological momentary assessment. The second group (ecological momentary assessment group) completed ecological momentary assessments without the brief intervention, and the third did not receive any contact during the trial period. Recent peak risky single-occasion drinking was assessed at the baseline and follow-up using telephone interviews. We used a random effects mixed modeling approach using maximum likelihood estimation to provide estimates of differences in mean drinking levels between groups between baseline and 12-week follow-up. Results: A total of 269 participants were randomized into the 3 groups. The ecological momentary intervention group exhibited a small and nonsignificant increase between baseline and follow-up in (geometric) the mean number of standard drinks

Contains fulltext : 187481pub.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Purpose: Developmental changes in alcohol expectancies (AE) have been proposed to lead to alcohol use initiation and later alcohol use in adolescence. This systematic review aims to provide longitudinal evidence of the development of AE and the relation of AE to alcohol outcomes from childhood to late adolescence (4-18 years old). Methods: A computer-assisted search of relevant articles identified 1602 studies, of which 43 studies (conducted between 1996 and 2016) were selected. Results: First, negative AE decline and positive AE increase in early adolescence. Moreover, alcohol use (initiation) seems to strongly influence changes in AE. Second, AE predict alcohol use initiation and drinking patterns over time. Third, longitudinal predictors of AE could be divided into individual predictors (i.e., alcohol-related cognitions, psychopathology, and genetics) and environmental predictors (i.e., family, peer, and media influences). Lastly, the results indicated that AE function as mediators of the relations between the various individual and environmental predictors and adolescent's alcohol use. Conclusions: Alcohol expectancies form an important framework through which drinking behavior can be explained over time. Due to the diverse findings on the predictors of AE, future longitudinal studies should further clarify the factors that are essential in the development of AE and adolescent's later alcohol use.

Contains fulltext : 194130pub.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Objective: The aim of the present study was to test the link between exposure to parental alcohol use (i.e., preteens seeing their parents drinking) and preteen's alcohol use. Specifically, this study aimed to (a) replicate the association between parental alcohol use and preteen alcohol use and (b) test whether alcohol use exposure mediated this association. Method: Families were recruited from five regions in the Netherlands from 104 schools that agreed to participate. Preteens (N = 755, Mage = 11.27, SD = 0.56, 45.8% boys) and their mothers (N = 755) participated in the study. Preteens reported lifetime alcohol use and parental alcohol use exposure. Mothers reported on alcohol use for both parents. Structural Equation Modelling was used to assess direct and mediated paths between parental alcohol use, preteen's exposure to alcohol use and preteen alcohol use in one model. Results: Unexpectedly, father's alcohol use was negatively associated (beta = -0.121, p = .012) and mother's alcohol use was not associated (beta = 0.056, p = .215) with preteen's alcohol use. A positive indirect effect emerged through alcohol use exposure, showing that exposure to father's alcohol use mediated the association between parent's and preteen's alcohol use (beta = 0.064, p = .001). This effect was absent for mother's alcohol use (beta = 0.026, p = .264). Gender differences were non-significant. Conclusions: Parental alcohol exposure positively mediated the association of parental alcohol use with preteen's alcohol use. These effects were found for both boys and girls and were most robust for father's drinking. The findings might provide clues for preventive action, for example, by emphasizing that exposure should be restricted to prevent preteen's alcohol use.