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Logarithm has an important role in learning mathematics since various fields such as science, computer, finance, industry, and others are applied this material as one of the study subjects. In calculus, logarithm has an important role, especially natural logarithm. This study aims to determine pre-service mathematics teachers' difficulties in solving logarithm bases and numerus material. The subjects are students in the first semester in one university at Banda Aceh city who take elementary algebra course. The research was conducted with a descriptive approach to explain the difficulties that students faced, and it applied several steps such as providing logarithm test to students, determining the difficulties, and verifying it by interviewing students who had difficulties based on their answers. This study revealed that there were various difficulties that students faced such as; (1) lack of understanding of bases and numerus definitions of logarithms, (2) not being able to distinguish between expressions and logarithmic equations, (3) remembering too many formulas so that they do not understand the context of the problem, (4) couldn’t determine the position of irrational numbers on the number line., Logaritma memiliki peran penting dalam pembelajaran matematika, karena berbagai bidang seperti sains, komputer, keuangan, industri, dan lain-lain menerapkan materi ini sebagai salah satu mata pelajarannya. Khususnya dalam kalkulus, logaritma memiliki peranan penting terutama logaritma natural. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesulitan calon guru matematika dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan basis dan numerus pada logaritma. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa semester awal di salah satu universitas di kota Banda Aceh yang mengambil mata kuliah aljabar elementer. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan deskriptif untuk menjelaskan kesulitan yang dihadapi siswa dan menerapkan beberapa langkah seperti memberikan tes logaritma kepada siswa, menentukan kesulitan dan memverifikasi dengan mewawancarai siswa yang mengalami kesulitan berdasarkan jawaban mereka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat berbagai kesulitan yang dihadapi mahasiswa yaitu; (1) kurang memahami definisi basis dan numerus logaritma, (2) tidak dapat membedakan ekspresi dan persamaan logaritma, (3) mengingat terlalu banyak rumus sehingga tidak memahami konteks soal, (4) tidak dapat menentukan posisi bilangan irasional pada garis bilangan.

[ABSTRACT]Indonesian region is lately experiencing extreme weather resulting in deviant climate change. It is occurred due to the massive amount of carbon dioxide produced on this planet. As the consequence, the ozone layer protecting the earth from solar radiation becomes vulnerable and damaged. The existence of the green plants classified as forest biodiversity is expected to reduce the large amount of carbon dioxide gas by transforming it into oxygen through photosynthesis. Forest biodiversity in Southeast Sulawesi is categorized into tropical forest, savannah and mangrove forest. Each type of forest has different amount of carbon stock. Nowadays, information in relation to carbon stocks and forest biodiversity are needed for the analysis of climate change. The main objective of this research is to analyze climate change according to carbon stocks and forest biodiversity in Southeast Sulawesi by applying hyper spectral data. In order to distinguish the forest types and to comprehend its carbon potentials, unsupervised classification method is applied and correlated with the biomass carbon. Furthermore, it is analyzed using NDVI formula to determine the extent and density of vegetation and carbon potential existing in an area. Further analysis is conducted by utilizing weather parameter of air pressure observation data, air temperature data, and weather satellite data to discover monthly average weather conditions semi-objectively. The results obtained, will enable this research to analyze climate change in order to provide early prevention efforts.